Chinese text，The ancients called "Primary School"，It is the formation of Chinese characters、A discipline that develops and its evolution law。"Chinese Encyclopedia" divides Chinese literature into five stages according to the historical stages: research on the ancient text of the pre -Qin Dynasty; research on the text of Qin and Han Dynasty;、Kaishu Research; Vulgar Words since the Tang and Song Dynasties of the Six Dynasties、Simplified characters research; study of modern dialect characters。Current，The academic circles generally divide Chinese characters into three major stages: ancient text research，Study Xiaoyan and its previous ancient Chinese characters; modern Chinese characters research，Study Modern Chinese characters below Lishu to Ming and Qing Dynasties; Research on Modern Chinese Characters，Study Chinese characters in modern Chinese since the "May 4th"。From the perspective of subject classification，Herbal Dictionary is an important information for the study of modern Chinese characters，It is mainly engraved，Also as well as a lot of writing books。

　　Bet365 lotto review

Individual dictionary refers。Different according to the purpose of the compilation，Self -dictionary can be divided into words、Rhyme Book、Ya Shu and Yin Yishu:。Books are analyzed by analyzing glyphs、Dictionary compiled by the purpose of solving the meaning of the word and recognition of the pronunciation，Mainly Han "Speaking and Solution"、Liang "Jade Chapter"、Liao "Dragon Hand Mirror"、Song "Class"、Gold "Xinxiu Yinyin Quote Group Jade Articles"、Gold "Change bet365 live casino games and Five Sounds Gathering and Four Sounds"、Ming "Vocabulary"、Ming "Zheng Zi Tong"、Qing "Kangxi Dictionary", etc.。Rhyme book refers to the dictionary of the Chinese character according to the rhyme，Mainly for people to write poems、Fu、Word、Searching rhyme，At the same time, the function of both the book，Mainly Tang "Publishing Multidifier and Missing Cutting Rhyme"、​​Tang Yun Tang Yun、Song "Guangyun"、Song "Ji Yun"、Gold "Five Sound Collection Rhyme"、yuan "Ancient and modern rhymes will be held"、Ming "Hongwu Zhengyun", etc.。Ya Shu refers to the rhetoric of explaining the meaning of ancient words，Also known as the book，Mainly "Eria"、Wei "Guangya", etc.。Yin Yishu refers to a dictionary compiled to explain the sound of the words in the literature classics，Mainly Tang "Classic Interpretation"、Tang "All Scriptures"、Five Dynasties "New Collection Scripture Yin Yisui Letter", etc.。

Sonbo Dictionary contains a large number of glyphs and sound content，Provides important materials for the study of modern Chinese characters。Most of them have made different degrees of recognition and identification work on some of the unsatisfactory words they include，Can be available for reference and use today。At the same time，Due to compilation errors、Passing errors and other reasons，There are still many problems in the handed down dictionary，These problems have caused difficulties for people's use，It also has an adverse effect on the compilation of modern dictionary。In recent years，With the development of modern Chinese characters，The academic community recognizes the importance of the study of handed down dictionary for the study of modern Chinese characters，Research on related issues，Get a lot of results。But，Due bet365 best casino games to the large number of hand handiches，And most of the words are giant，Systems and research on it is a huge project，It is impossible to achieve it overnight。In fact，There are still a large number of difficult words in the handed down dictionary.，There are many commonly used interpretations of reading difficulty but not doubt，There are still many glyphs of sound meaning existence, but it has not yet been investigated，This has caused adverse effects for people's reading and the compilation of modern dictionaries。

　The focus of the sorting and research of handed down dictionary

For this，I think，It should be strengthened from the following three aspects to organize and study the system of handed down dictionary，To promote the comprehensive interpretation and in -depth research of the difficulty of promoting the words，This can solve people’s experience in reading，and eliminate the adverse effects caused by the compilation of modern dictionaries。

Strengthen the test interpretation of difficult words。In recent years，The academic community has made a lot of test interpretation of the difficult words in the handup dictionary，Get a lot of results，But there are still a large number of difficult words that have not been interpreted。For example: "懧" test interpretation is very representative。"Vocabulary Supplement · Hearts": "懧，"Warring States Policy": ‘愦，sex 懧 懧。’:‘ 懧，as coward。'"" Warring States Policy · Qi ":" Tired of text，愦，sex 懧 懧，Sinking from the country，。"Song Bao Biao School Note:" 懧 'as ‘coward’。"Ji Yun": ‘Weak also。'"Actual，The above explanations with "懧" as "coward"，All are wrong。"Said the Wingwen · Heart": "Coward，The weak person also。From heart，Need to sound。"coward"，"Guangyun" sound "people Zhu cut"，"Ji Yun" and bet365 live casino games "slavery cut"。It can be seen from this，"懧" and "coward", although righteousness，but "懧" Congning，Unable to sound "people Zhu cut"，It is not possible to sound "slavery"，So the word "。Since "懧" is "coward"，So how to explain "懧"? After careful examination，"懧" is actually the same as "儜"。"Jade Article · People Department": "儜，Female farming cut。Sleepy; weak also。"Guangyun" Pacific Flowing Rhyme Freshly Cut: "儜，Gu (sleepy) also; weak also。"" 懧 "and" 儜 "can be seen after comparing the words" 懧 "and" 儜 "，Not only do they mean the same，and the sound symbols are the same，By next to、忄 Bian customs can be used for usage，Therefore "懧" should be the same as "儜"，Yisu "female farming cut"。This test can also be in Liu Xiang、Fan Xiangyong and others' comments were evidenced by the comment。The "Warring States Policy" of Liu Xiangji of the Western Han Dynasty is Note: "Bao Ben‘ '，as ‘儜’。"Ji Yun": ‘Weak also。'"Fan Xiangyong" The Warring States Period ":" Bao Biao Yun: ‘懧 儜 儜。"Ji Yun": Weak also。Yokoda Benko，Change 懧 儜。Press: Word Book No。儜 儜、"Guangyun"，Note the same "Ji Yun"。"Chinese Dictionary", "Chinese Character Sea", "懧", "懧", which is the same as "coward"，Can be said to have not taken a closer look。Pass this test interpretation，Not only does it determine the previous documentation of the documentation，It has also corrected the compilation errors of modern large dictionaries。

