Bet365 lotto review The 20th National Congress of the Party proposed to accelerate the construction of a subject system with Chinese characteristics and social sciences、Academic System、discourse system。The development of the three major systems has a great connection with the construction of China's independent knowledge system。The development of global history not only brings us a new perspective that examines human history and real process，And provides rich theoretical resources for the knowledge production and theoretical innovation of international relations。It is in this sense，This issue of "Academic Round Table" is expected to pass the dialogue between the discipline of the global history and international relations，Push the historical path of the research of international relations to in -depth，In order to further break through the trap of the theoretical discourse of Western international relations，Autonomous knowledge system that builds the theory of international relations in China provides academic support。

　　The methodological meaning of "Global History"

◇ Liu Xincheng

Research on International Relations and Global History are all studies outside the territory，Therefore, the research content is overlapping and cross -cross。But the two starting points are different，Facing to each focus，There are differences in thinking logic。

　　The birth of the study of international relations

"International Relations" as a research object of Western academics，Social changes that originated in Western Europe in the 14th-15th century。About that era，There are many discussions in the academic community，But a basic fact is often ignored，At least the emphasis is not enough，That is a era of division -the era of the collapse of the Christian Western world。Originally condensed the world into one、The church system centered on the Holy See collapsed due to corruption，and the monarch who has always been centrifugal、Princes、City, etc.、Pure Education is the reason，Take the opportunity to divide the right to teach，Realize independence，and consolidate its "absolute power" marked by the unity of the bilateral power of the vulgar power。In the end of the 15th century，Not only English、French monarch kingdom becomes its climate，German princes、Italian cities are also self -contained。With today's political entity concept，These belong to "National State"，There are dozens of large and small feet。These countries have foreign departments，and the scale gradually expand，The envoys of various countries are also shuttles，Foreign affairs activities are spectacular for a while。This can be seen，The modern international relationship in the West is the Western European pattern from "one" to "Duo"、product from "combined" to "divide"。This can not help but affect the thinking direction of Western international affairs research。

Global History as a trend of historical thoughts produced in the middle of the 20th century。，The world since the opening of the 15th -16th century from the development of the new Airlines to the overall process，Increased productivity with the improvement of communication technology and the development of the international community represented by the United Nations suddenly accelerated，The trend of economic globalization is increasingly obvious。Deepen the international division of labor，Re -interpret cultural barriers，Commonly dealing with threats to all humans rather than a nuclear threat of individual countries、Population explosion、Insufficient food、"Global Crisis" such as climate change，Become "Popularity" for a while。Global history is the world situation from "more" to "one"、product from "division" to "combined"。

　　Study on Global History and International Relations each has its own thousands of autumn

Different backgrounds，The logical starting point of the two academic thinking is different，The viewing perspective of the same thing is different。International research from the perspective of "division" values ​​the contradictions and conflicts between the country。This tendency is emphasized due to the excessive emphasis bet365 live casino games after the enlightenment (language、Culture、History)、Interest recognition、The difference between "I and him" and the prevalence of opposed nationalism are intensified。Global research starts from the perspective of "combined"，The focus is on the interoperability between the country，Interactive contact。They all see the "segmentation" of the country，But international research concentration began in "boundary"，Focus on Global History Research finally "Bridge"。

International Relations and Global History Research also pays attention to international order。As mentioned earlier，Western international community from "one" to "more"、From "Follow" to "Division" as the starting point，So in the reality of its "division" and "more", it is impossible to keep the memory of "one" and "combined"，Therefore, once possible，A big country will have a dream of dominating self -defeating，The dream of the country is a nightmare for other countries。So the Western international relations pattern evolved in the intertwined interweaving of the two psychology of "hegemony" and "fear of bully"，International Relations Research has also become a specialist game history、Game rules、Study on Game Technology，Balance and balance is the eternal theme。About this，Just turn over the book "World Order" published by Kissinger in 2015，You can see at a glance。It is undeniable，International game theory is also the crystallization of human rationality，But it is limited to the level of "surgery" after all。

