Wang Ning, Professor, Department of Sociology and Social Work, School of Sociology and Anthropology, Sun Yat-sen University，Doctoral Supervisor。Main research directions include consumer sociology、Tourism Sociology、Sharing Economic Sociology，Presiding over major projects of the National Social Science Fund、Key projects、General projects and Ministry of Education humanities and social sciences fund projects、Several social science planning projects of Guangdong Province，Publication includedTourism and Modernity: A Sociological Analysis （2000）、"Consumption Sociology" (2001)、"From Ascetic Society to Consumer Society" (2009)、9 Chinese and English books including "The Institutional Embeddedness of Household Consumption Behavior" (2014)，In "Chinese Social Sciences", "Sociological Research" and "Society"、Annals of Tourism Research、Tourism ManagementPublished "The Social Construction of the Sharing Economy" (2021) in top domestic and foreign publications、《Consumption System、Labor Incentives and Legitimacy Resources” (2007)、Rethinking Authenticity in Tourism Experience (1999) and many other papers。

bet365 bonus code louisiana usually has two meanings。On the one hand，People regard bet365 bonus code louisiana as a social and cultural complex within a certain time and space，Such as the Neolithic bet365 bonus code louisiana、Farming bet365 bonus code louisiana、Mayan bet365 bonus code louisiana、Confucian bet365 bonus code louisiana, etc.。This view of bet365 bonus code louisiana regards bet365 bonus code louisiana as an entity，So it can also be called the entity bet365 bonus code louisiana view。On the other hand，People regard bet365 bonus code louisiana as a standard of behavior，And this standard of behavior is usually based on spontaneous instinct、Based on the self-discipline and control of physiological impulses and emotions。For example，Wipe your nose with your hands、Pooping anywhere、Use domestic violence as a method of disciplining children、Use strong force to compete for the priority of resource acquisition (such as men who do not follow the rule that women are given priority)，Both are regarded as violating civilized standards of behavior。This kind of civilized view can also be called the civilized view of behavioral standards。

No matter in which sense bet365 bonus code louisiana is understood，bet365 bonus code louisiana inevitably involves the comparison and evaluation of different civilizations。Since we want to compare and evaluate，It must be based on a certain standard。Then，Who will set this standard？Within a bet365 bonus code louisiana，It is often the elite who set this standard。And in the exchanges and interactions between civilizations，The evaluation standards are often set by strong civilizations。Since humans entered modern society，In fact, it is European society that dominates the formulation of bet365 bonus code louisiana evaluation standards。So，Since the Age of Enlightenment in Europe，European elites have formed a Eurocentric view of bet365 bonus code louisiana。They regard European standards of behavior as the universal standards of bet365 bonus code louisiana，And use this to evaluate other civilizations。According to this evaluation standard，The behavior of some primitive tribes is classified as "barbaric"。The Eurocentric view of bet365 bonus code louisiana contains the racist position that European races are superior to others。This stance provides a theoretical basis for their colonial behavior。Although in the post-colonial era，The concept of bet365 bonus code louisiana is stripped of this racist connotation，But because civilizations are comparable，There must be advantages and disadvantages in comparison，The concept of bet365 bonus code louisiana is not divorced from the connotation of ideology。

How is the comparison of civilizations possible？Some elements of bet365 bonus code louisiana are comparable (such as technology)，But some elements of bet365 bonus code louisiana are incomparable (such as cuisine)。For this，When people set standards for civilized evaluation，It is necessary to distinguish two types of bet365 bonus code louisiana elements: commensurable bet365 bonus code louisiana elements and incommensurable bet365 bonus code louisiana elements。Commensurable elements of bet365 bonus code louisiana are elements of bet365 bonus code louisiana that have objective standards that can be compared: such as GDP per capita、Per capita disposable income、National life satisfaction and happiness、Technological level、Average life expectancy、Infant mortality rate、Criminal crime rate、Infrastructure level；etc.。Incommensurable bet365 bonus code louisiana elements are elements of bet365 bonus code louisiana that cannot be compared or sorted。For example，Different regions have different cuisines。People prefer one cuisine，It comes from habit，Not because of advantages and disadvantages。Different people have different taste preferences，Therefore，The quality of a cuisine is relative to people’s taste preferences，The evaluation criteria are subjective、Varies from person to person，There is no universal objective standard。

