Ancient map is an image literature that is parallel with text and literature，Disposal in "Arts and Wen Zhi" does not have a separate category standard and clearly distinguished classification standards。1156，Song of the Song Dynasty historian Zheng Yan's "Tongzhi · Tu Trees" began to classify ancient maps，Classification standards used in the Ming and Qing Dynasties，After the leather。Explore ancient map classification standards for replacement today，It is conducive to solving the previous shortcomings，Clarify future standards and paths。

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Modification is the classification standard of ancient Chinese maps since the Song Dynasty，For the purpose of the use of the world from beginning to end。

Division Figure Figure，Bibliography with Tips。"Tongzhi · Tu Lue" is a classification of the books of the world and the academic recorded，Divided into astronomy、Geography、Palace、For use、Car flag、clothes、Altar Zhao、Duyi、City Building、Tianli、Accounting、Legal system、Banjue、Ancient and modern、Famous objects、Book 16 Class，Each type does not list graphic name，No image image。Classification Standards，There is no picture with books，Not available。Under the image of the scattered system of "Nafen"，Divided into astronomy with the same standard、Geography、Yi、Poems、Li、Le、Spring and Autumn、Analects、Elementary School、Medicine and other 26 categories，Ancient maps located under the geographical class，There is a picture name without an image。1201，The Song Dynasty writings Zuo Lang Tang Zhongyou's "Emperor's Sutra Tab" is a classification of the six classics of "Poetry", "Book", "Easy", "Le", "Spring and Autumn"，Divided into astronomy、Di Zhi、Rites and music、Criminal administration、Yin Yang、degree、Bingnong、Wangba 8 category，Classification standards for the use of the Emperor Jingshi，Located under the Jizhi，Ancient maps have both pictures，Prepare images，Some are also supplemented by text description。

Book Pictures，Figure first in the book。No image of the classification standards in the Yuan Dynasty，until 1609，The "Three Talent Maps" of historians of the Ming Dynasty and Wang Siyi Wang Siyi is based on the same use as the Six Classics，The image is an astronomical、Geography、transport、seasonal、Palace、Bet365 lotto review For use、Body、clothes、Personnel、Instrumentation、Treasure、Literary History、Bird Beast、Category of grass and trees。Because the image has obtained the same status as the traditional classics，The number of ancient maps under the geographical category began to increase rapidly，and have a more systematic classification，Divided into the world、Provincial District、border defense、Yellow River、Yangtze River、Coastal、transport、Mountains and River Famous Wins、Siyi countries、History and other pictures。In order to emphasize the generation of the figure, first book，Species on the system clearly stipulate first。

Book map separation，Picture and painting land。In 1761, the "Lugu Members" of the Minister of the Lobby of the Qing Dynasty and the "Ruo Tu Membership Continuation" of Dongge University Wang Jie in 1795 was based on the great achievements of Emperor Qianlong，The image hidden in the Map House of the Internal Affairs Mansion is astronomy、Public Land、Jianghai、River Channel、martial arts、Paradise、Famous Victory、Rui Ying、Effective tribute、Salt、Temple、Mountain Mausoleum and other more than 10 categories。In order to highlight the martial arts of Emperor Qianlong，Remove the image that has nothing to do with this，Added a good tour、Martial arts two categories。Although this can not avoid the road under the category of the main local category by the administrative division、Repeat the military map，But from then on the classification system that is used as a reference，Turn on orbit with map -oriented earth，The ancient maps of the Qing Dynasty in the future are mostly attacked here。

Since the Song Dynasty，Ancient map classification has gone through subcontractive books、Books Pictures、Book map separation three stages。The classification standards of the first two emphasize the value of the book for the use of the book，Naturally, it cannot completely get rid of the classification of the book，The maps divided into geographical categories，The graphs under the geographical class are not very thorough。The latter praises the classification standard of the great achievements of the emperor，It is destined to consider it from the image itself，Therefore, the classification duplication of various types of diagram。

　　Illustration: Ancient map classification transformation

Graphic，The fundamental attributes of the map itself are different from other maps，It is a map of scholars so far from the Republic of China、The classification standards for compilation of map collection。