Global History Research is the international order from the global situation。Take Wallestan's "Modern World System" as an example。This book is based on Marxism's point of view，regards modern world order as the product of the capitalist system，The result of the global development process，Pointing out its center、The sequence of the half -edge and edge of the form is natural irrational。This undoubtedly expands the vision of international order research，also raised the understanding of international order to a new level，The level of "Tao"。

In short，International Relations and Global History Research as two academic orientation，each has a long and short，Not only complementary，Also criticism of criticism，The combination of the two will promote academic development。

(The author is a professor at the Department of History of the Capital Normal University)

　　The integration and mutual learning of global history and international relations

◇ Zhang Xiaoming

The theoretical innovation of global history and international relations is associated，This article focuses on what significance does global history have for international relations。

　　Solving Western Centralism

International Relations Research，Whether it is the history of international relations，Still International Relations Theory，At least the mainstream international relationship history and international relations theory，They are centered on the national state (specific and abstract) discussions，Or the country as the basic analysis unit。So，International relations research is usually included in the first -level political science discipline，Especially in American universities，Scholars engaged in the research of international relations (especially the theory of international relations) are generally in the Department of Political Science or the Department of Government。and the global history belonging to the historical discipline is not like this，It is not a historical narrative centered on the nation -state。As American historians enter Jiang Zhao's saying: "Global history provides a narrative framework outside the history of national and national history。"If we understand global history as studying non -national behavior transnational behaviors，For example, multinational company、Non -government organization、Religious institutions、Immigration Governance、Environmental Questions、racism、Communication of species and diseases、Cross -cultural interaction, etc.，It seems that global history does not mean any significance for international relations，Although the international relations research object in the broad sense actually contains non -national behavior，Especially after the "September 11" terrorist attacks，International relations scholars' attention to non -state behavior in international relations has significantly increased。

but，If we understand global history as the history of the entire human，It does not deny the narrative framework Bet365 lotto review of the nation -state，and strive to break or surpass Western centralist narrative mode，Non -Western historical development into the research framework，So global history is meaningful for international relations，At least it helps to eliminate Western centralism in the study of international relations。Although all belong to the historical discipline，But the global history is for world history and national different history，More tolerance，The field of vision is wider。As the scholars have pointed，Researchers in the history of the country usually only ask the history of the country，Few history involves the history of other countries。The division of labor in this kind of knowledge has always been popular，Similar to the same place around the world，This has caused people to know the world some unavoidable blind spots。In contrast，Global history has gained a major breakthrough in research methods，It does not distinguish between other history and world history，Instead, the history of the country is studied in the large -scale global geopolitical area of ​​geopolitics，So，The problem of the country is also the world's problems，The problem in the world is also the problem of the country。"It is worth noting that it is，Canadian native、Indian international relations scholar Amata Azaia and the so -called global international relations (Global IR) advocated by Barry Bozan, the dual nationality of the United Kingdom and Canada，In fact, the research path of global history is consistent，Although the Global IR can become a reality，We still need more time to observe。But some international relations scholars no longer use the concept of "international relations"，Concepts such as "global politics" and "world politics"，Is this also based on the same logic? Global historian Stavrianos called "global perspective" or global perspective，It can undoubtedly be applied to the research of international relations and international relations theory，It helps international relations scholars try their best to get rid of Western centralism，More in your own research absorb more non -Western countries and non -Western ideological resources。Of course，No narrative centered on the nation -state and narratives that are purely non -ethnic countries。The history of global history and national country and its relationship is not a oppositional relationship，Both can complement each other。Another，It is worth pointing out，Although global history does not focus on the national country as the center，But global historians are inevitable、Different degrees affected by the perspective of the state。Why the global history as a new historical practice first appeared in the United States in the 1960s，and spread to some countries in Europe and Asia in the early 21st century? Is this the same as that the focus of international relations after World War II has always been the same in the United States?，Is it related to the status of a superpower in the United States?

