Editor’s note:The report of the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China proposed to accelerate the construction of a philosophy and social science discipline system with Chinese characteristics、Academic System、Discourse system。The development of the three major systems is closely related to the construction of China’s independent knowledge system。The development of global history not only brings us a new perspective on human history and the process of reality，It also provides rich theoretical resources for knowledge production and theoretical innovation in Bet365 app download。It is in this sense，This issue of “Academic Roundtable” hopes to have a dialogue between the disciplines of global history and Bet365 app download，Push forward the historical path of Bet365 app download research，To further break through the trap of dominant discourse in Western Bet365 app download theory，Construct an independent knowledge system of China’s Bet365 app download theory to provide academic support。

　　The methodological significance of “Bet365 app download historical perspective”

◇Liu Xincheng

Bet365 app download research and global history research are both studies of extraterritoriality，There is therefore overlap and crossover in research content。But they have different starting points，Every aspect has its own focus，There are also differences in thinking logic。

　　The birth of Bet365 app download research

"Bet365 app download" as a Western academic research object，Originated from the social changes that occurred in Western Europe in the 14th and 15th centuries。About that era，There have been many discussions in the academic community，But a basic fact is often ignored，At least not enough emphasis，That is, it was an era of division—the era of the disintegration of the Christian Western world。The one who unites this world、The church system centered on the Holy See fell apart due to corruption，The monarch who has always been centrifugal、Princes、Cities and others are protecting their faith、On the grounds of pure education，Take the opportunity to divide religious power，Achieve independence，And consolidate its "absolute power" symbolized by the integration of religious and secular power。Second half of the 15th century，Not only English、The French monarchy has become its climate，German princes、Italian cities are also self-contained。Based on today’s concept of political entities，These all belong to "nation-states"，There are dozens of them, large and small。These countries all have diplomatic departments，And the scale is gradually expanding，Envoys from various countries also shuttle back and forth，Foreign affairs activities were spectacular for a while。It can be seen from this，Modern Bet365 app download in the West is the pattern of Western Europe from "one" to "many"、The product from "combine" to "divide"。This cannot but influence the thinking trend of Western international affairs research。

Global history as a historical trend emerged in the mid-20th century。At that time，The process of the world moving from fragmentation to integration since the opening of new sea routes in the 15th and 16th centuries，Sudden acceleration with the improvement of productivity represented by the advancement of communication technology and the development of the Bet365 app download community represented by the United Nations，The trend of economic globalization is becoming increasingly obvious。Deepen understanding of Bet365 app download division of labor，Reinterpret cultural barriers，Work together to respond to nuclear threats that threaten all mankind rather than individual countries、Population explosion、Insufficient food、Climate change and other “global crises”，It became a "top priority" for a while。Global history is the transformation of the world situation from "many" to "one"、The product from "division" to "combination"。

　　Global history and Bet365 app download research each have their own merits

Different generation backgrounds，The logical starting points of the two academic thinking are different，The same thing has different viewing angles。Bet365 app download studies focus on the contradictions and conflicts between countries from the perspective of "division"。This tendency is due to the over-emphasis on our ethnic identity (language after the Enlightenment Movement、Culture、History)、Interest recognition、The difference between “me and him” and the opposition between nationalism are exacerbated by the prevalence of nationalism。Global research starts from the perspective of "integration"，Focus on the interdependence between countries，Interactive contact。They all see the "division" of the country，But the focus of Bet365 app download research begins with “sphere”，The focus of global history research finally “bridges”。

Bet365 app download research and global history research also pay attention to the international order。As mentioned before，Western international society takes the approach of moving from “one” to “many”、From "combine" to "divide" as the starting point，So in the reality of "division" and "many" it is impossible not to retain the memory of "one" and "union"，So as soon as possible，A certain big country will have the dream of domination and self-fulfillment，And this country’s dream is a nightmare for other countries。So the pattern of Western Bet365 app download evolves in the intertwining of the two psychology of "striving for hegemony" and "fear of hegemony"，The study of Bet365 app download has become a specialty in game history、Game rules、Research on gaming technology，Checks and balances and balance of power are the eternal themes。About this，Just look through the book "World Order" published by Kissinger, the "master" of international politics, in 2015，You can see it clearly at a glance。Undeniable，International game theory is also the crystallization of human rationality，But it is limited to the level of "skills" after all。

