Dunhuang is a heavy town on the ancient Silk Road，It is also the intersection of the four major civilizations in the world，Nearly 70,000 Dunhuang writing this literature is the crystallization of the intersection and exchanges of the East and the West,，It is also the most precious physical relic of the Silk Road civilization。But the regret is，For various reasons，There are many originally complete or relatively complete writing drops and cracks into pieces of residual rolls or slices。Through the campaign -like campaign，People set up a bridge between the split and residual slices，Broken sentence、Fractured Silk Road civilization is re -connected。

Mr. Li Xueqin said when talking about the combination of Oracle residues: "The combination of Oracle is completely creative，It's as if the truth is gradually shown in your hands，It's really endless。"Dunhuang writing of Dunhuang writing this fragments that were originally" separated and flesh "were stitched when the final" reunion "，A huge sense of accomplishment and joy is equally full in the heart，exciting。Specifically，The conjunction of Dunhuang's residual volume has the following significance。

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According to research，Dunhuang literature comes from the "Ancient Broken Scriptures" collected by Daozhen，Ben Multi -Residual Crossing Film。But during the discovery process of collecting Tibetan and Tibetan Scriptures，There are also tearing due to various reasons，It can be overwhelmed by more than 25%。Mr. Jiang Liangfu said: "Dunhuang paper often has one roll of damage and three volumes、Five volumes、Ten volumes，The broken rolls that are broken are often scattered all over the place: or in Middle -earth、Or in Paris、or Tibetan Japan、or Tibetan Japan，Therefore, we only try to collect one place，Fang can restore the paper。This is difficult，It is not easy to become like。"Task of Joint work today，It is to reintegrate those original complete or relatively complete writing volumes to one，Let the lost bone and meat gather，This is the greatest significance of the Dunhuang residual curls。

For example, No. 8167，Reriven Film，Storage 17 disabled，The fourth line of the fourth line is "Brother I Medical Doctor"，"British Tibetan Dunhuang Literature" is planned to "bet on the seat" and "first world doctor"。Later, after comparison, the scripture of the Vima Sutra No. 4571 is the same copy.，and it is a piece dropped from the latter，can be completely condensed，After the convergence, as shown in the figure。Among them, Sriper No. 8167 Cable Film No. 3 bet365 live casino games "Xing Lie (Column) Picking" sentence behind the three characters、16 lines "Eye is easy to reduce" sentences in the first three characters, all three words are torn in Sri 4571，After the convergence, it is tightly fit。The so -called "Brother I One Medical Doctor" is read by the school: Brother One、World Doctor [Wang，Good treatment of public disease]。"偈" after the word "，Give it up with eight sentences of rhymes。and below "Brother II、Parents in the world worry about their male and female diseases。偈 "Yunyun Form is the same，All interpretation of the "Buddhist Scripture Scripture" quoted in the previous article "with the current body，It is the meaning of Yunyun for the great doctor Wang Shan to treat the disease。Si 8167 After the residual film is returned，Not only Slis 4571 "Vima Scripture Lecture" 3rd and 29 pieces of the original large -scale text can be basically restored，"British Tibetan Dunhuang Literature" Sri Litea 8167 is naturally obvious。

　　Determine the name of the residual volume

The proportion of residual rolls or slices in Dunhuang literature is quite large，There are not a few who have no title; even if the relatively complete text，There are often missing questions; some writing volumes have the title，But when there is a difference in title names。So how to name the writing volume is one of the advanced work of Dunhuang Documentation Research，It is also "one of the biggest problems in Dunhuang Writing Research"。A complete writing book usually has its own topic，But after being broken by the split limbs into multiple residual films，will cause the lack of the original topic，So sometimes limited to a certain residual film，may not be able to formulate an accurate name，If you can converge the relevant residual tablets or other aliens，It is possible to lose the title and get it back。

