"bet365 new customer offer: A History of Discipline Thought" written by Benjamin Cohen, Distinguished Professor Emeritus of the Department of Political Science at the University of California, Santa Barbara, USA，Whether it helps us understand the 50-year historical context of the formation and development of this discipline in the West，Let’s look at China’s bet365 new customer offer (IPE) construction，All have positive meaning。This book has two distinctive features，First, the American school and the British school of IPE were systematically discussed for the first time，The second is the ideological process of the founder of the subject、Original concepts and propositions to discuss the content。

　Two bet365 new customer offer schools

The book believes，Contemporary IPE research has distinctive national characteristics。Before and after the 2008 international financial crisis，Scholars on both sides of the Atlantic have argued many times over the current development status of IPE，Cohen clearly proposed the dichotomy between the American school and the British school。A distinctive feature of the American school of thought is state-centrism，But the British school thinks，The state is just one type of actor that can influence the rules of the game，Social force、The organizational form of economic classes and other private powers also has a great impact on bet365 new customer offer。

The difference between the American school and the British school is not only reflected bet365 new customer offer fact that the former pays more attention to quantitative analysis and empirical research，The latter focuses on qualitative and interpretive research。In addition，The American school pays little attention to developing countries，And the main research topics focus on the fields of trade and currency。

The British school is exactly the opposite of the American school，Believes that development issues related to poverty and inequality should be placed at the top of IPE research。The imbalance of global development has extremely important political and economic implications。From the beginning，The British school resists the tendency of the American school to define IPE as a subfield of international relations。In the view of the British School，IPE should become an interdisciplinary subject，Not just a minor major in political science。To highlight this difference，Scholars of the British School even tend to use "global political economy" to replace the term "bet365 new customer offer"。The reasons for this differentiation are widespread，According to Cohen’s understanding，The different personalities of the founders of the disciplines on both sides of the Atlantic are one of the reasons，But the deeper dynamic is rooted in the difference in international status between the United States and other Western countries。

　Three generations of bet365 new customer offer and seven founders

In his book, Cohen divided the development of British and American IPE through three generations of scholars，has been generally accepted by the academic community。The main basis for the division is the time when scholars obtained their doctorate，Most of the second generation obtained their doctorates in the 1980s，For example, Jeffrey Frieden, who studies bet365 new customer offer financial relations at Harvard University in the United States、David Lake, an advocate of "open economic politics" at the University of California, San Diego、Helen Milner of Princeton University focuses on studying bet365 new customer offer economic relations from the perspective of "domestic politics"。The third generation mainly obtained their PhDs in the 1990s，For example, Michael Hiscox who received his PhD from Harvard University in 1997。

Cohen only mentions the contributions bet365 new customer offer third generation of scholars in a few places，The book mainly discusses the first generation of scholars who promoted the formation of IPE in the 1970s and 1980s，Respectively Susan Strange in the United Kingdom、Robert Cox of Canada、German-American Peter Katzenstein and four Americans Charles Kindleberger、Robert Gilpin、Seven people including Robert Keohane and Stephen Krasner。The initial training background of these scholars is economics (such as Kindleberger and Strange)，Also History (Cox)，But mostly political science，Visible，Political scientists take a leading role in IPE research。

　bet365 new customer offer and five articles

The above-mentioned seven people all have works that fully represent the characteristics of this discipline、Original concept，And it is also closely related to the major propositions that promote the development of this discipline。As a subject，The beginning of contemporary IPE research is Strange's 1970 article "International Economics and International Relations: A Case of Mutual Ignorance"。Strange later distinguished between "structural power" and "relational power" in his book "States and Markets" published in 1988，The latter is the concept of power usually defined in political science，That is, A uses power to force B to do something he is unwilling to do，And "structural power" is the power to decide how to do things。In bet365 new customer offer，"Structural power" is often associated with Strange's name。