Discarding painting diagram，Map establishment。1932，bet365 Play online games Wang Yong, the historian of Chinese geography, re -distinguishes the cabinet map as the two categories of the class diagram and the area map。The former is divided into river flow、Coastal、Category 3，The latter is divided into Zhili、Henan、Shandong、Shaanxi and other 15 categories，Martial arts pictures are attached。Due to the image classification of the Qing Dynasty、Painting Complex，Favorites、Checking is inconvenient，Therefore, the classification criteria is diagram。The new picture is then abandoned Rui Ying、Effect tribute and other painting images，Since then。Subsequent，Wang Yong takes the graphic as the standard，Map of the Map of the Peiping Library (now the National Library of China)，Still classification of diagrams and regional figures:。

Class diagram is mainly，Symphony as supplemented。Wang Yong takes the graphic as the standard，The district diagram of the area is a class diagram based on administrative divisions，The class diagram is a collection of various types of diagrams，Neither of the two can reach the graphics of each picture，Therefore，Today's scholars follow forward。1997，Beijing Library (now China National Library) uses graphic as the standard，Proposed to set up ordinary maps (that is, area map) under the species in the same area、Special Map (ie, Class Map) compilation system。2004，Historian Geographicist Li Xiaocong set up 33 Yellow River Maps under the Chinese ancient map of the American Congress Library，Promoting the development of the species of the species。The quantity of this species is limited，can also be further classified。

Since the Republic of China, it has been used as the center、Graphic classification is not essentially different from the Qing Dynasty。The area of ​​the area comes from the ground，Still focusing on administrative divisions，Figures such as the city and other cities。Class diagram Inherits the previous classification pattern，Determination of the number of species depends on the number of hidden，Therefore, it is inevitable to duplicate the classification of the regional map。For Figure，Classification based on graphic as the standard，It is a rough judgment based on the similar figure，instead of detailed analysis。For Figure、Atlas Code，Class diagram is the most ideal choice。To ensure the purpose of achieving the purpose in a limited time，The compilationers can taste it if they choose the classification of the seedlings，As a result, it is difficult to deepen the research of the figure itself。

　　Dilemma: Ancient map classification exploration

Facing problems that occur in the standard bet365 Play online games classification，The main function of the academic community、range、Content and other angles to explore the solution path。

Diverse features，Not easy to classify。Function is the ability of the elements of the map in internal connection and external relationships。The function of this decision map may be reflected in the internal，It may also be reflected in external，so on.。American scholar Joseph E. Schwartzberg with reference to the scope of human experience，Divided East Asia、The functions of Maps in Southeast Asia are mainly and actual、Two top aspects。The former is divided into resources、Looking for way、Intelligence and other categories，Most of them have more than 2 actual actualities、Tableto function。Functional diversity is difficult to classify after classification，For example, 1793， Chen Lunjiong, a geographical scientist Chen Lunjiong of the Qing Dynasty, "The Full Map of the Coast" is both the town of defense of the sea king facilities，There are also sand reefs that prevent businessmen from entering the port。This figure can be divided into a business that can be divided into the way to find the way，It can also be attributed to strategic facilities under information。This has split the function of the figure，No matter what kind of belonging，Both brought inconvenience used。

Limited range，One generalization。range indicates the boundary of the map space，Common methods are to draw the locations of the surrounding boundary and the distance from the central town in the surroundings of the figure。Some long curlers are based on a certain line of the picture on the surface，If "Jiangnan behind the Danshui Gate"。Tamsui Gate is the Jiangnan of the early Qing Dynasty、The boundary between the two provinces of Fujian，These elements that indicate the boundary line are just a part with a very small content。Classification of these limited elements，It is easy to distinguish the nature of the map，and cover up the real content expressed in the map。bet365 Play online games Today's academic circles take the scope as the standard，The ancient map of the Yellow River is the full picture、Division Figure，As a result, it is difficult to further divide into engineering、River potential、Different types of disaster。

Rich in content，Difficult to divide the main time。Content refers to the sum of the elements inside the map，Including the main content and secondary content。The graphic is the pattern of graphs presented in human vision，Composition of elements within the scope and range of the figure，Therefore, the graphic is the form of content expression。bet365 Play online games Today's academic circles are more local content、Analysis of similar graphics，​​Explain the difference between the content of the content of the map and the content、Graphics as a limit to classification standards，The difference between the name name named "The Crown of Cherry in China" hidden by the academic community on the Baldling Library of Oxford University: "Fujian Navigation Map in the Ming Dynasty", "East and Western Ocean Navigation", "The late Ming Xinjiang and Zhangquan Navigation Communications Communications "Picture" "Painted East and Western Ocean Navigation in the late Ming Dynasty"。