Ru Liu Fu's "Dunhuang Zhen" Zaobo 2747、2648 "Jibu Song"，This two are all residual paragraphs，There is no question itself。The so -called "Jibu Song"，Nai Liu's Sri 5440 "Ji Bu Ge" (Title Roche Dangdae), which has the same content in Luo Zhenyu's "Dunhuang Zero Pick"。"Dunhuang Zhen" is immediately "Ji Bu Ge", another volume of Bo 3386 "Ji Bu Cursing Words"，Liu's "" This is not the first to the first two fonts，Written by another person "。Actually Bo 3386 is the incomplete part of the incomplete part after 2747 + 2648，No. 3 font is exactly the same，Bo No. 2648 The last sentence "Sui Ling Samurai" four characters on the left part of the left part of the left part of the "Qi capture" three characters in Bo 3386，The two are just complete after conjunction。And Bo 3386 At the end of the "Dahan three -year season scolding the word article and one volume"，Then the Bo 2747、Bo 2648 Naturally, it should also change the topic "Dahan three -year season scolding the word text".。Similarly，Si 5440 Originally topic，Bet365 lotto review It should also be compared to the "Big Han three -year season scolding words" or according to another other uncle No. 3697 to make a question "Catch the Ji Bao Biography"，and the title of "Ji Bu Ge" belongs to nothing，should be abandoned。

　　Determine the residual volume system

Different from the translator or the source of inheritance，Sometimes the same literature sometimes has different translations or different passbooks，If the "Nirvana Sutra" has North Ben、Different from Nanben，The Diamond Sutra has both the Roche translation，There are also translations for retention，"Fahua Sutra" has the difference between "Miao Lian Hua Jing", "Dharma Hua Jing", "Taming Miao Fa Lianhua Sutra"，"Buddhist says the name of the Buddha" has twenty volumes、Sixteen volumes、The difference between twelve volumes，"Swallow Fu" with A "、Different from Ben Ben，and so on;，There are also seven volumes、Eight volumes or even ten volumes of differences。These different translations or passbooks，The content is often similar，It is not easy to determine that it belongs to a certain part.。and through the combination of residual rolls，Expand the isolated crisis into a relatively complete block，helps us make a more accurate judgment on the system of the residual roll。

For example, the source and authenticity of the Japanese Hamada Dehai Tibetan Dunhuang writing roll，Follow the Dunhuang academic circles。September 25, 2016，Wooden Auction Company Written No. 36, which is hidden in the secret of the person in Beijing to hold auction，Among them, Woodlun No. 36 "" Yoga Landy "(solitary)" was sold for RMB 874,000。This scroll installation，Lack of back and forth，Stay 2 paper 66 lines，Original scroll problem，Fang Guangzheng edited the same questions in the "Hamada Dehai Searching Tibetan Lisa"，The book prefaces that the volume "Although the first end is residual，But it has never been collected by the Great Tibetan scriptures of all ages，Not recorded by the recording of the past，Even the domestic lone copy that we had never seen in Dunhuang's suicide note before "。Because this is a "domestic lone copy"，Is this name reliable，In fact, it is not possible to be assured。After discovery，This can be compatible with Northern Dun No. 14734，No. 2 content "means that in the past has/see/see，Connect before and after its future "sentence，No word in China，can be completely condensed。Last scroll installation，Lamument after the first first，Start 3 paper 97 lines，The first question "Yoga Du Land Paper 1，Maitreya Bodhisattva said，Made without Bodhisattva "，The record of the "National Map" states，"Different Scriptures"。Actually, these two are neither the "Yoga Division Theory" translated by Xuanzang，Not only the "Lonely" "Yoga Different Lands"，but the "Yoga Di" translated bet365 Play online games by the Tibetan monk Fa Cheng。Dharma translation is another translation that is different from Xuanzang's "Yogis Theory"，Several residual volumes are preserved in the Dunhuang literature。The Danish Copenhagen Library translated by the two and the same belonging to the same belonging method、Northern Dun 14025 "Yoga Di" Volume is basically the same in this word，You can testify。

　　Infuse the era of residual volume

Understand the book of ancient books and copying the era，can we know that its historical value or collation value。Dunhuang writes that most of them are incomplete，Breakfire less tail，There are not many people who can determine the age years，Therefore, this is one of the pre -research of the Dunhuang literature for writing.。

