Tang Shiqi, Dean of the School of International Relations, Peking University、Director of the Eastern and bet365 mobile betting Cultural Research Center、Professor；

Research direction: History of Western political bet365 mobile betting、Contemporary Western Political Philosophy、Comparative Politics；

Representative works: "American Government and Politics", "History of Western Political bet365 mobile betting", "Relationship between State and Society: A Comparative Study of Theory and Practice of Socialist Countries", "Globalization and Regionality: The Relationship between State and Society in the Process of Economic Globalization" relation"。

The idea of ​​essentialism is Western bet365 mobile betting，The reason why it is called essentialism，It is because Western bet365 mobile betting has regarded the exploration of the essence of things as its fundamental task from the beginning。This definition of the essence of bet365 mobile betting comes from the pursuit of the definition of things at the beginning of the Western intellectual tradition。The definition of a thing must reveal its fundamental properties，The latter is regarded as the commonality of things，That is, universality and immutability。The universal and unchangeable in a thing is the "what it is"、The essence of things。To modern times，Especially after Descartes，People are outside universality and immutability again，Consider certainty as a manifestation of the essence of things。

　　Essentialism is the basic feature of Western bet365 mobile betting

Essentialism determines the basic characteristics of Western knowledge。For example，Aristotle defined scientific knowledge as follows: its object is constant，Its goal is to understand the nature of things，Its method is rational thinking (embodied in the application of logical rules)，Its conclusions must be communicable and verifiable。Accordingly，Those that cannot be repeated、Non-essential、From experience and intuition、Knowledge that is not teachable and unverifiable (of course such knowledge does exist，Aristotle also admitted this) cannot enter the palace of science。Essentialist understanding of science as knowledge，Fundamentally limits the content of Western bet365 mobile betting since ancient Greece，Making it bear fruitful results，Contains huge flaws。

Essentialism leads to a dichotomy of the world，Including subject and object、Essence and Phenomenon、Reason and Desire、Soul and body, etc.。These two points can be attributed to fundamental opposition，That is, the opposition between truth and error。In the above pair，The former category belongs to the advanced world，The latter category belongs to the low-level world；The former is the goal that people pursue，The latter is what people strive to overcome。Under essentialism，Concreteness of bet365 mobile betting、Variability and possibility are completely ignored。

　Non-essentialism is the basic feature of traditional Chinese bet365 mobile betting

Different from Western bet365 mobile betting，Non-essentialism is precisely the basic feature of traditional Chinese bet365 mobile betting。If essentialism originated from the pursuit of definition at the beginning of Western bet365 mobile betting，Then Chinese bet365 mobile betting always consciously avoids defining things。The "Book of Changes·Xici Xia" summarizes the "Yi" itself: "The "Yi" cannot be far away from being a book，The Tao has changed many times。Constantly changing，Zhou Liu Liuxu。Impermanence up and down，Hardness and softness exchange。Not for reference，Only change to suit your needs。”Which，“Only adapt to change” embodies the essence of Chinese bet365 mobile betting，That is, strive to grasp things in changes。Hexagram 64 of "Book of Changes"，Although each hexagram has a definite name，Also has its definite meaning，For example, Qian and Kun represent Yang and Yin，Each line in the hexagram reflects a different situation，At the same time, it reflects that this specific situation or nature changes over time，The process of "stripping out and regaining one's extremes" that ultimately leads to the opposite of oneself。So，Chinese bet365 mobile betting emphasizes that people must seize opportunities in the changes of things、Assess the situation、Think carefully and make decisions。

In this non-essentialist intellectual tradition，In a strict sense，People rarely ask the Socratic question "what?"。For those students who ask about benevolence，Confucius may give different suggestions based on each person’s shortcomings that need to be overcome，Or directly means "I don't know the benevolent person"。So，The Analects of Confucius mentioned: "Zi rarely talks about profit, fate and benevolence。”Of course，This avoidance of definition is not Confucius’ personal tendency，But the basic characteristics of traditional Chinese bet365 mobile betting。Therefore，For the concreteness of things、Variability and possibility，Chinese bet365 mobile betting has given full attention and emphasis。What people pursue is precisely the individual、Variable and possible knowledge，Even knowledge as illocutionary meaning。People focus on how someone or something looks like under specific circumstances and conditions，rather than their abstract properties。In a non-essentialist world，People emphasize the knower’s “immersion” in the world，Instead of objectified observation，It is the grasp of proportion and timing，And the opposition and unity of things。

Expand the space of bet365 mobile betting

In comparison，Essentialism emphasizes universality、Immutability and determinism。Therefore，bet365 mobile betting itself under the influence of essentialism is also universal and certain，This kind of bet365 mobile betting is easy to spread、Accumulation and re-creation based on this。Non-essentialist bet365 mobile betting is full of concreteness and variability，People not only emphasize the specificity and variability of the object of bet365 mobile betting，And also emphasizes the concreteness of the knower himself、Variability and possibility，The so-called "benevolence is seen by the benevolent"，A wise man sees it and calls it wisdom”。Obviously，The former can bring about the popularization of bet365 mobile betting and breakthroughs in science and technology，The latter is "highbrow"、Good friends are hard to find，In a sense, it even shows mysterious characteristics，Not conducive to the development of science，But it may be more suitable to grasp what Aristotle calls "can become something else"。

In addition，From the perspective of understanding bet365 mobile betting，Essentialism focuses on the universality of bet365 mobile betting、Invariance and certainty，So the focus is also on the homogeneity and continuity of objects，The heterogeneity and discreteness of objects are ignored。But，As Heidegger said，To grasp the changing people and bet365 mobile betting，The important thing is to take into account the heterogeneous continuity of objects。For that matter，Non-essentialist ideas like those embodied in "The Book of Changes" have more room for expansion。