Yellow River Culture is an important part of Chinese civilization，Is the root and soul of the Chinese nation。On the continuous and long journey，Ecological protection and high -quality development of the Yellow River Basin are essential links，The relationship between the two properly has significant significance。Current，The National Library of China and the United States Congress Library, including nearly 1,000 ancient maps of the Yellow River，is the rare literature in this area。

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In the Yellow River Basin，Use the Yellow River and its tributary to develop water conservancy，It is a career that has always been pursuing from ancient times to the present。Lanzhou Using Water Vehicles in the upper reaches of the Yellow River，Ningxia、Inner Mongolia uses the Huanggu irrigation district; the middle of the middle reaches of the Plain uses Zheng Guoqu，Shanxi uses spring water，Utilization of Yiluo River。These places are typical of agricultural irrigation based on local conditions，Condensing the wisdom of irrigation technology in various places，represents the level of traditional agricultural development。

In these different types of irrigation，There is a history of more than 2,000 years.、Ningxia Guohuanggui irrigation district, which is ranked in the World Irrigation Engineering Heritage List, is more eye -catching。She shows that Ningxia Agriculture has achieved sustainable development due to yellow irrigation，Ecological environment is effectively protected due to agricultural development，to form a historical picture of economic development and ecological protection in harmony，Ningxia ancient river canal map is the rare image of reproducing the ancient Ningxia irrigation project。

There is a set of pictures of Ningxia Guhe canal currently available、One axis、One picture。"A set" is a book "Ningxia River Quartet" bet365 best casino games hidden by the National Library of China，Including "Map of Ningxia Mansion", "Maps of the Mandicen", "Beach Factory Picture", "Mountain Factory Map"，1741-1769 Draw，painted book，Dimensions are different。"One Axis" is "Map of Ningxia River" hidden by the Fusian Library of Taiwan，1735-1795 draw，Ink green painting writing，Bulletin 133 cm，horizontal 357 cm。"A piece" is the "Map of Ningxia River" hidden by the National Library of China，1825-1873 Draw，painted book，18 cm long，horizontal 303 cm。

These "Ningxia River canal" west of the top，The painting method of traditional landscape paintings vividly depicts the geographical landscape from the head of the Yellow River from the head of Tong Tongxia to Shizui Mountain。Helan Mountain is painted with blue and yellow，Yellow River、Draw of the river canal with yellow，Lake painting with light blue，Castle painting with square frame。In content，shows the different characteristics。

He canal multi。In "Ningxia River Quartet"，The eye -catching is Tang Lai、Daqing、Han Yan、Hui Nong and other dry canals are relying on，The picture draws hundreds of thousands of supports scattered on the Ningxia Plain。There are more than 500 branches of Tang Lai Qu，Daqing、Han Yan、Hui Nong's channels have 90 respectively、370、260 more。In this many dry canal、Between the canal，embellishment with beaded lakes，Adjust the abundance and dryness of the water canal water。

Self -irrigation。So many channels and lakes，Many water conservancy projects should be set up to manage these river canal irrigation and regulate lake water volume，But only sporadic gates、Dam is concentrated in the upper reaches of the dry canal near the canal，But there is no dams that prevent collapse。This is the use of the narrow gorge exit of the Bronze Gorge in the Yellow River and the openings of the Ningxia Plain，The results of the subsequent development of the upstream governance of these river canals，It is an image testimony of the irrigation system that has been based on dam -free water -free water -free in Ningxia Plain for thousands of years。

heavy protection。Diversion of yellow self -current irrigation based on many river canals，Thanks to Helan Mountain、The protection and use of the Yellow River。"The Map of Ningxia River", "The Map of Ningxia Mansion" and "Mountain Factory Map" draws Helan Mountain。The Yellow River in the Ningxia section crosses the Tengger Desert、Hedongsha District、Ulanbu and Desert，Is a desert、Typical areas of rivers interactive evolution。Because of the barrier of Helan Mountain，Ningxia Plain will not be swallowed by the desert，And with the reputation of "plug the Jiangnan"。"Mountain Factory Picture" and "Beach Factory Map" draws the Qing Dynasty in the foot of Helan Mountain、The situation of the Malaysian factory set up in the Yellow River beach，"Mu Mu Mu Ouchi Full City" reproduces the scene of the army quoting yellow bet365 live casino games irrigation Tun field outside the city。

Yellow River、He canal、Lake、gate、dam、Mountains can be said to be agricultural irrigation in the Yellow River Basin、Ecological protection of more or less elements。This can only be used after organizing organic combinations in the Ningxia Plain，Create unique irrigation technology，Exold the unique water conservancy map，赓 The Yellow River culture that has been continued for thousands of years。