Mr. Jiang Liangfu uses the "timing" of Dunhuang as a prerequisite for entering formal research，"Can be timely time，Then all preparations，Basically mature "。Many years ago，When I talked about the Dunhuang residual scroll，I have proposed the content of the content、According to the calligraphy of calligraphy、According to the glyphs,、According to the four methods of paper and shape,，These are effective。In fact, there is another way of interrogation，and maybe it is a more important way to disconnect，。When we face an isolated residual roll or even a broken film，The information that the writing can be provided to us is often limited，But if the relevant residual roll is connected，The relevant information can be doubled，This will provide direct or indirect help to the disconnection of the residual roll。

Rukun No. 7183、Northern Dun No. 2192 All are the twenty volumes of the "Buddhist names of the Buddha" Volume Five Residual Volume，Each store 2 paper、10 paper，Disabled in front and back，"National Map" entries are set to be written in the 5-6th century, respectively.、Write in the Tubo Rule of 8-9th century。Later, we found that the contents of these No. 2 were inherited，can be condensed。Connect to the upper and lower numbers around the second and lower number after the convergence，Cracks at the connection，The upper and lower bound columns do not room，The word "incense" and "Buddha", which was originally divided into No. 2, compounded as one，Can be described as seamless。This number 2 can be condensed as one，and the "National Map" entry records are different，It is not appropriate。According to the 20 volumes of the "Buddhist Scriptures", formed in the Examination of the Sui Dynasty，Combining the overall observation of the style of books and books，This group of residual rolls may be near the Tang Dynasty in the early Tang Dynasty.。

　　Clarify the relevant parties of the residual volume

The so -called related party，refers to the person who is closely related to the transmission of writing rolls，Including bet365 live casino games the author、Copee、Clasometer、Holder、Collectioner, etc.。A complete writing volume，There will often be more or less information related to the relevant parties，Separation of rolls，will cause this information to lose，After conjugate, it can be lost and recovered。

For example, No. 102, Ryo、Northern Dun 6350、Hokotu 6432 is the "Buddhist names of the Buddha names" residual volume，But the disabled back and forth，Lack of complete questions，Therefore, Qianxian has ambiguity for its via the system and specific volumes。Later we found out，This number 3 can be met with each other，Later, you can converge with Hokuni 6351，Forms 102 in Ryoland+No. 6350 Beidun+Northern Dun No. 6432+Hokka 6351。This No. 4 content is inherited，The same format of the model，Book style Book Sites Near the same，When the hand of the same person。and the tip of the first tip of the first title "Buddhist Name Scripture No. 13"，Attack, there is a title "Ling Ying Zun"，Based on this，It can be determined that these four numbers should be copied by the "Buddhist Scriptures" volume thirteen remnants。Further investigation We discovered，The "Lingying" title and the same handwriting "Buddhist saying the Buddha's name" writing volume also includes Northern Dun 14456、Si 5341。Look at Dunhuang Social Economic Documents，"Lingying" is seen in Bo 3947 "Tibetan Temple August Temple Qing Cai Yinyu"、Si 2614 "Back" The Temple Monk Nun Book "、Bo 2250 Back "Shazhou Rong Di 儭"、Si 6005 "A Society of Society in Dunhuang"、Bo No. 2250 Back "Shazhou Si Si Tong" and other writing volumes，Its identity is Longxing Temple to the monk、Qianyuan Temple monk、Longxing Temple Sha Mi，Around the Tubo period 819、In the early 10th century to the middle of the 10th century、The upper half of the tenth century。Former Drove No. 6 "The Buddha's Name Sutra" wrote "Lingying"，It is very likely to belong to these three "spirit should"。Based on this inference，Its copy time can be roughly limited to between the Tubo period in the early 9th century to the middle of the 10th century。

　　Clarify the residual volume attribute

The main body of the Dunhuang literature is writing this literature，Has a practical nature，Among them, the exquisite temple writes the scriptures，There are also abandoned scriptures that have been abandoned;，There are also buds of the people at the bottom; both formal legal documents，There are also Xuelang's words，Various texts mixed between them。When people name and write narratives，Often needs to judge the specific attributes of the residual volume，If the official document、Sample、Draft for abolition、Miscellaneous Writing、Xi Zi, etc.。Another，Writing row money、Paper、Fonts, etc.，You also need to explain in the narrative。But Dunhuang's literature is severe damage，The roll bet365 best casino games information that can be provided is very limited，Coupled with mold aging，Lead the curling blur，It is not easy to make an accurate judgment。and through the combination of other residual rolls，Comparative verification，It is possible to discover the contradictions of each other，and then seek an exact judgment。