Pay attention to the interpretation of common words。The test interpretation of difficult words is important，But the interpretation of commonly used words cannot be ignored。Commonly used words will have differences due to different times，Their frequency of their use in society is higher，Bet365 lotto review The connection with people is more closely。Recent，CCTV Calligraphy Channel explains a paragraph of the old video of Yan Zhenqing's "Sacrifice Nepheth Manuscript"，Treating heated discussion among netizens。The speaker of calligraphy experts says in the video，Yan Zhenqing wrote the "thorns" of "Puzhou Assassin" as "刾"，I wrote a typo，Reflect that Yan Zhenqing's emotions were out of control at the time: "Yan Zhenqing wrote the word 'thorns' as‘ 刾 ’(it reads as jiá)，It is a typo itself，But Yan Zhenqing does not know。""，Many netizens point out，"刾" is the method of "thorn"，Not wrong words。The views of these netizens are undoubtedly correct。In fact，"Stab" writing "刾"，It was a very common phenomenon around the Tang Dynasty，Not only handed down literature、There are a lot of records in materials such as stone carved literature and unearthed simple literature，Herbal dictionary also explains this issue。For example: "篆 · · ·": "刾，to、Give、and also three anti。Kill also。Stab，Ibid。"Dunhuang's" Wang Yun "goes to set the rhyme.，acupuncture。Vulgar work 刾。"The Forbidden City" Wang Yun "went to set the rhyme.，needle。Ancient work thorn。"Most of these daughters are written in the Tang Dynasty，From this, it also explained that "刾" was a common way of writing at the time of "thorn"。Through this phenomenon，can be seen，In the research process of handed down dictionary，You need to strengthen the test of some commonly used words，This can avoid problems with common sense in text interpretation。

Test of reinforcement errors。The interpretation of the fonts collected by the handed down dictionary also has a lot of mistakes，Most of these mistakes are in the process of copying in the process of copying、Sound of the bet365 best casino games same or sound、Barman、Yanwen、Mistake、Mistration、Delivery and other reasons。These errors have caused obstacles for people's use，Therefore，To solve its interpretation problem。For example: "Jade Article · Zi Ministry": "Meng，Mo Jieqie。Long Ye; Zi Ye;。"" For "Zi Ye" item，Hu Jixuan believes that "Zi" is the word "word"，This view is discussion。"Dialect" and "Guangya" "Meng" all train "sister also"。"The Name of 篆" also has the meaning of "sisters" under "Meng"，It can be seen that "Jade" as "Zi Ye"，The voice of "Sister Ye" error。"Chinese Dictionary" "Meng" according to the word "Jade" increased the "Zi Zi" item，Should be deleted。Another example: "Jade Articles · Guangs": "Preface，Like Lubai。Learning also; Shu Ye; East -West West also。You are also young。"and the original" Jade Chapter · Guangs ":" Preface，Xu Jusu is against ... "White Tiger Tong": ‘Learn and Teachers，Orderly。Preface，Preface to long and young。'"According to this, we can see that" Jade Chapter "is trained" Long and Young "，When it is a "preface to the young and young", it is wrong。"Chinese Dictionary" "Preface" is based on the "Jade Articles".，should also be deleted。As an important carrier of modern Chinese characters，The handed down dictionary includes Chinese characters used by the people of the Chinese nation since the Qin and Han dynasties，There are many glyphs that have been lost for a long time in the handed down literature，Study in text、Literature and other aspects have extremely important value。Therefore，We should strengthen the systematic sorting and interpretation of the handed down dictionary，Not only made comprehensive collation and sorting in the errors in the process of copying and compilation，and the systemic test interpretation and research bet365 Play online games on the difficult words it included，This is used to make a comprehensive summary of Chinese characters in the characteristics of Chinese characters in various periods，Inquiry about the historical inheritance and duration of Chinese characters。Through this work，Can be interpreted for difficult words、Modern Chinese Character Research and Chinese Dictionary Studies provide important reference materials，and make due contributions to the development of the excellent traditional culture of the Chinese nation。

　　(The author is the head of the National Social Science Fund "Ming and Qing Dynasties Difficulty Test Examination Examination and Research"、Professor of Hunan University of Science and Technology)