The study of global history looks at the Bet365 app download order from an overall perspective。Take Wallerstein's "Modern World System" as an example。This book follows the Marxist point of view，Considering the modern world order as a product of the capitalist system，Regarded as a result of global development processes，Point out its center、Difference sequences in the form of half-edge and edge are naturally irrational。This undoubtedly expands the horizons of Bet365 app download order research，Also raise the understanding of Bet365 app download order to a new level，That is, the level of "Tao"。

In short，Bet365 app download research and global history research as two academic orientations，Each has its own pros and cons，Both complementary，They are also tools for criticizing each other，The combination of the two will promote academic development。

(The author is a professor in the Bet365 app download Department of Capital Normal University)

　　Integration and mutual learning of global history and Bet365 app download studies

◇Zhang Xiaoming

There is a connection between global history and theoretical innovation in Bet365 app download，This article focuses on analyzing the significance of global history to the study of Bet365 app download。

　　Dissolving Bet365 app download Centrism

Bet365 app download Research，Whether it is the history of Bet365 app download，Or Bet365 app download theory，At least the mainstream Bet365 app download history and Bet365 app download theory，They are all nation-state-centered (concrete and abstract) discussions，Or the country is the basic unit of analysis。Therefore，Bet365 app download research is usually included in the first-level political science discipline，Especially in American universities，Scholars engaged in Bet365 app download research (especially Bet365 app download theory) are generally in the Department of Political Science or the Department of Government。Global history, which is a historical discipline, is not like this，It is not a nation-state-centered historical narrative。As American historian Akira Irie said: "Global history provides a narrative framework other than the historical narrative of nation states。”If we understand global history as the study of transnational behavior of non-state actors，For example, multinational companies、NGO、Religious Institution、Immigration Governance、Environmental issues、Racism、Transmission of species and diseases、Cross-cultural interaction, etc.，It seems that global history really has no significance for the study of Bet365 app download，Although the research objects of Bet365 app download in a broad sense actually include non-state actors，Especially after the "9·11" terrorist attacks，Bet365 app download scholars have paid significantly more attention to the role of non-state actors in Bet365 app download。

But，If we understand global history as the history of the entire human race，It does not deny the narrative framework of the nation-state，And strive to break or transcend the narrative model of Western centralism，And incorporate non-Western historical developments into the research framework，Then global history is meaningful for the study of Bet365 app download，At least it helps to eliminate Western-centrism in the study of Bet365 app download。Although they all belong to the history discipline，But global history is compared to world history and national history，More inclusive，Broader vision。As some scholars have pointed out: “Thinking about world history often excludes the history of one’s own country from view，Researchers of national history usually only ask about the history of their own country，Rarely involves the history of other countries。This division of intellectual labor has always been popular，Similar in all parts of the world，This creates some inevitable blind spots for people to understand the world。In comparison，Global history has achieved a major breakthrough in research methods，It does not distinguish between national history and world history，Instead, we should study the country’s history within the larger scope of global geopolitics，Therefore，The country’s problems are also the world’s problems，The world’s problems are also our country’s problems。”It’s worth noting，Canadian、The so-called Global Bet365 app download Research (Global IR) advocated by Indian-origin Bet365 app download scholar Amita Acharya and British and Canadian dual national Barry Buzan and others，In fact, it is consistent with the research path of global history，Although whether Global IR can become a reality，We still need more time to observe。But some Bet365 app download scholars no longer use the concept of "Bet365 app download"，Use concepts such as "global politics" and "world politics"，Is this based on the same logic？What global historian Stavrianos calls the “global perspective” or global perspective，Can undoubtedly be applied to the study of Bet365 app download history and Bet365 app download theory，It helps Bet365 app download scholars try their best to get rid of Western-centrism，Absorb more non-Western countries and non-Western ideological resources in your own research。Of course，There are no purely nation-state-centric narratives and purely non-nation-state-centric narratives。Global history and the history of nation-states and their mutual relations are not antagonistic relationships，The two can complement each other。Also，It’s worth pointing out，Although global history does not center on nation-states for historical narrative，But global historians inevitably、Influenced by national perspective to varying degrees。Why global history as a new historical practice first appeared in the United States in the 1960s，And spread to some countries in Europe and Asia in the early 21st century？Is this the same as the fact that the focus of the discipline of Bet365 app download has always been the United States after the Second World War？Does global history also reflect America-centered tendencies，Related to the status of the United States as a superpower？