Rudun No. 11814、Northern Dun 9894 is all the "Buddhist names of the Buddhist name" residual film，Survey 10 disabled and 4 disabled，"National Map" entries are set to be written in the 7-8th century Tang Kai writing、5-6th century North and Northern Dynasties, I wrote books。Later, we found that the two can be completely opposed to the match，The words "尒", "repair", and "time", which were originally divided into two pieces of connection，Concordencer bumps are also closely bonded。This can be seen，The Catalog of the Statement of the "National Map".。By analyzing the characteristics of the writing scroll (the knot is mostly square，Harvest in the middle palace)、Way (already with typical case writing method)，It can be seen that the original volume should be written in the 6th-7th century Kaishu，Individual strokes with liking，But it is by no means Lishu。

　　Determine the reality of the residual volume

Dunhuang literature mainly refers to the ancient writing books and a small number of printed literatures from the Tibetan Cave of the Mogao Grottoes in Dunhuang。No one belongs to the Mogao cave Tibetan scriptures，and mixes from other places or imitate fakes for future generations，All can be called a pseudo -volume。For various reasons，Dunhuang literature has a lot of literatures that are mixed with non -Tibetan scriptures and even forgery for falsification，So the identification of writing a volume is also a basic work in Dunhuang studies。If the "problem" writing volume can be conjugated with the reliable Dunhuang writing roll，can prove its reliability，So as to rehabilitate Zhao Xue。

For example, a group of ancient writing sources found in the land temple found in Mogao Grottoes in 1944，There were different voices in the academic community，Later, Shi Pingting found that there were many reliable Dunhuang writing rolls with other scattered tanks，So it is convincing to prove that they are indeed the Tibetan Scripture Cave。Another example is July 14, 2019，Wu Lun Spring Cultural Relics Art Auction，Woodlun No. 7 auction "Vajrayana Prajna Paramita" residual rolls are sold at a high price of RMB 4.025 million，Causes a sensation for a while。This volume is a famous Dunhuang scholar and cultural relics appraisal, Zhou Shaoliang Old Tibet，In front of the volume, there are famous painters and painters and cultural relics appraisers Qi Gong.。Original roll scroll installation，Tailing in front，Stay 9 paper 181 lines，There are non -Chinese clamps between the lines。bet365 Play online games Fang Guangzhang's recorded on the official website of Woodlun's official website stated: "Investigation from the original form，It is indeed the Dunhuang testament from the Tibetan Sutra ...，This kind of adds Tibetan text next to the Chinese scriptures，Only this，Another testimony of the first Han -Tibet cultural exchange，Mad is precious。"" There are so many heavyweight scholars to identify by the eye，The reliability of this volume seems to be unquestionable。But，Except middle、Ying、Method、The Dunhuang literature of the four major national museums in Russia is clear、Basically reliable outside，Other public and private institutions and the preserved Dunhuang testament have been unknown、Trusty ginseng，Buying Tibetan and research need to be particularly cautious。Woodron No. 7 appeared in auction house，It is designated as the Dunhuang Tang Dynasty to write a scripture，Half -volume Buddhist scriptures have taken more than 4 million yuan of sky -high price，How about its authenticity，People still have some doubts。After comparison after comparison，This number can be used with Beidan Dun No. 20，Line No. 2 Format is similar，Words of the Words of Words seem to be the same，Non -Chinese clamps at the seam of the joints can be combined as one，Horizontal Ulskin can also be connected，It is a tear of the same volume. It can undoubtedly。Woodin No. 7 is completely overlapped with Beidan Dun No. 20，Not only does this domestic lone book be presented in front of the world with a more complete appearance，and also effectively proved the reliability of these two residual rolls，improved their literature and cultural relics value。

　　(The author is the person in charge of the State Social Science Fund's unprecedented study research team project "Dunhuang Residual Volume Research"、Professor of Zhejiang University)