But，Those countries that took the lead in realizing modernization，Trying to treat all elements of bet365 bonus code louisiana as commensurable，Believe that the evaluation of various civilizations can be based on universal standards、Objective evaluation criteria。This standard is often formulated by the countries that have taken the lead in modernization based on their own experience。Developed countries not only regard their own commensurable bet365 bonus code louisiana elements as the benchmark standard for evaluating bet365 bonus code louisiana，And also intentionally or unintentionally conveys this message to underdeveloped countries: their own incommensurable elements of bet365 bonus code louisiana，Also constitutes the benchmark of superior bet365 bonus code louisiana elements。For example，Don’t eat dog meat、Pig entrails，This is an incommensurable element of bet365 bonus code louisiana，But Western society regards it as commensurable、bet365 bonus code louisiana elements with absolute evaluation standards。Therefore，Before the Olympics in South Korea，Korean people’s custom of eating dog meat is considered “uncivilized” by Western society。In this way，Cultural relativity turns into cultural absoluteness。

As opposed to it，Some residents of countries that have not yet realized modernization or are on the way to modernization，After the impact of Western bet365 bonus code louisiana，We have more or less reached a consensus with developed countries on some evaluation standards of bet365 bonus code louisiana elements，Therefore, to a certain extent, it is denied that there are incommensurable elements of bet365 bonus code louisiana in bet365 bonus code louisiana，And instead adopt incommensurable elements from developed countries (such as the ban on eating dog meat in Seoul, South Korea in the 1990s)。

As far as China is concerned，Defeated in the Opium War in the mid-19th century and the Sino-Japanese War of 1895-1895 in the late 19th century，Chinese people in the context of national tragedy，Trying to reconstruct the relationship between Chinese bet365 bonus code louisiana and Western bet365 bonus code louisiana。With "Learning as Body"，Proposal of strategies such as "Putting Western Learning into Use" and "Learning from the Barbarians to Develop Skills to Conquer the Barbarians"，It means that the traditional Chinese bet365 bonus code louisiana evaluation standards are beginning to waver。This transformation of bet365 bonus code louisiana evaluation standards，Also reflected in changes in Chinese attitudes towards Western goods and brands。Incommensurable elements of Western bet365 bonus code louisiana (such as consumer lifestyle) are seen as commensurable、Superior，Elements that can be used as standards for evaluating other civilizations。Only as China develops and grows，Only this kind of bet365 bonus code louisiana evaluation of Chinese people will change。

After the reform and opening up，Chinese residents not only “worship foreigners” in terms of commensurable civilized elements (such as household appliances)，In addition, in terms of incommensurable bet365 bonus code louisiana elements (such as dietary bet365 bonus code louisiana elements), we have also begun to pursue the popular consumption lifestyle in developed countries (eating Western food)。However，With the continuous development of China’s economy，And China’s increasing integration into the world，Chinese residents’ consumption choices have become complex and diversified。On the one hand，The younger generation of Chinese consumers have accepted and absorbed some Western consumer lifestyle elements；On the other hand，The younger generation of Chinese consumers are becoming more and more positive towards elements of traditional Chinese lifestyle，More and more support for domestic products。Obviously，Consumption as a window，Let us see the public’s replacement of daily standards for bet365 bonus code louisiana evaluation and the enhancement of bet365 bonus code louisiana confidence。The goal of this article，It is an attempt to analyze the impact of changes in ordinary people’s bet365 bonus code louisiana evaluation standards on consumption choices from a sociological perspective。