　　Yellow Water Tori:Rolling and disaster reduction of the Yellow River contained in the river affected map

River affected is a problem often faced by the river governing the river。The lower reaches of the Yellow River in Henan Province today is a place where the ancient and modern rivers are frequent and urgently needed for governance，Is the manpower、material resources、Where the most financial resources，It is now seeking development in governance、Typical areas that are trying to avoid rivers in development。

Figures of the rare river that has been reserved to this day，It is the image literature that studies the rivers。From the perspective of region，Today Henan、Shandong for Multi，Jiangsuji。From the perspective of construction，Most of the state、County、The jurisdiction of the flood is geographical unit。In content，The width of the river embankment is mainly drawn、Huangshui Water route、Scope of the disaster area、Measures for blocking。From the perspective of the affected subject，There is a village、Tian acre、Immigration three categories。These rivers are dialects are yellow water image testimony，Written a historical chapter of the yellow cure，Passing flood prevention、Valuable experience for disaster reduction。

"The Taobei Hall belongs to the Xiaozhuang Yellow River, and the old road enters the sea counts and the five states being disaster."，1842 Governor of Jiangnan River Linqing draw，1 picture，painted book，11 cm long，horizontal 22 cm。south is above，The Yellow River is painted with light green and thick lines，Donghai painted dark green，Drawing yellow strips in the disaster area，embankment、Red lines for the dam，State City and County Town painted in a circle or square。This map is a typical representative of the river affected map。

wide range。June 1832 Xiaozhuang Yellow River Man's mouth，Not caused by skewers between the Yellow River and the river embankment，Instead, the Yellow River's water level rose and crossed the river embankment。The width of the mouth is more than 190 feet，The affected area affects Haizhou and bet365 Play online games Puyang、Taoyuan、Qinghe、Anton Four County。Villages in these places、Tian acre suffered to varying degrees of damage，Some residents have to leave their hometown。

Level Ming。The loss caused by this Yellow River's mouth，The drawer is far away from the distance from the distance，Draw the disaster area into a yellow area from deep to light，The most important picture is the heaviest、Times、Lighter、Light four levels。"The heaviest" means that the particles have no harvest，No text description after.。The remaining words should be written accordingly, "There are more than five points", "about five points are strange", "about five points"。This disaster -level level clear division method，It is to give people to the people in the disaster area to varying degrees of stress、Different Tianfu，Determine whether it has relief、Qualifications of borrowing loan food。

Relations。This time the Yellow River is not only related to the people's livelihood in the disaster area，It is also related to the national economy。Before this Yellow River mouth，Yellow River、The canal and the Huaihe River run in an orderly manner，After the mouth occurs，The original order begins to be disordered。First, the Yellow River below the mouth is breaking flowing，Then the Yellow River caused the grain to be blocked by the Yellow River through the mouth of the canal、Huaibei salt cannot pass through salt Henan，Finally, the grain in the lower river cannot run normally。Is the canal running normally，An important issue that must be considered in this post -disaster flood control。

Rights and disadvantages。This is related to the Yellow River returning to the ancient road，Still take the opportunity to change the road。Note display in the figure，Yellow Water mainly takes the Liutang River、Beichaohe's front line enters Guanhe Haikou，More than 360 miles for water，60 miles shorter than the ancient road，and more than 200 miles from the Huangjiakou to Xiangshuikou，But there are many tributaries，Sudden points and suddenly。This requirement must be built on both sides of the strait，More costs than blocking the mouth to save the ancient road。After the Yellow River diversion，The original river circulation system will be destroyed，Even more severe，Grain cannot run normally。This kind of cost -effective and buried flood prevention、Disaster reduction plan，No implementation after all。

The disaster area painted by the "Taobei Hall belongs to the Xiaozhuang Yellow River and the old trail and the county is counted in the sea"，Locate Yellow Bet365 lotto review River、Huaihe River、Land of the Land of the Canal，is the top priority of the Yellow River governance。This is reflected in the drawing，Rich content，The technique is clearer，The disaster level is more clear。Therefore，Following flood prevention for the rivers here、Disaster reduction measures are not focusing on the moment of gains and losses，but a long -term consideration based on the strategy of river management。

　Dam dense: Choose the material selection of yellow engineering materials in the river work map

For thousands of years，The collapse of the Yellow River Water Conservancy Project often causes major flood disasters，Bring a deep disaster and an inestimable loss to the along the yellow area。So，The Yellow River Anlan is the top priority of governing the yellow，The construction and operation of the water conservancy project is not just the basic guarantee of the Yellow River Anlan，It is the main way to cure yellow。The primary condition for engineering construction is to explore effective and reasonable materials。

