Geographical Linguistics is an important means of regional dialect research

Chinese dialectics research in modern sense began in the late 1920s。In 1928, Zhao Yuanren published "Research on Modern Wu language"，The first systematically describes 33 Wu Dia dialect。After that，Chinese Dialect Studies are based on survey description，Use different research methods，Gas achieved huge results。Xie Liuwen (2019) Point out when summarizing the main achievements of Chinese dialect survey in 70 years since the establishment of New China，Chinese dialect "Voice research is more than vocabulary、grammar research，Dialects Special Phenomenon Study more than system research，General descriptions are more than in -depth comparison，More than a period of time than Light Research "。These limitations can be made up by geographical linguistics research。

Geographical Linguistics is also called dialect geography、Language Geography。Cao Zhiyun (2006) pointed out，Geographical Linguistics "Based on the survey of language facts in many places，Use the language map to describe the geographical distribution status of language phenomena，Explain the reasons for these distribution in combination with social and cultural factors，The process and mechanism of exploring language changes "。China Great Land Veterans，Chinese dialect distribution is complicated，There are differences in the internal dialect，It is a good place for geographic linguistics research。Geographical Linguistics Survey is not limited to voice projects，Vocabulary、Grammar can be used as a survey project; geographical linguistics uses large -scale dialect bet365 live casino games language as the research basis，Differential differences in the form of dialect maps，Easy to carry out in -depth comparative research; geographic linguistics research also attaches importance to the explanation and language changes of dialect maps，Discuss the change of language characteristics on the basis of description，Bridge to contact dialect and historical dialect。So，Geographical Linguistics can make up for the lack of Chinese dialect survey and research。

Current，Geographical Linguistics Research has achieved some results，Published a nationwide atlas，For example, "Chinese Language Atlas", "Chinese Dialects Atlas", etc., but more are regional research results，Faculty atlas such as "Shanxi Jinfang Yan Yan Voice Foundation", "Eastern Guangdong Min dialect Voice Foundation", etc.，Research monographs such as "Research on Dialects and Geography of JAC and Wuyu Border", "Research on Geographical Linguistics of the State Dialects", "Research on Geographical Linguistics of Dialects in the Xiangjiang River Basin" "Research", "Ningbo Dialect Comparison Studies in the Visiting of Language Geography", etc.。Regional dialects due to the moderate research scope、Differences in internal，By revealing the difference, you can explore the language evolution process，More suitable for the research of geographical linguistics。

　　General Program for Geographical Linguistics Research

Geographical Linguistics Studies mainly include three steps: dialect survey、Map drawing and map explanation。

Dialectal survey is the basis of geographic linguistics research。Do regional dialect research，Sometimes it can rely on existing results，But for geographic linguistics research，Film in the area、The survey system is consistent、The original materials that can be used for comparison are very rare，Most researchers need to investigate on the spot。Three problems before the investigation: Determine the investigation project、Select the survey point、Select the pronunciation person。The determination of the survey project is not as comprehensive as described by a single point dialect，But to reflect the internal differences of regional dialects，This requires the investigator to have a general understanding of the characteristics of regional dialect。This area can rely on existing research materials，For example, the study of regional dialects in Jiangsu Province can rely on "Jiangsu Province · Dialect Dialect";，Each county in the area investigate a point in detail，Compare bet365 Play online games again，Select the content that can reflect the difference in dialect as the survey project。The survey point includes a macro scale、Middle viewing scale and micro -scale cloth point，Earth -level administrative units、County -level administrative unit and townships to set up (Xiang Mengbing、Cao Hui，2005）。Theoretically speaking，The more dense the survey point is, the better the better，But sometimes it is limited by time and funding，It is difficult to achieve dense cloth。Generally speaking，Regional dialect surveys do not adopt macro and medium -view scale cloth points，Try to use micro -scale cloth points as much as possible; if the conditions are not available，When you can't do a survey point in each township，It can be combined with the material of the local mind and the sense of language of the locals，Choose towns with obvious dialect differences as survey points，Quantity accounts for more than half of the number of townships in the county，This can basically reflect the internal differences of the survey project。Of course, we must also consider the distribution balancing in the area，Do not concentrate the survey point in some areas。The choice of the pronunciation person is basically the same as a single point survey，Sometimes there are some factor that is not easy to control，Need to change appropriately，But native、The conditions of the standard dialect cannot be changed，Also pay attention to the consistency of people in different locations。

