Mr. Zheng Zhenduo’s definition of novel illustrations has had a profound impact，“Illustration is an art，Use pictures to express part bet365 withdrawal meaning expressed by the words”，Nearly a hundred years，Academic literature collection and historical research on Chinese classical novel illustrations，It can be said that there are frequent achievements、Remarkable achievements。But except “according to the saying”，We can also bring academics into the context bet365 withdrawal current "image age" "continue"，That is, looking at the illustrations of Chinese classical novels with realistic concern，Thus updating and expanding the problem domain of existing research。

bet365 withdrawal and their “picture evidence of history”

　Now，Our fascination with images，It’s hard to extricate yourself from the “back wave” of online short videos，Some people have even declared that they “never read”.，Just looking at the image”，A true portrayal bet365 withdrawal "Image Age"。Some popular videos on the Internet are winning huge traffic，Also caused the audience to question the authenticity bet365 withdrawal image。But if the story in the video is narrated through literature，Whether we will encounter the same situation？This requires us to think about the ideographic characteristics of image symbols compared to language symbols，As well as the "illustration of history" function of Chinese classical literature images such as novel illustrations。

According to the semiotician Peirce，If the symbol has similarity with the object it refers to，Then this symbol is an image；If there is a causal relationship between a symbol and its object，Then this symbol is index，For example, a flag flying to the north indicates a southerly wind、Smoke indicates fire；If the symbol refers to the object with the help of "rules" or "association of general ideas"，Then this symbol is a symbol，For example, religious symbols or opera masks。Compared with image symbols，The ideographic principle of language symbols is the arbitrariness between phonetics (signifier) ​​and semantics (signified)，No matter whether the signifier and the referent are similar or not，Does not affect the accurate meaning bet365 withdrawal symbol，In other words，Language is an ostensive symbol，The image is a virtual symbol。

In that case，Can the illustrations of Chinese classical novels shoulder the important task of witnessing history？We found illustrations that reproduced many famous things that have disappeared，Make full use bet365 withdrawal advantage of “seeing history”。For example，"Water Margin" repeatedly writes about hairpins that last all year round、Song Dynasty fashion covering scholars, farmers, industry and commerce，When Suo Chao won the competition and was promoted to the military envoy，Wearing red flowers；When Ruan Xiaowu appeared for the first time, he actually "put a pomegranate flower on his temples"；Yan Qing as a domestic servant，"A hairpin with flowers of all seasons on the temples"；Sun Erniang is sitting by the window sill in front bet365 withdrawal Cross Slope Hotel，"Some wild flowers on the temples"，Looking at Wu Song and the two escorting men passing by。

The reason why the novel clarifies the specific name bet365 withdrawal flower Ruan Xiaowu wears，Mainly to remind readers to pay attention to the story time - Chapters 14 and 15，Especially "Wu Xuexue said that three Ruan collided with chips"，Belongs to Yang Zhi’s escort of gold and silver、Interlude of lost birthday card，The pomegranate flowers blooming in the fifth month bet365 withdrawal lunar calendar "may be forgotten" by Taishi Cai's birthday on June 15th。Illustrations of "Water Margin" from the Jiangnan area in the late Ming Dynasty，Reproduce the detail of Ruan Xiaowu wearing a hairpin wearing a pomegranate flower，Especially the Hangzhou Rongyu Hall engraving is the most authentic and exquisite，Become a reader to identify the character、Key information for understanding image narrative。However，Illustrations from "Water Margin" since the Qing Dynasty，But almost no version noticed Ruan Xiaowu’s hairpin flower，This is closely related to the decline of hairpin fashion，The sequel to "Water Margin" and other heroic legendary novels such as "The Complete Story of Yue Yue" bet365 withdrawal same period，Including other novels with the Song Dynasty as the story background，It is difficult to see the writing around the hairpin flowers。

As a hotly discussed interdisciplinary topic at home and abroad，“Providing history with pictures” benefits from art historians such as Haskell、Strong advocacy by historians such as Peter Burke。But considering the virtual reference in the image and the risks it implies，“Providing history with pictures” should also be mutually corroborated with “testimonies provided by written archives”，Thus achieving the logical self-consistency bet365 withdrawal methodology。

bet365 withdrawal of images

Western iconography aims to teach "how to see paintings"，But any artistic reproduction will be subject to restrictions，The painter only lets us see "what he prefers" in a painting，This shows that image symbols have the possibility to say "not said", "unclear" or "unspeakable"。Furthermore，Choose which plots to include in the bet365 withdrawal、How to understand and accept novels, etc.，Contains interpretive value that needs to be explored。