Another，From the origin of global history，European scholars Tang Yinbi、Sperto、Is the works of Paleclaf and others also belong to the global historical category? McNiel, known as the "Starteen of the World", wrote "Overview of International Affairs · Second World War (Volume 5)" edited by Tong Yinbi，and deeply affected by Tangyinbi。British historian Paleklav's book "Introduction to Dangdang History" and McNiel's "Rise of the West: History of Human Community" belongs to the work of the same period。International relations British school， translated as "International Relations England School") has always reflected and criticized the European Center Observation，For example, Gerrit W. Gong。Why did the global history rise in China in the early 21st century，This is mainly due to the spread of knowledge，Or is it because of China's rise? In the author's opinion，China's global history research inevitably affected by the perspective of the state。In a sense,，Global history and global international relations that completely surpass the national stance are not exist。

　　Research methods tend to micro, empirical, and diversified

Global History is a grand narrative，Different from micro history，As Stevelianos said "Look at the Earth from the Moon"。Is there any common and mutual reference in this point of global history and international relations? but，We should see，The narrative characteristics of global history are specific，The expression of the theory of international relations is usually abstract，The difference between Bet365 app download the two is undoubtedly very large。At the same time，The research path of global history and the history of diplomatic history used by first -hand archives，and the study of international relations also has great differences。As far as I read several classic textbooks of global history,，It should be said that the use of first -hand literature。but，The existing global historical research results are not all grand narratives，Actually，Global History Research has developed a development trend，Just as there are Chinese scholars pointed out，"With the development of global history，The microization and diversification of global history research is becoming more and more obvious，The genres and the consequences of mutual contention have decided the earlier that the previous macro -world history compilation、Priority 'Global History'。Many scholars discovered，Use the "global history 'or" global history "that you imagine early to summarize the research and practice of global history around the world today，It seems that it is getting more and more difficult。This，Case research on a global perspective based on original data has emerged，Global History Research Entering a microization、Empirical、Diversified development stage，That is the global history stage "。In fact，The study of the history of international relations today also has microization、Empirical、Diversified phenomenon。

　　Pursue more open "cross -border research"

Global History Studies must be interdisciplinary research，Some scholars point out，"Global History Research，First require scholars to develop vision，Cross their respective discipline barriers，Refer to the original literature of multi -language，and make a comprehensive sorting and reflection on the genealogy of the modern discipline itself "。This requires researchers to have multidisciplinary knowledge，Including knowledge of international relations，Although as what Brostel said，"Life is short，No one of us has such a variety of fields "。This is one of the important reasons for history and international relations。International Relations Disciplines are political disciplines in the United States and China，In the UK, it belongs to political science and history，In fact, international relations itself has interdisciplinary nature，The country's foreign relations and the relationship between the country are before international relations become independent disciplines，It has always been multi -disciplinary (such as history、Law、Philosophy) Common research objects。The research path of international relations scholars has always included historical paths，No need to say the history of international relations for international relations，Some international relations theoretical genres also adopt historical paths。For example, the British school of international relations，The evolution of its international community、The discussion of civilized standards is this。International relations scholars have never refused、It is also impossible to refuse the research path of interdisciplinary。International relations and global history are pursuing cross -disciplinary research paths，Open and inclusive，International relations scholars and global historians are all "cross -border"。

In short，As historic writings have always been the source of nutrients for international relations，Global history as a historical discipline development form is undoubtedly meaningful for international relations，Especially the concept of transcendence of Western centralism advocated by global historians may help the construction of global international relations advocated by some international relations scholars。At the same time，We should also see that there are some important differences in the study of global history and international relations，For example, global historians generally pay attention to non -national behavior，and international relations scholars are generally paid attention to national behavior，Global historical narrative characteristics are specific，The expression of the theory of international relations is usually abstract。but，This difference does not prevent the dialogue between global historians and international relations scholars，Perhaps this difference helps to inspire each other in the conversation，to promote the development of two disciplines。After all, the study of global history and international relations belongs to research on human behavior，They undoubtedly have common things。