。When drawing dialect maps，First of all, organize the corpus，Select the survey items with obvious differences in the area，Differential pronunciation or type of statement of each project。Select a graphic symbol for each type，Selection of symbols should be eye -catching，Pay attention to distinction。Do the bottom diagram again，Resources on the Internet，If the vector map data of the national geographic information resource directory service system; according to the research needs, the basic processing of the map shows the research area、County Boundary and other geographical elements，So as to get a research bottom diagram。Last professional drawing software，Such as Arcgis desktop drawing map，Use the unified simplified simplified name of the township/town/street as the connection field to connect the language data with the map data;，Such as "Drive Line"，You can use Photoshop software for post -modification。

Map interpretation is bet365 live casino games further deepening of geographic linguistics research。Geographical Linguistics Studies Except outside the map of dialect，It also involves various comprehensive studies based on dialect maps，Explanation of geographical distribution type、Discussion on the evolution of dialect history、Dialect Division and Division, etc.。In fact，Dialect maps based on the original materials are sometimes inconvenient to read，For example, there may be dozens of words in the region，Some statements have the same core language prime，does not mean the difference in nature。At this time, you can return these statements and，in order to display more internal differences。The process of merging is the "secondary research" of materials，This is also an explanation。，Internal differences of regional dialects through dialect maps，The historical evolution process of the cause and language phenomenon on the basis of discussing the differences and language phenomena on this basis，These all require subsequent interpretation work，Can further deepen the study of geographic linguistics。

　　Research on the Studies of Geographical Linguistics in the Regional dialect

According to the above research concepts and procedures，We take the Jianghuai official dialect in the northern part of Jiangsu as the research object，Use geographical linguistics method，Description of dialect differences、Geographical distribution display、Historical evolution research integrates integrated。Township in the township，Select 154 dialect points for field surveys; on the basis of obtaining first -hand research materials，Careful selection of survey projects reflecting the characteristics and differences reflecting the characteristics and differences in the Jiangsu Jiangsu Jianghuai official dialect，A total of 193 pieces。Through research and practice，A few inspirations for the research of geographic linguistics in the regional dialect。

The geographical boundary line is not the same as the dialect line。For example，There is a dividing line of the JAC officials in Yancheng in Yancheng，It is usually considered Dafeng in the south of Yancheng、Dongtai belongs to Tai Ru film，Other areas belong to Hongchao Film。Research Discovery，Sanlong in the north of Dafeng、Xinfeng 2 dialect points，Many features are different from Thai Ruqi dialect，The same as the dialect in Yancheng City, which belongs to Hongchao,，If bet365 best casino games there is only one instead of 2、"I" say "Dare to Dare" instead of "own home"、"Ask" to say "Ask the Son" instead of "Ask Son" and other。Visible，Dialectical characteristics distribution on the geographical boundary line is not the same as the dialect line。

The characteristics of the junction of dialects are unstable，It is easy to be affected by the peripheral dialect。For example，Donghai County and Sihong County both have the dividing lines of Jianghuai Mandarin and Central Plains Mandarin.，In some characteristics, these two areas are different from the overall performance of the official dialect of the Jiangsu Jiangsu JAC，If the "Pronunciation of the Pronunciation of Kaishou in the Fruits of Fruits" is the same or different, not exactly the same、"The Tune of Yang Ping Tune" reads the tone without reading the upgrade、"I" says "俺" or "呣" instead of saying "I" and so on。Another example，Dialects in Yancheng City are in the junction of the Jianghuai Guan Diandou and the Thai Movie，Some dialect characteristics have also been affected by Thai Ru Movie，For example, "The pronunciation of the voiced mother's snoring sound" part of the puzzle sound mother、"The pronunciation of the whole turbidity and the turbidity" part reads the ping flat, etc.。So，Explain the cause of the characteristics of certain dialects，Not limited to the survey area，should jump out of this area，Find the cause from the comparison with the surrounding dialects。

