Since modern times，Based on the scarcity of marine resources，Countries attach great importance to the protection of maritime rights and interests in maritime affairs、Expansion and competition，This gave rise to the “state-based” concept of bet365 sign up bonus code，That is, the state in which the country’s maritime rights and interests are not infringed or exposed to risks。The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (hereinafter referred to as the "Convention") adopted in 1982 provides basic principles and maritime area divisions for countries to maintain bet365 sign up bonus code、Ocean activities、Normative system for maritime dispute settlement and other aspects，Laid the foundation for international bet365 sign up bonus code and rule of law。However, with the advent of major changes in the world that have not been seen in a century，The international bet365 sign up bonus code rule of law led by the Convention is beginning to face a series of new challenges。

　　New issues facing international bet365 sign up bonus code and rule of law

First，Marine security territory begins to expand。In the past, key areas for bet365 sign up bonus code were mainly sea areas “within national jurisdiction” and the high seas，The Convention also has relatively systematic regulations on the delimitation and rights and interests of the aforementioned sea areas。In recent years，With global climate change and human cognition、Enhanced ability to exploit the ocean，The polar regions and deep sea are increasingly becoming the focus of attention of all countries。As far as the Arctic is concerned，The melting of its sea ice、Channel access、Resource development and other issues have an important impact on global ocean security，And there is a lack of adequate international legal system to regulate it。As far as Antarctica is concerned，The international law rules based on are the Antarctic Treaty System parallel to the Convention，Relevant measures taken by claimant countries to safeguard their sovereignty claims、Diversified Antarctic activities such as bioprospecting、Problems such as claims for rights in Antarctic waters and delimitation of protected areas，All bring a series of new challenges to international bet365 sign up bonus code and rule of law。As far as the deep sea is concerned，As mineral resources enter the substantial development stage and the marine biological diversity of areas beyond national jurisdiction (hereinafter referred to as BBNJ) is passed，Its resource security and ecological security are also facing a series of new changes。

Secondly，Marine control methods are constantly being upgraded。On the one hand, the improvement of science and technology has brought a lot of new problems to marine safety，The most prominent example is the comprehensive application of intelligent autonomous navigation ships and underwater vehicles (i.e., "unmanned ships" and "unmanned underwater vehicles")，bet365 sign up bonus code safety issues involving both the operation of ships and submarines，At the same time, it also triggered bet365 sign up bonus code military security among countries、New contradictions in marine information security issues。On the other hand is the development and innovation of marine management tools，For example, marine environmental impact assessment has become the most effective conventional management tool for controlling sea-related activities。From Annex I of the Antarctic Treaty Protocol to the BBNJ Agreement，The compulsory power and international level of environmental impact assessment continue to rise，However, the international marine environmental impact assessment system is not perfect，There is the possibility of causing confrontation and disputes between different stakeholders。

Finally，Rapid changes in sensitive areas of the ocean。Long time after the adoption of the Convention，Part 12 of the Convention “Protection and Preservation of the Marine Environment”、Part 13 "Marine Scientific Research" and Part 14 "Development and Transfer of Marine Technology" are considered to be less sensitive areas than island and sea area issues，It is also the most suitable for countries to carry out bet365 sign up bonus code cooperation、The best area to seek win-win results。But since entering the 21st century，The security situation in the aforementioned fields is becoming increasingly complex，Can no longer be simply regarded as a low-sensitive area of ​​bet365 sign up bonus code。Opposite，In some cases，It may also evolve into a highly sensitive area of ​​international bet365 sign up bonus code，Even triggering major security conflicts。

　　Characteristics and causes of bet365 sign up bonus code

Under the new situation of global ocean governance，The challenges facing bet365 sign up bonus code and rule of law are comprehensive、Scientific、Hiddenness、Forward-looking features。Comprehensive means that the content of security issues includes both traditional security and non-traditional security；Scientificness refers to the majority of occurrence and understanding of relevant security challenges、Development、Related to scientific and technological progress that utilizes and protects the ocean；Hiddenness means that the strategic security layout of certain maritime powers is often hidden behind the game of bet365 sign up bonus code between countries，This may pose a hidden security threat to other countries；Foresight means that security games in many emerging fields must precede the actual development of the field。The relationship between bet365 sign up bonus code and maritime law is becoming increasingly close，Countries participate in international maritime legislation、Draft cooperation agreements between countries at different levels、Conduct domestic legislation and maritime law enforcement，Determines the rights and space of various countries in bet365 sign up bonus code affairs，Has a decisive role。