Also，From the origin of global history，European scholar Toynbee、Spengler、Do the works of Barraclough and others also belong to the category of global history？McNeil, known as the "originator of global history", participated in "An Overview of International Affairs·World War II (Volume 5)" edited by Toynbee，And deeply influenced by Toynbee。British historian Barraclough's book "Introduction to Contemporary History" and McNeill's "The Rise of the West: A History of the Human Community" are works of the same period。English School of Bet365 app download， Also translated as the "English School of Bet365 app download") there have been people who have been reflecting on and criticizing the Eurocentric view，For example, Gerrit W. Gong）。Why global history only emerged in China at the beginning of the 21st century，This is mainly due to the diffusion of knowledge，It’s still because of the rise of China？In the author’s opinion，China’s global history research is inevitably affected by the national perspective。In a sense，There is no global history or global Bet365 app download that completely transcends the standpoint of nation-states。

　　Bet365 app download methods tend to be microscopic, empirical, and diversified

Global history is a grand narrative，Different from micro history，As Stavrianos puts it, "Seeing the Earth from the Moon"。At this point, do global history and Bet365 app download theory have anything in common and can learn from each other？But，We should see，The narrative characteristics of global history are specific，The expression of Bet365 app download theory is usually abstract，The difference between the two is undoubtedly huge。Meanwhile，The research path of global history and the diplomatic history that attaches great importance to the use of primary archives，And the research on the history of Bet365 app download is also very different。As far as I have read several classic textbooks on global history，It should be said that there is a lack of use of primary documents。But，Existing global history research results are not all grand narratives，Actually，Global history research has shown a trend of microcosm，As some Chinese scholars pointed out，“With the development of global history，The microcosm and diversification of global history research are becoming more and more obvious，The diversity of schools and mutual disputes deconstruct the earlier compilation of macro-world history in a sense、Transcendental ‘global history’。Many scholars discovered，Use the previously imagined ‘global history’ or ‘global historical perspective’ to summarize current global history research practices around the world，It seems to be getting more and more difficult。This way，The rise of case studies from a global perspective based on primary sources，Global history research enters a microcosm、Empiricalization、Diversified development stages，The stage of empirical global history”。In fact，Today’s research on the history of Bet365 app download has also become microcosmic、Empiricalization、The phenomenon of diversity。

　　Pursuing more open “cross-border Bet365 app download”

Global history research must be interdisciplinary research，Some scholars pointed out，"Global History Research，First of all, scholars are required to broaden their horizons，Crossing the boundaries of their respective disciplines，Refer to original documents in multiple languages，And make a comprehensive review and reflection on the pedigree of the modern discipline itself"。This requires researchers to have multidisciplinary knowledge，Including knowledge of Bet365 app download，Although as Braudel said，“Life is short，No one of us is allowed to master such diverse areas”。This is one of the important reasons why history and Bet365 app download can be combined。Bet365 app download is a political discipline in both the United States and China，In the UK, it is both political science and history，In fact, Bet365 app download itself is interdisciplinary，A country’s foreign relations and the relationship between countries before Bet365 app download became an independent discipline，Always multi-disciplinary (such as history、Law、Philosophy) common research object。The research path of Bet365 app download scholars has always included the historical path，It goes without saying that the history of Bet365 app download among Bet365 app download scholars，Some schools of Bet365 app download theory also adopt the historical approach。For example, the British School of Bet365 app download，Its about the evolution of international society、This is the discussion of civilized standards。Bet365 app download scholars never refuse、It is impossible to reject the interdisciplinary research path。Both Bet365 app download and global history pursue interdisciplinary research paths，Be open and inclusive，Bet365 app download scholars and global history scholars are both “cross-border”。

In short，Just as historical writings have always been a source of nutrition for Bet365 app download，As a development form of historical discipline, global history is undoubtedly meaningful to the study of Bet365 app download，In particular, the concept of transcending Western centralism advocated by global history scholars may contribute to the construction of global Bet365 app download advocated by some Bet365 app download scholars。Meanwhile，We should also see that there are some important differences between global history and Bet365 app download studies，For example, global historians generally pay attention to non-state actors，Bet365 app download scholars generally focus on state actors，The narrative characteristics of global history are specific，The expression of Bet365 app download theory is usually abstract。But，Such differences do not hinder dialogue between global history scholars and Bet365 app download scholars，Perhaps such differences are more conducive to inspiring each other in dialogue，Thus promoting the development of two disciplines。After all, global history and Bet365 app download are both studies of human behavior，They undoubtedly have something in common。