(The author is a professor at the School of International bet365 best casino games Relations at Peking University)

　The possible contribution of the theoretical innovation of global history research and international relations

◇ Wang Lixin

Global History is the most rapid development of historios in recent years，and as a research method deeply shaped the branches of historical research。Global history surpassed the national centralist narrative of long -term leading professional history research，The process of trying to examine human history as a whole，Human experience，Especially the experience since the 16th century is deemed to be the process of influence and dependence of different countries and civilizations，Write the process of multiple civilizations in the world。When examining the history of the nation and country，Global History scholars no longer regard the country as a self -sufficient and closed unit，Follow the global trend、The impact of the external environment and multinational forces on the history of the nation -state，The evolution of the country is regarded as the result of the interaction of local and out -of -domain power。Putting new ideas in global history，Undested the traditional historical narrative method，It has disintegrated the European (Western) center theory that has long dominated world history compilation，highlight the value and significance of historical experience in non -Western regions。

　Global History Studies Challenge for Traditional International Relations Theory

Well knows，International Relations has been deeply influenced by historical research since its creation，History provides a steady stream of evidence materials for international relations to build the theoretical building，Rich historical facts without historians，The theory of international relations is almost impossible to build。Actually，The classic international relationship research method is the method of history。Not only that，The way of thinking of historians、The research paradigm and interpretation mode also shaped the understanding of international relations scholars' understanding of human historical laws and international relations，It may even become an important source of inspiration for international relations theorists。So，Major changes in historical research methods and the large -scale emergence of new historical knowledge will change the appearance of international relations research，and challenge the existing international relations theory。until the beginning of the 21st century，International relations theorists mainly draw resources and enlightenment from the National State State History Paradigm，Realism、International relations theories such as liberalism and constructivism are based on the study and reflection of national national historical experience。The rise and development of global history as a new historical method not only provides a lot of new historical knowledge，It also reshaped people's understanding of world history，Change the way of compilation of world history，Provides new resources for the theoretical construction of international relations scholars。

　　The possible contribution of global history to the innovation of international relations theory

Generally speaking，Global History can from the method、Viewing angle and path contribution to the innovation of international relations theory。

The first is to remove nationalism in methodology。At present, the existing international relations research is undoubtedly centered on the sovereign state，This leads to various international relations theories regarding the European -style national state as the main or even dominant power in international relations in international relations，Perseverance of international relations as a relationship between sovereign countries，Pay attention to the role of great powers in international affairs;，Ignore the role of small country，The overall interests of the international community will be seen without seeing。Global History Research helps to incorporate the behavior of the behavior of national centralism and European centralism into the research of international relations，It can promote international relations scholars to promote related research in multiple aspects: (1) recognize that sovereign countries are not closed self -sufficient single rational behavior and independent variables in the theory of international relations，Instead of being influenced by the world's environment and foreign, and may speak with multiple voices, a complex behavior and variables may be spoken; (2) large multinational companies、International non -governmental organization、multinational terrorist groups and important individuals bet365 best casino games such as non -national behavior as an analysis unit，These non -national behaviors are manufacturing and solving global problems、Shaping the relationship between the relationship between the country and the influence of the human well -being played a larger role; (3) attach importance to the role of a small country，Especially the small country is promoting peace、mediation dispute、Establishing a positive role in the establishment of human rights guarantee mechanism and launching international initiatives; (4) use the empire and civilization as an important analysis unit，Incorporate the relationship between the predecessor and the relationship between the predecessor and civilization into the scope of the research of international relations，Especially beyond civilized conflict theory，Refine value and law from the experience of different civilization exchanges and mutual learning and peaceful coexistence，to provide a reference for understanding and processing the interaction between different civilizations; (5) the way of thinking that surpasses the Westporia system with the core of sovereign state，Taking the world as a whole to think，The development of international relations into world politics and global relations。