Facing the aforementioned challenges，We have to face up to the "genetic flaws" in the Convention and the international rule of law of the sea。Among them，Including conventional "intertemporal factors" - the subsequent rapid development of marine science and technology and the rapid rise of East Asia, especially China, could not be anticipated during the negotiation of the text of the Convention，What is more important is to examine the problems with the values ​​behind it。For the purposes of the Convention，Some countries believe that it embodies "freedom of the sea" and "equality of the sea"，And formed the so-called "rules-based order" of the international ocean。But，From its rules and practices，National capabilities、Geographical endowment、Geographical and historical situations have become the decisive factors for whether countries can fully enjoy the "freedom" and "equality" of the Convention，Weak ocean activity、The bet365 sign up bonus code rights and interests of countries with unfavorable bet365 sign up bonus code geography and complex regional historical and geographical conditions are not protected by the Convention，On the contrary, it was further weakened，The safety of its oceans is also facing greater pressure。In terms of the so-called "rules-based order"，Legal mechanisms for dispute resolution have had little effect，The International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea has only accepted more than 20 cases in the decades since its establishment，And credibility、Limited influence。

The deeper reason is that hidden behind the aforementioned "values" are still the concept of "country-centeredness" and the "camp consciousness" with strong ideological factors。A clear example is in the field of bet365 sign up bonus code，Marine Environmental Protection、Marine scientific research has become a new tool for ideological struggle。The recent progress of Japan’s nuclear contaminated water discharge incident fully reflects this point。

　Countermeasures of the bet365 sign up bonus code community and China

Reminiscing about the past，If the underlying logic of the Convention and the international maritime legal system is not fundamentally adjusted，Its “security deficit” may become more magnified in the face of new challenges。The fundamental strategy is to upgrade the basic concept of international bet365 sign up bonus code and rule of law from "state-based" to "community-based"，Respect and accommodate the interests of the “silent majority” in international maritime affairs，Achieving true international cooperation on bet365 sign up bonus code matters。

An important adjustment is that international maritime rule of law is outside the traditional "security-based development" path，We must also consider the new plan of “seeking security through development”。Judging from the current global ocean governance process，Many countries, especially developing countries, must first accept the "rules-based order" that coincides with the strategic interests of the United States and the West，In order to enjoy international public goods in terms of bet365 sign up bonus code and rights。In fact，China’s experience in recent years shows that，Development remains a key element in solving many problems, including security，Marine development is the cornerstone of international bet365 sign up bonus code and even effective governance。Therefore，International maritime law, especially legislation, emphasizes the protection of the ocean，We must pay more attention to promoting the ability of most countries in the world to effectively develop and utilize the ocean。Another adjustment is to face up to the limitations of legal means in maintaining international bet365 sign up bonus code，Pay attention to the flexible use of dialogue、Traditional political means such as negotiation，And promote the formation of regional or field cooperation mechanisms。

China can serve as a leading force in reshaping the international maritime order on behalf of the vast number of "maritime vulnerable countries"，Should play a central role in the transformation of international bet365 sign up bonus code and rule of law。China should first focus on the international legalization of the concepts of “a community with a shared future for mankind” and “a community with a shared future for the oceans”，Propose specific supporting international legal systems and international legislative models in the field of bet365 sign up bonus code。Secondly，Calmly treat the Western encirclement trend and restrictive measures，We must be able to come up with a competitive and persuasive "China solution" in the key maritime law-making agenda，For example, outstanding contribution in BBNJ negotiations。Again，Continuously improve marine science, technology and education capabilities，On the one hand，Occupy dominance in emerging marine fields based on the development of marine science and technology，Elevate marine scientific and technological capabilities into the right to speak and make decisions on maritime law。On the other hand，Cooperate with the majority of "maritime disadvantaged countries"，Promote the global influence and international recognition of China’s ideas and rule of law solutions，Thus leading the direction of international maritime law。Finally，Coordinate domestic maritime law and foreign-related maritime law，Introduce comprehensive marine legislation as soon as possible、Antarctic legislation and thematic legislation facing emerging challenges in the ocean，In international cooperation、Extraterritorial law enforcement、Actively carry out system innovation in terms of supervision and inspection，Leading the development direction of international bet365 sign up bonus code and rule of law。

　 (This article is a phased result of the National Social Science Fund’s “Building a bet365 sign up bonus code Power” major project (20VHQ001)

(The author is deputy dean bet365 sign up bonus code Law School of Ocean University of China、Professor)