(The author is a professor at the School of Bet365 app download, Peking University)

　Possible contributions to global history research and theoretical innovation in Bet365 app download

◇Wang Lixin

Global Bet365 app download is the most rapidly developing field of Bet365 app download in recent years，And as a research method, it has profoundly shaped various branches of historical research。Global Bet365 app download transcends the state-centric narrative that has long dominated professional historical research，Trying to examine the process of human Bet365 app download as a whole，Experience human beings，Especially the experience since the 16th century as a process of mutual influence and interdependence between different countries and civilizations，Writing the process of the world’s diverse civilizations。When examining the Bet365 app download of nation-states，Global historians no longer view states as self-contained and closed units，Follow global trends、The impact of external environment and transnational forces on the historical process of nation-states，Consider the evolution of a country as the result of the interaction of local and extraterritorial forces。Global Bet365 app download proposes new ideas，Subverting the traditional historical narrative method，Disintegrated the Eurocentric (Western) centralism that has long dominated the writing of world Bet365 app download，Highlights the value and significance of historical experience in non-Western regions。

　The challenge of global history research to traditional Bet365 app download theory

As everyone knows，Bet365 app download has been deeply influenced by historical research since its creation，History provides a steady stream of evidence materials for Bet365 app download scholars to build theoretical buildings，Rich historical facts that no historian has discovered，Bet365 app download theory is almost impossible to construct。Actually，The classic Bet365 app download research method is the historical method。Not only that，Historian’s way of thinking、Research paradigms and interpretation models also shape Bet365 app download scholars’ understanding of the laws of human history and the characteristics of Bet365 app download，It may even become an important source of creative inspiration for Bet365 app download theorists。Therefore，Major changes in historical research methods and the large-scale emergence of new historical knowledge will change the face of Bet365 app download research，And pose a challenge to existing Bet365 app download theory。Until the beginning of the 21st century，Bet365 app download theorists mainly draw resources and inspiration from the nation-state historical paradigm，Realism、Bet365 app download theories such as liberalism and constructivism are based on the study and reflection of the historical experience of nation-states。The rise and development of global history as a new historical method not only provides a large amount of new historical knowledge，It also reshaped people’s understanding of world history，Changed the way world history is compiled，Provides new resources for the theoretical construction of Bet365 app download scholars。

　　Possible contribution of global history to innovation in Bet365 app download theory

Generally speaking，Global history can be learned from methods、Contributions to the theoretical innovation of Bet365 app download from three aspects: perspective and approach。

The first is to eliminate methodological nationalism。The existing research on Bet365 app download is undoubtedly centered on sovereign states，This has led to various Bet365 app download theories to regard European-style nation-states as the main or even the only actors and the dominant force in Bet365 app download，Consider Bet365 app download as relations between sovereign states，Attach importance to the role of major powers in international affairs；While ignoring the existence of non-state actors，Ignore the role of small countries，Turn a blind eye to the overall interests of the international community。Global history research helps to include actors ignored by state-centrism and Eurocentrism into the study of Bet365 app download，It can promote Bet365 app download scholars to advance related research in many aspects: (1) Recognize that sovereign states are not closed and self-sufficient single rational actors and independent variables in the derivation of Bet365 app download theory，But complex actors and dependent variables that are affected by the world environment and external influences and may speak with multiple voices；(2) Large multinational companies、International NGO、Non-state actors such as transnational terrorist groups and important individuals are used as units of analysis，These non-state actors are creating and solving global problems、Playing an increasing role in shaping relations between countries and affecting human well-being；(3) Pay attention to the role of small countries，Especially small countries are promoting peace、Mediating disputes、Active role played in establishing human rights protection mechanisms and initiating international initiatives；(4) Treat empires and civilizations as important units of analysis，Incorporate pre-modern inter-imperial and inter-civilization relations into the scope of Bet365 app download research，Especially Beyond the Clash of Civilizations，Extract values ​​and rules from the experiences of exchanges, mutual learning and peaceful coexistence between different civilizations in history，Thus providing a reference for understanding and handling the current interactions between different civilizations；(5) Thinking beyond the Westphalian system with sovereign states as the core，Think about the world as a whole，Develop Bet365 app download into world politics and global relations。

