Global hygiene governance involves public health、International Shipping、Social and economic development and other fields。Sometimes，A certain governance problem can apply a number of international systems or rules，And there may be resistance and conflict between them。There is the highest authoritative coordination with domestic politics and solving the problem of rules.，There is no standard and practical practice for resolving international rules in international politics。Correct understanding and dealing with the conflict of international rules，Very important for optimizing the global health governance system。

　　bet365 Play online games Causes of conflict

Cross -collar domainability of global health issues、The differences in national interests and the diversity of the understanding of governance issues，Both may bring rules and policy conflicts in the governance process。This may cause the international community to move slowly on health issues，or bring inconsistent governance policies，Reduce the effectiveness of global health governance and exacerbate the fragmentation of governance。

First，In modern society，Global Health Governance is becoming more and more complicated，Fields that often involve multiple values ​​and goals。International rules that help to curb disease spread may not be conducive to international trade，The export control system that prevent biomass materials from falling into the hands of terrorists will also restrict the progress of biotechnology bet365 live casino games in developing countries。Global hygiene governance needs to coordinate public health、International Trade、International Security and other areas that are applicable to different legal frameworks and international rules。The most typical example of this is the conflict between intellectual property and health rights。1994，The "Intellectual Property Agreement related to trade" (hereinafter referred to as the "TRIPS Agreement")，Expand the scope of intellectual property protection to pharmaceutical products and methods。The purpose of patent protection is to reward the development of new technologies，But in the field of public health, there is obvious side effects。The price of high -proof drugs hinders the drugs for developing countries to obtain the need for AIDS epidemic。In the new crown epidemic，India、Brazil and other countries also called on "exemption from certain terms of the TRIPS protocol to prevent it、Containment and Treatment New Crown "。

Next，The differences between the interests between different countries have also led to different understanding and strategic use of international rules。2007，Indonesia once quoted the Convention on Biological Diversity and its "Nagoya Protocol"，Requires the "Huiyi" generated by the H5N1 virus obtained by the h5N1 virus obtained by the country in the country (ie vaccine developed in the future)，and stop sharing virus samples with the World Health Organization。U.S. and other countries strongly criticize Indonesia's approach，It believes that it violates the requirements of the "International Health Regulations (2005)" that has been signed by it。From the surface，This is a conflict between the two sets of international law frameworks，But behind it is the differences bet365 live casino games in the interests of developing countries and developed countries in response to transnational infectious diseases -the former is worried that it is not necessary to obtain the necessary drugs and vaccines，The latter pays more attention to the monitoring of the global epidemic。

Last，Different understandings of scientific issues may also cause differences in policy practices between different international organizations。Assumptions from "Cognitive Community" is different，Scientist group may not share the understanding of causality and best countermeasures for global health issues，This is the case when they come from different disciplines。For example，On the question of "Who has spread H5N1 high pathogenic avian influenza"，The World Health Organization believes that migratory bird migration brings a distant virus and spread to poultry，So，Poultry breeding should be moved into the room，and strengthen the monitoring and control of diseases for wild birds。On the contrary，The UN Environment Agency thinks，Modernization、intensive breeding method，Including a crowded environment for poultry breeding、Wetland discharge of farm waste to migratory birds、Irregular use of farmers' anti -virus drugs, etc.，is the real culprit that leads to the occurrence and expansion of the epidemic。

　Existing solutions and its results

In the field of global health governance，When conflict between international rules occurs，There are two main solutions to the international community: First, the system from the top and bottom system from the top and bottom of the member states，Second, self -adaptation of international organizations。

When the conflict of international rules causes the crisis of governance，Member State may redesign the international institutional Bet365 app download arrangement，to reconcile different interests，Maintain collective action。early 21st century，Developing countries pay close attention to the issue of AIDS patent rights，It has caused great pressure on international public opinion to develop countries such as the United States，Coupled with the anthrax attack in the "September 11" incident, the fragility of the United States itself on the problem of cheap drug acquisition，Forced it to change its position。November 2001，WTO 4th Ministerial Meeting published the "Doha Health Declaration"，Clarified the terms of flexibility used in the TRIPS protocol to protect public health，In order to reiterate the importance of protecting intellectual property, while taking into account public health interests。

The second way to solve the conflict of international rules is self -adjustment of international organizations。When a member state does not reach an agreement on institutional changes，International organizations can sometimes ease the rules and policy conflicts through the cooperation of each other。If the problem of human and animal diseases such as H5N1 avian influenza，The World Health Organization and Environmental Problems, which are mainly responsible for "human health"、The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization of Animal Health often has different claims。But this conflict has been eased with the rise of the "same health" concept。"Same Health" requires to look at public health issues from the perspective of interdisciplinary angles，and strengthen the health of animals、Investment in the field of environmental health。

Both methods can solve the problem of international rules conflict to a certain extent，But also shows certain limitations in bet365 live casino games practice。The process of re -designing the international system often depends on the position of a strong country in the United States and other systems and takes a long time。In many cases，Although developed countries verbally recognize the value of health protection，But in the design of the specific rules, the scope of application is limited、Establish tedious administrative procedures、Signed a confidential business agreement and many means to prevent the realization of the legitimate rights and interests of developing countries。Cooperation between international organizations often depends on the promotion of major countries and provides ample cooperation funds，How much this way can resolve the conflict between governance rules still needs to be tested。

　Revelation and Suggestion

Strengthening global health governance needs coordinated treatment，Strengthen the top -level design，Properly handle the relationship between different international rules and policies。For China，We must prevent and resolve major public health risks of national development、Work together with the international community to build a community of human health and health，Pay special attention to deal with the following questions。

First，It is necessary to strengthen the overall planning ability in the field of global governance and its different fields。Global Health Governance has become an area where multiple institutions "govern"，The phenomenon of international rules is not an occasional technical problem，but in different development areas、Balanced development problems between different value orientations。The interaction between global health governance and other fields has also made the formulation of international rules increasingly "led by one and the whole bet365 Play online games body"。my country needs to adapt to this change，Establish a comprehensive coordination mechanism of cross -sector cross -sectors in the field of global health governance，Promote cooperation and information sharing between different departments，Ensure that the overallness and synergy of international participation。

2，Promote the construction of a global sanitary governance framework that builds a balanced and tolerant，Reduce the problem of imbalance between the right to speak from developing countries and developed countries。The essence of the conflict of international rules is different countries、Different interests between different groups。The right to discuss the right to speak and rules in a set of international rules system is monopolized，The more likely it is, the more likely the use of other rules systems to challenge the "Shoucheng" country。No international rules cannot be perfect，Need to continue to adapt to new governance tasks and reasonable demands proposed by countries。

third，Further enhances the overall overall ability of the two domestic and international situation。The conflict of international rules may induce corresponding domestic policy uncoordinated issues，Domestic sorting of policy goals and priority in China may not be consistent，to increase the difficulty of coordination。We must recognize，To maintain national hygiene and safety、Promote the construction of healthy China、National Strategy for the coordinated development of people's health and socio -economic，Need to be more effective and effective public health system and major risk prevention and early warning mechanism。

　(This article is the Study Research on the Construction of International Mechanism Complex and Human Life and Health Community "(20BGJ009) phased achievement)

(The author is deputy dean of the School of International Relations and Public Affairs of Shanghai Foreign Studies University、Professor)