Kindleberger's book "The World in Depression: 1929-1939" published in 1973 proposed that the operation of the bet365 new customer offer economic and monetary system requires leadership，This argument was later summarized as the theory of hegemonic stability。Kindelberger participated in the Marshall Plan，This experience had an important impact on other academic research，So much so that Cohen believes that "hegemonic stability theory is just an expanded Marshall Plan"。1975，In his book "Multinational Corporations and American Hegemony", Gilpin proposed three models of political and economic relations - realism、Liberalism and Marxism，This classification is still used today。Krasner argued in his article "The Structure of State Power and Foreign Trade" published in 1976，Opening up is very likely to occur when a hegemonic country is at its peak，It is power and state policies that create an order，Otherwise the world will be in chaos。

Beyond realism，The development of liberalism is also eye-catching。Keohane and Joseph Nye proposed the concept of "composite interdependence" in their 1977 book "Power and Interdependence: World Politics in Transition"，Re-outlined the new characteristics of the world: the multi-level nature of communication、There is no hierarchy between issues and the decline in the importance of military power。The book "bet365 new customer offer Mechanisms" edited by Krasner in 1983，Reflects various understandings of the rules of the game that ensure cooperation can achieve mutually beneficial models。The concept of “bet365 new customer offer mechanism” is accepted by IPE scholars，And further summarized by Keohane in the book "After Hegemony" published in 1984 as "Cooperation without hegemony is possible，Cooperation itself can be achieved through bet365 new customer offer mechanisms”。

Katzenstein’s original concept is “domestic structure”，And improved it in the book "Between Power and Wealth" edited and published in 1978。Katzenstein thinks，If there is no systematic analysis of the domestic structure，You cannot understand bet365 new customer offer，This effort actually improves the understanding of how domestic and international interact at the level of analysis of international relations。In this regard，The two original concepts that are most familiar to the international political economics community and have spilled over to other disciplines，That is, the "inverted second image" proposed by Peter Gurnovitch in the article "The Inverted Second Image: The International Origins of Domestic Politics" in 1978，And the "two-level game" model constructed by Robert Putnam in his 1988 article "Diplomacy and Domestic Politics: The Logic of Two-Level Games"。This is actually an integrated development of two major issues: national behavior and governance at the level of the international system。The influence of Marxism is mainly reflected in the concept of "world order" constructed by Cox，Cox's 1981 paper "Social Forces"、States and World Order: Beyond International Relations Theory》，Not only distinguishes the difference between "problem-solving theory" and "critical theory"，And repeatedly emphasize that all theories have purpose。

Eight books including "bet365 new customer offer: A History of Discipline Thought"，and the above five articles form the cornerstone of bet365 new customer offer。The original concepts proposed by these works、The discussion of causal mechanisms and the debate on major propositions are the lasting driving force that promotes the formation of IPE as a discipline。

Of course，The book also has certain shortcomings。First, insufficient representation。Due to works focusing on the English-speaking world，Cohen himself admitted that a major shortcoming of the book is its neglect of the non-English speaking world，Research results in the field of IPE, especially by scholars from the non-Western world，This shortcoming was improved in his 2022 monograph "Rethinking bet365 new customer offer"。The second is that the balance between generations is not enough。Cohen’s book focuses primarily on the first 20 years，That is, the development and changes from the 1970s to the late 1980s，That is, the initial situation of IPE as a discipline。But the discussion of development between 1990 and 2008 is relatively weak，And this is actually what Chinese scholars want to know most，Because these are the key 20 years for the construction and development of China's IPE discipline。Third, the book extensively demonstrates the differences between Britain and the United States，But the description of intergenerational inheritance and intergenerational disputes is not deep enough。In fact，Keohane、Cohen and other older generation scholars call on the American school to study more big issues，And believes that the second generation of scholars represented by "open political economics" has led American IPE research astray，But the second generation of scholars does not agree with Cohen’s judgment，For these differences，The book’s discussion needs to be strengthened。

(The author is a researcher at the Institute of Asia-Pacific and Global Strategy, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences、Director bet365 new customer offer Research Office of Major Power Relations)