The characteristics of the government where the government is located is not the same as the overall characteristics of the county dialect。Many dialect map display，There are differences between dialect points in a county，The characteristics of the government where the government is located is not the same as the characteristics of the entire county。For example, "The pronunciation of the mother and the mother"，The Tancheng Street dialect at the location of the Puyang County Government is "mud to be divided、Read different voices "，But this characteristic only appears in a minority dialect point in the west of Puyang County，Most dialect points in the east are still "mud, no distinction、Read the same mother "。Another like "Tune Number"，Qingyang Street dialect in Qingyang street dialect where the Sihong County Government is located，But only a few dialect points have such characteristics in Sihong，Most dialect points still have only one inlet tone。So，A survey of geographical linguistics cannot be limited to the place where bet365 live casino games the government is，In the case of conditions permit, try to go deep into towns or villages as possible，You can find more dialect differences，Can show the appearance of the regional dialect more clearly。

Vocabulary and grammar differences are sometimes larger than voice。This can be seen from the specific number of the survey project: only 4 maps of more than five pronunciation types of voice projects，accounting for 8%，Most of the maps have only two or three types of pronunciation types; there are 76 maps of more than five types of vocabulary projects，accounting for 72%，Many types of maps have reached ten or more word types; 25 maps of more than five types of grammatical projects have 25 maps，accounting for 66%，10 maps have more than fifteen types of saying。Visible，Vocabulary、The internal differences of grammar are bigger than voice，The geographical distribution of a variety of words and the type of statement is also scattered than voice maps，Sometimes I want to draw a clear line of the same saying is difficult。From this point of view，Under the premise of distinguishing the depth of history，Voice standards Divide the dialect line line effects relatively high。

Dialect voice evolution research can be carried out in combination with geographical distribution。Discussing the dialect voice evolution process has different angles，Can be combined with internal language factors，It can also be combined with external factors，Geographical distribution is one of the external factors，Sometimes it can help analyze voice evolution。For example，"The pronunciation of the voicing of Yang Zhen and Zeng Xie Yang Yanyun" has three types，The types of the nasal sound rhyme tail and the nasal sound rhyme tails have their own distribution area，It may be "Shen Zhen and Zeng Xuan Xie" read the front nose sound rhyme tail and the rear nose sound rhyme tail，Then different regions show different flow directions，It may also be the four photos of "Shen Zhen Zeng Xian" first read the front nose and rhyme tail，Then the overall backward nasal sound rhyme is transformed。From the perspective of geographical distribution，Dialect points of the nasal sound rhyme tail after reading are distributed in the edge area，Why the "Zeng Xing" in the edge area merged to "Shenzhen Zhen"，Then look back into the original pronunciation，This is not easy to explain，More reasonable explanation is that there are different flow directions in the bet365 best casino games central and edge areas。So，Geographical distribution can not only present the differences in the survey items，can also help explore voice evolution。

Current，Regional dialect research has received more and more attention from academic circles。Geographical Linguistics Research on the basis of dense cloth，Internal differences through the form of dialect maps，Discuss the change of language phenomena，Just adapt to the research of regional dialects。Apply geographic linguistics research methods to regional dialects，It will definitely drive regional dialect research to in -depth。

　　(The author is the person in charge of the State Social Science Fund Youth Project "Research on Geographical Linguistics of the Government Diagram of the Jiangsu Jiangsu"、Associate Professor of Literature of Yancheng Teachers College)