Discussion on multiple angles of ancient map classification standards，It marks that the ancient map has been from the traditional map、Atlas compilation to the research level。Although these standards have promoted the ancient map of China，The development of the research of ancient maps in the world，But there must be a certain shortage of inspiration。For Figure，These standards are presence of the map after the map，instead of determining the key factor of the map production process。

　　Topic: Ancient Map Category Guiyi

Theme，Draw thought，Always through map information collection、Examination、School reading、Drawing process，to determine the drawing of the elements of the graph、Arrangement、Combination，and the boundary of the range、Details of the content、Collaboration of features，The picture is clearer。

1820 years，The "Miao Xinjiang Map" of the Qing Dynasty geography scientist Yan Ruyu，More than a hundred times from information collection to school reading，The theme of more consistent with Miao Xinjiang。This requires the painter to be familiar with the distribution of Miaojiang space，Painted geographical range: east to Qijiang，South to Chenjiang，West to Songyujiang，Jiaojiai from the north to the northern river。In order to achieve the purpose of the Miao Xinjiang，Regional collaboration will be implemented in this range。Yong Sui、Phoenix、Qianzhou、Yongshun、Baojing and other places，Camp Flood、Bao Tun、Tangka Mi Club，"Heavy Miao Defense also"。Luxi、Mayang、East of Fuling and South of Mayang，Passing on the road，"Jian Jian Ye Ye"。Tongren、Songzhou、West of Xiushan，Tang Card sporadic embellishment，"Planning is necessary"。Correspondingly，Drawing details of Miao Defense Land，Neighbors、Drawing brief。No doubt，This is a military map of the Qing Dynasty's Miaojiang。

The theme is still decided to decide whether the map arranged in the order bet365 Play online games of time is the key factor of the picture system。The picture is a series of diagrams of the same theme，Today's scholars will draw the sea defense drawings drawn by the Ming and Qing Dynasties，According to starting from Guangdong、Store in the same sea and township of the Yaulu River in Liaodong，as well as the content of the seas under the sea，It is inferred that most of them belong to Zheng Ruo Zeng Miles and the Sea Defense System。Study proof，These coastal defense maps can be divided into initial engraving、Sea、Quanhai、Zhang Huang four different map systems，Permanently running through the ocean、Multi -level defense of the coast and the Mainland，Ocean attack and close -up collaboration，Ocean combat，and different themes made by the Ming Dynasty's early defense。

Therefore, it can be known，Theme is the key standard of ancient map classification。This is the subject，Avoid diverse functions、Uncertainty of unwavering，Available in the range、Limitation without distinction，The content of the content is unknown、Detailed one -sided one -sidedness。

In this case，The theoretical method of exploring the theme of ancient maps is particularly important。The map starts from information collection，The host of the host has the information output process drawn for whom。Reader starts from reading the picture，With the process of accepting information。Differences due to the level of cognition of each other，It will modify the content of the map to achieve information interaction and effectively use the purpose of the map。Therefore，It can be clearly explicitly analyzed by the theme as the classification standard。

First，The thought of the host drawer。The delivery system of ancient maps of China，Determine the map production process is controlled by the officials drawn by the host。Draw a complete map，directly reflects its local governance thought，The ministers of the Qing Dynasty are mostly like this。Next，Thought of the reader。State from management needs，Sometimes according to the obtained map information，Order to host the painter to draw the new map required again，In this process，The policy of governance naturally integrates the map。In 1886, the Qing court ordered the provinces to reintermine and mapping the administrative districts at all levels，is a very typical legend。Actually，Whether it is the host of the painter，Still drawing maps drawn，Interaction with each other，The thinking of each other also contains it。In the early Qing Dynasty, Bet365 lotto review the governor of the river、The governor's paintings painted on the large construction map of the Yellow River，Corresponding to the plan according to the order of the governance plan, the plan is modified accordingly。

Sort out the evolution of the classification standards of ancient maps，It should break the tradition centered on the text and literature affiliated by the ancient map，Establish a research concept centered on the ancient map，Comprehensively examine theoretical methods of previous research。Clarify the new classification standards of ancient maps，Easy to explore the ideological culture contained in ancient maps，Analysis of endless power factors，Multi -dimensional constructing ancient map interpretation discourse system。Use the new classification standards of ancient maps，Thanks to re -integrating the scattered ancient maps，Build an orderly order in all directions、Earth painting scrolls that are reflected in each other。

　　(The author is the head of the National Social Science Fund key project "The Organization and Research of the Ancient Map of the Chinese Tibetan Rare Yellow River"、Professor of the Chinese National Community Community Research Institute of Ningxia University)