For example, "The Scholars" is a "book that satirizes the world with a public heart"，We might as well study how illustrations explain "Qi can be harmonious"，The irony of "tactful yet full of irony"。Illustrations (lower part) of Chapter 6 of Haizuo Book Company's lithographed version of "The Scholars", "The squire fell ill and caused trouble with the boatman, and the widow accuses the uncle of her grievances"，A passenger ship is moored in the center bet365 withdrawal image，An old man on the shore is kneeling and saluting the standing person；The latter wears a Confucian scarf、Wearing a patterned gown，Hold a letter or letterhead in your left hand，Right hand points in the direction bet365 withdrawal ship；On land not far from the two，Stacked boxes and bedding。The painter chooses a distant viewing angle，There is no detailed depiction bet365 withdrawal facial expressions bet365 withdrawal kneeling old man and the standing man，And the items held by the latter，We have no way to sort out the narrative clues bet365 withdrawal image，Imagine the conversation between the two through images、Mentalities and emotions are almost extravagant to talk about。In other words，The ability of images to “narrate independently” is very limited，If the reader does not rely on the language text，It is almost impossible to appreciate the interpretive value of illustrations，Just regard it as a decoration bet365 withdrawal novel and a "pause" in reading。

If we "look back" at the text of "The Scholars"，You will find that the only person kowtowing in Chapter 6 is the captain bet365 withdrawal passenger ship，He was afraid of blackmail and lawsuits from Yan Gongsheng because he ate Yan Gongsheng’s cloud cake because he was “greedy”，was forced to kowtow to the latter by everyone。Look at it from this perspective，The person standing in the illustration is Yan Gongsheng who described Yun Pian Cake as a precious medicinal material，He threatened to go to the government to report the driver’s “stealing” behavior。The captain bet365 withdrawal passenger ship knelt down, so it was not a salute，It is a very humiliating atonement and begging for mercy，But this humiliation disappeared without a trace with the absence of everyone。Research on the above image interpretation shows that，Illustrations only select handheld posts、Kowtow in two actions，No complete and exact plot chain has been formed，Failed to tell the story of Yan Gongsheng's blackmail and default，The irony of this character’s miserly nature also tends to weaken。

Of course，The illustrations both extract and enhance the novel，There are also misunderstandings and other interpretations，It even transcends the source text to form an “independent moral tendency and narrative logic”。Another example is the Ming Dynasty Yu Xiangdou's version of "Xinjingbenzhao's Complete Picture bet365 withdrawal Three Kingdoms Biography and Commentary Lin" Volume 5 "Guan Yunchang Five Passes and Killing Generals"，There is an illustration titled "Yu Guan Chun Qiu, Hu Ban Peeps"。This volume bet365 withdrawal novel describes Guan Yu escorting his two brothers and sister-in-law to find Liu Bei，When arriving in Xingyang，Prefect Wang Zhi pretends to entertain，In fact, he intended to murder。Wang Zhi ordered Hu Ban to "order a thousand troops to surround the post house tonight"，One torch per person，Burn the outer door first，Set fire all around，No matter who it is，Burn and kill them all，Something will happen tonight at the second watch”。Hu Ban was curious about Guan Yu’s heroic appearance，Go to the post house to find out，I learned that “the person reading the book in the main hall” is Guan Yu。So，Hu Ban saw Guan Yu’s left hand with a beard，Reading under the lamp”，Nai was shocked and said: "True gods and humans！”The above novel description，There are only two references to Guan Yu reading，But he didn’t explain clearly what book he read。However，The illustrations and the title clearly tell the readers，The book Guan Yu read is "Spring and Autumn" bet365 withdrawal "Five Classics"，Obviously it was influenced by Pei Songzhi's annotation of "Three Kingdoms" and "Yu Hao's "Zuo Shi Zhuan"，The influence of "satires and recitations are catchy"，The illustrator assumes that Confucian generals should be familiar with Confucian classics。

This requires us to patiently compare the relationship between literature and images，Because the image interpretation is different from Li Zhuowu、Comments on novels by literati such as Jin Shengtan - the latter’s interpretation is evident between the lines，The former is hidden behind the lines of pen and ink。Everyone knows，The inertia and excitement of research on bet365 withdrawal are “documentary textual research” and “image interpretation”，If we could systematically organize and study image interpretation，For the construction of Chinese literary theoretical discourse，It is a useful supplement。