Since the Warring States Period，The engineering materials used to control the Yellow River are used in the soil dam、Shiba as the main，1821-11850 appeared in soil dams、Shiba、Both brick dams are used in governance methods，Earth dam drawn during this period、Shiba、Brick Dam、Earth Brick Dam、Bricks and Stone Dams References to the River Workers of the Yellow River，Mainly distributed in Henan、Jiangsu、Shandong。Compared with other types of river workers，This batch of pictures draws the castle in the river embankment、Prevention of the dams of the collapse，Repeated Millennium Innovation of the Millennium Treatment of Yellow Engineering Materials，The great progress of the painting of yellow engineering technology。

"Full Map of the Situation of Changzhanghe, the Changzhang River of the Dibu of the Yellow River on the Yellow River in Yu Province" is the most typical picture of these pictures。This map is now in the "Palace Museum" in Taipei，In 1839, Governor Su Yumei, Governor of Donghe Road, He Donghe，1 picture，painted book，11 cm long，horizontal 245 cm。south is above，The Yellow River is painted with yellow thick lines，embankment、Basket painting with dark yellow lines，Fort Painted Image Painting Method，Brick Dam、Earth Brick Dam、Blue ink color。

Head of the river embankment。"Full Map of the Situation of Changzhang River, the Changzhang River of the Dibu of the Yellow River on the South Bank of the Henan Province" starts from the people of Mizawa County，Stop at the junction of Laoshan County, Jiangnan，Bet365 lotto review This dike has more than 490 miles。This is the longest dike of the Yellow River via Henan。From right to left to depict the South River on the south bank of the Yellow River from right to left、The length of the dyke workers under the jurisdiction of the eight halls such as Zhonghe、The number of castles and the damage of the fort jurisdiction，Therefore, you can learn about the longitudinal map of the yellowing of yellow。

Fortba Multi -。Permination with the vertical map is the use of the long river embankment to draw many castles、The horizontal map composed of the dam。The type of river embankment includes the embankment、Remaining embankment、Monthly embankment、Zidi、moat、。Dam has a dam reduction dam、fish scale dam、Forced Dam、grinding Danba、fish scale dam、Fluries dam、grinding Danba、戗 Dam、Hibandaa，A total of more than 380 seats，More than 290 seats。The reason why there are such rich types、Number of castles、dam，It is because of the loose beach of the Yellow River in Henan，As soon as the flood and water rises, it is easy to form a branch of the river.。

Materials New。Traditional river governance often uses the soil dam made by straw materials and the stone dam made of crushed stones。Earth dams are easy to decay，With the appearance of the brick dam。The texture of the stone dam is hard，The cost is higher than that of the soil dam。With the appearance of the brick dam，This soil、The structure of both stone is broken，and the first reflection in the "Full Map of the Situation of the Changhe River in the Dibang of the Division of the Yellow River on the Yellow Henan Province"。On this map，There are 11 benchmarking bricks dams、Earth Brick Dam、Place of masonry dams，Explain that there are considerations for the use of materials in the south bank of the Yellow River in Henan Province。Bricks needed for brick dams，Burning at any time along the yellow place，Hard is better than Turba，The cost is lower than the crushed but higher than that of the soil dam。So，Shiba is used to not erode severe dike root，Brick dams can be used as needed or reference to Shiba，or refer to the soil dam。This soil、Stone、The embankment structure of brick lectures has continued until the end of the Qing Dynasty。

The embankment of Qianli，Bruch at the ant hole。For more than 2000 years，The governance of the Yellow River embankment has always been a major event that cannot be ignored。What kind of engineering materials are selected，It seems to be important。"Full Map of the Situation of Changzhanghe, the Changzhang River of the Division of the Yantian Bank of Yellow River in Henan Province" shows the choice of engineering materials bet365 Play online games in the process of cure the yellow from the perspective of the image、Use、Questions to match，Reappeared the comprehensive application of this innovative technology in Henan realm，Create the mode of drawing this type of drawing after pioneering，Leading the promotion of this technology in a larger area。

Painting Yellow River，You can see that the river canal vertical and horizontal、benefit the Yellow River for the benefit，The Dam densely cloth、The Yellow River of the Turburning Water。Chasing the Yellow River，You can see that the concept of governance has never been stuck in the lower reaches of the Yellow River，Instead, put your sights into the upstream and even more distant river source。Interpretation of the Yellow River，You can see a valuable experience that can be used for reference and replication in ecological protection and high -quality development。

　　(The author is the head of the National Social Science Fund key project "The Organization and Research on the Organization and Research of the Ancient Map of the Chinese Tibetan Rare Yellow River、Professor of the Chinese National Community Community Research Institute of Ningxia University; Associate Professor of the Chinese National Community Community Research Institute of Ningxia University)