The second is to abandon the perspective of Western centralism，Digging resources from non -Western historical experience to enrich the construction of international relations theory。Because international relations are founded during the period when the British and American dominates the world，The current international relations theory is undoubtedly based on the foundation of the West, especially the British and American historical experience，It is a summary of Western history、Refine and abstract，and in thought、Perspective and content is affected by Western civilization (especially civilization level theory and European centralism, and the importance of the country's rationality) and the overall theory of the United States; instead of the thoughts and concepts of Western civilization, as well International relations experience is basically not in the vision of international relations theorists。The theory of realism international relations is inspired by the Beroponneson War and the Vienna system，Liberalism is the values ​​and national governance experience based on the United States, as well as the cross -Gate partnership，Constructionist is mainly inspired by the experience of European integration and the end of the Cold War.。But global history research indicates，Western experience does not have general applicability，It is not the direction of human beings，Western perspective and the theory abstracted from European and American history is not enough to reveal the complexity and heterogeneity of global affairs，It is impossible to explain all international relations phenomena，Therefore, we need to use resources in other regions to supplement。Non -Western regions and civilization have their own international relations，The concept of dealing with regional relations before the Westparia system、System、rules and practice，and long -term existence after the system was formed。If you say，Times in Europe and the United States as a dominant force，Based on the study of international relations on Western historical experience, there is still a certain rationality，So with the rise of non -Western countries，West is getting more and more difficult to dominate international affairs，Non -Western countries are laying their own marking to international relations。Under this situation，The design of the theory of international relations and the design of reasonable international order urgently need to be thought from the non -Western region、Drawing resources in cultural and historical experience，Among them, Chinese political philosophy、History of Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods、The concept of the East Asian international relations under the tribute system in the era of the imperial system，The international relations experience of the Islamic World View and Islamic World，etc.。That is to say，International relations research needs to be rooted in global history, not limited to the history of Europe and the United States，It is necessary to accept、Absorption and integration of experience in various nations and regions of the world、Concepts and values。

Third is to provide a new path for reasonable international order。The function of international relations theory is not only to explain the history of international relations，bet365 best casino games It is still in prediction of changes in the international situation、International specifications、Provide the ideal international order blueprint。Future Peace、Prosperity、The realization of world political goals such as justice and freedom needs to build an international order that adapts to the era of globalization，Global History Research provides the following inspiration for the construction of this new order: (1) expanding the concept of security into human security (Human Security), which ensures that sovereignty is exempted from violence and the right to individual rights and well -being.，True environmental changes、Human Rights Guarantee、Disaster Rescue、Preventing the spread of plague from the common safety of all mankind and pay attention; (2) Respect the common interests of human beings，Actively build a community of human destiny，Opposition to maximize the pursuit of national interests; (3) pay attention to the shaping the common values ​​of human beings and global culture while promoting the national culture and encouraging cultural diversity.，Cultivate global identity beyond national identity; (4) Construct a sovereign state as the basic unit，Attracting international organizations at the same time、Non -government organization、multinational companies and influential individuals and let various acts participate together、The global governance system for equal negotiation。That is to say，The design of the future international order should surpass the (freedom) internationalism that once dominated after World War II international order，Instead of interdependence, the overall worldview with interdependence as the core worldview is used as its value basis。

In short，Global History Research profoundly changed our description、How to imagine and study world history and international relations，helps to promote international relations to become a more open、Disciplines that are more tolerant and less Western centers，Innovation of the theory of international relations。

(The author is a professor hired by the Department of History of Peking University)

This edition of the "Global History and International Relations Theory Innovation" meeting organized by the Chinese Social Sciences Magazine on September 3, 2022。