Images and telling bet365 withdrawal stories

“Telling Chinese stories well” is to demonstrate cultural confidence、An important way to spread the voice of China。In fact，Excellent Chinese stories have always nourished world literature，When Le Clézio, the 2008 Nobel Prize winner for literature, visited Schnaian’s tomb，Calling "such a great writer，It is worthy of receiving three prayers”。Coincidentally，Pearl S. Buck) With his Chinese-themed "Trilogy" of "The Earth"，Won the 1938 Nobel Prize for Literature，This novel is also deeply influenced by "Water Margin"。Because，Pearl Buck in the process of creating "The Good Earth"，The translation of "Water Margin" is being carried out almost simultaneously，The former absorbs a large number of narrative elements from the latter，For example, "rebellion" and "recruitment"，One hundred and eight "great guys" and other numbers，and Purple Stone Street、Shuanglong Mountain and other place names。But what’s more interesting is，Pearl Buck’s translation of "Water Margin" also invited Mexican artist Miguel Covarrubias to draw illustrations，Definitely a model of overseas image dissemination of bet365 withdrawal。

Pearl S. Buck’s translation of "Water Margin" was consciously arranged with illustrations during the publishing process: the first edition directly copied the illustrations of Yang Dingjian's "Water Margin" and "Sancai Tuhui" in the late Ming Dynasty；The second edition bet365 withdrawal letter also uses "Along the River During the Qingming Festival" as the background，Indicate to Western readers that the novel is based on the Song Dynasty；When the second revision was published in 1948，Brand new illustrations by Cophropis。

It’s worth noting，Illustrations of "Water Margin" by Kephropis，Obviously showing the performative nature of image narrative。First，Kefloppisdo uses Chinese opera facial makeup and performance costumes to decorate the characters。For example, the character pictures of Zhu Dian and Guan Sheng，They all have red faces，Hooking silkworm eyebrows、Danfengyan、Short nasal fossa，In terms of their facial shapes，The only difference may be the length and density bet365 withdrawal beard。Look at the costumes of Zhu Dian and Guan Sheng，The former wears a handsome helmet，insert double feathers、Six flags，Wearing a general’s costume and armor，Thick-soled square boots；The latter except wearing a helmet，There are fox tails hanging on both sides bet365 withdrawal ears，Wearing shoulder pads and leggings in addition to military general uniform，Cloud-toe shoes。We know，Traditional Chinese opera generally uses fox tails hanging on both sides bet365 withdrawal helmet to dress foreign generals，It can be seen that Kephropis is not familiar with "Ning Chuan Po"，Don’t wear the wrong clothes” dressing routine。Secondly，Cofropis drew the actions bet365 withdrawal illustrated characters into Chinese opera performances。The plot picture titled "Lu Tiha beats Guanxi with punches"，Lu Zhishen is not wearing martial arts uniforms，Not wearing a beard，Clenched fists with both hands、Suppressing Kansai’s breasts with your feet，Representing the "light-up" moment when the gongs and drums stop during an opera performance。Yang Zhi、Hua Rong and other figures，Although showing different postures of sword and bow and arrow respectively，But everyone’s feet are in a “T-step” shape，It is also an opera stage action。Cofropis refers to and mixes opera performances to shape the characters in the novel、Story、Scene and other factors，Trying to create a performance scene、Highlight character role-playing and emotional conflicts，Provides a convenient door for Western readers to understand "Water Margin"。

Kephropis visited China twice，I met Zhang Guangyu and others during my second visit to China，The two hit it off because of their similar life and artistic creation experiences。When Cophropis showed curiosity about Peking Opera，Zhang Guangyu specially accompanied him to contact and experience Chinese opera，The performative nature bet365 withdrawal illustrations in "Water Margin" seems to have found traceable academic clues。Actually，Many illustrations of Western translations of Chinese classical novels，Generally reflects the "intersection of ancient and modern times"、Characteristics of “a mixture of Chinese and Western”，But none of them drew as much as Cophropis did with reference to Chinese opera performances。For that matter，Illustrations and the overseas dissemination of Chinese classical novels，To be further studied by us。

It seems like this，It seems that novel illustrations should not be simply regarded as dispensable decoration。Continuing from the previous statement，Humanities academics need to adhere to realistic concerns，Especially in today's "image age"，Based on the tense relationship between language symbols and image symbols，And their very different ideographic characteristics，Only in the process of reviewing the illustrations of classical novels can we discover new materials and new questions，Thus further inheriting the excellent traditional bet365 withdrawal culture。

(The author is the person in charge bet365 withdrawal National Social Science Fund project "Research on Image Narrative of "Water Margin""、Associate professor at the School of Liberal Arts, Jiangsu Second Normal University)