The second is to abandon the Western-centric perspective，Exploring resources from non-Western historical experience to enrich the construction of Bet365 app download theory。Because Bet365 app download was founded during the period when Britain and the United States dominated the world，The current Bet365 app download theory is undoubtedly based on the historical experience of the West, especially the United Kingdom and the United States，It is a summary of Western history、Refining and abstracting，And thinking、Perspectives and content are deeply influenced by Western civilization (especially civilizational hierarchy theory, Eurocentrism and the emphasis on national rationality) and American exceptionalism；Thoughts and concepts from non-Western civilizations and Bet365 app download experiences from regions other than Europe and the United States are basically outside the vision of Bet365 app download theorists。Realist Bet365 app download theory draws inspiration from the Peloponnesian War and the Vienna System，Liberalism is based on American values ​​and experience in national governance and the transatlantic partnership，Constructivism is mainly inspired by the European integration process and the experience of the end of the Cold War。But global history research shows，Western experience is not universally applicable，It does not represent the direction of human beings，Western perspectives and theories abstracted from European and American history are not enough to reveal the complexity and heterogeneity of global affairs，It is even more impossible to explain all Bet365 app download phenomena，Therefore it needs to be supplemented with resources from other regions。Non-Western regions and civilizations have their own concepts of Bet365 app download，The concept of handling regional relations was formed before the Westphalian system、System、Rules and Practices，And it will exist for a long time after the formation of the system。If you say，In the era when Europe and the United States were the dominant forces，If it is reasonable to base the study of Bet365 app download on the basis of Western historical experience，So with the rise of non-Western countries，It is increasingly difficult for the West to dominate international affairs，Non-Western countries are putting their own stamp on Bet365 app download。In this situation，Whether it is the construction of Bet365 app download theory or the design of a reasonable international order, there is an urgent need for ideas from non-Western regions、Draw resources from cultural and historical experience，Including Chinese political philosophy、The history of the struggle for hegemony between nations during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period、China’s concept of handling East Asia’s Bet365 app download under the tributary system during the imperial era，Islamic world view and Bet365 app download experience in the Islamic world，Wait。In other words，The study of Bet365 app download needs to be rooted in global history rather than just limited to the history of Europe and the United States，Necessary to accept、Absorb and integrate the experiences of various ethnic groups and regions in the world、Philosophy and values。

The third is to provide a new path for the construction of a reasonable international order。The function of Bet365 app download theory is not only to explain the history of Bet365 app download，It’s also about predicting changes in the international situation、International design standards、Provide a blueprint for an ideal international order。Future Peace、Prosperity、The realization of world political goals such as justice and freedom requires the construction of a new international order adapted to the era of globalization，Global history research provides the following enlightenment for the construction of this new order: (1) Expand the concept of security to human security (human security) that not only ensures that sovereign states are free from violence but also pays attention to individual rights and well-being，Really change the environment、Human rights protection、Disaster Relief、Preventing the spread of plague is a matter of concern for the common security of all mankind；(2) Respect the common interests of mankind，Actively build a community with a shared future for mankind，Oppose the pursuit of maximizing national interests；(3) While promoting national culture and encouraging cultural pluralism, focus on shaping common human values ​​and global culture，Cultivation of a global identity beyond national identity；(4) Construct a sovereign state as the basic unit，Also inclusive of international organizations、NGO、Multinational corporations and influential individuals and involving various actors、Global governance system of equal consultation。In other words，The design of the future international order must transcend the (liberal) internationalism that once dominated the construction of the post-World War II international order，Turn to a holistic worldview with interdependence at its core as the basis of its value。

In short，Global history research has profoundly changed our description、Ways of imagining and studying world history and Bet365 app download，Help promote Bet365 app download to become a more open one、A more inclusive and less Western-centric discipline，And promote innovation in Bet365 app download theory。

(The author is Distinguished Professor of Liberal Arts, Department of Bet365 app download, Peking University)

The article in this edition comes from the "Global History and Bet365 app download Theoretical Innovation" conference held by China Social Sciences Magazine on September 3, 2022。