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The establishment of human civilization is always closely related to astronomical observations。Believe in ancient people，The sacred sky is not only the source of the king's right，It is also the sacred prototype of the order of ground rule，The order of the sky must also be presented on the ground。So，First observe the sky，Then it will be projected on the ground。

　　Changes of astronomy and humanities

"Shangshu · Yao Dian" described the excellent quality of the legendary Saint King after describing the legendary king，The first list of all his achievements is "Nai Life and，Qin Ruo Haotian "。Cuba Babylon believes，The distribution of constellations on the zodiac corresponds to the distribution of administrative areas above the ground。Plato is also quite puzzling to continuously optimize mathematical relations，Be sure to construct a grand "cosmic regression" time in the operation of the sky，and let the operation of Liexing proportions with this grand universe time。In the "Old Testament · Prophet", God's commandment of Jews continuously applied，There is also a "god of the stars" KIUN (also translated "Ke Wan")。Classical language writer in Germany thinks，This "Ganwen" is the "Satoan" and "Klunos" of the Jewish mythical version，The oldest sequence and the god of the universe in Rome and Greek mythology。Xie Lin also believes in his "Mythical Philosophy" lecture，The oldest religion of human beings is "Baying Star Church"。and the famous national treasure "Gushe Dragon Tiger Tomb" "Zuo Qinglong" and "Right White Tiger"，and the owner of the tomb imitating the human bone furnishings，It more intuitively presents this kind of heavenly -the ancient human thought instincts corresponding to human pole。

Astronomy is related to the overall structure of human politics and belief order，For example, a kind of governance of "Qin Ruo Haotian" and "Hao Hao" in "Yao Dian"，"Five Ji" of "Tsinghua Jane", the final cause of the war between Huangdi and Chi You resort to the disorders of heaven。Regardless of the stability of the sky and the time of its movement，Or other reasons to act as the source of this sacred order，But there is no doubt that，All ancient civilizations seem to have this kind of "Sky as a human legislation"、"Different" view of the order of heaven and earth。

Ancient cosmology adheres to a principle: the movement of the heavenly world is different from the motion of the ground，Only by this can ensure the sacred legislative authority of the heavens。Of course we no longer believe this today，But the sacred rupture of the sky since ancient times has also gone through the long process of modern science。Alexander Kwadley traced the beginning of this process back to Cusa's Nicholas，It passes through Bruno，Finally completed the three laws of Cairple。Where Nicholas in Cusa，Bet365 lotto review The core question is the relationship between God and limited everything，God as everything，Not everything，Instead of everything。God means everything in everything in all things.，It also means that everything is a god that exists in its own unique way，Therefore, it is impossible to become the center of any other thing: "It is impossible to have a material land、Qi、Fire or anything else as a fixed center，No fixed center in exercise。"" In this perspective with pan -god theory，The sacredness of the status of order in the ancient universe in the middle of the universe is naturally eliminated，It has become something that is not different from the boundary。and Bruno further transforms the pan -theory of the Pan -God theory of Kuisa's Nicholas into a "homogeneous space": "Everything that constitutes differences and numbers，All are pure occasional sex ... The entity is always the same entity，Because there is only one entity，A god、Unpredictable ontology。"" "，There is no center at all，This generates the possibility of "uniform space" in Newton's classic mechanics。

Here，A major "change of ancient and modern" that is related to the status of the heavenly world。In ancient cosmology and physics，"Topos" (TopOS) means the one that the natural nature of a certain object can make it realize，For example, the fire natural "up"，Water Mo "just lower"。In this picture,，People do not "return to benevolent" because of them。If it is where Nicholas in Kosa，God in the pan -theory of all things，It is still possible to maintain the "position" of all things in the potential sense，So here in Bruno，All the "position" of all things is completely eliminated。Now，"Location" is understood as a coordinate at a moment of instantaneous point in a uniform space，No longer has any relationship with the nature of things。In other words，All things have been completely disorderly since then，Everything has lost its own "virtue" and "stop"。As Cassir summarized this，"Breon emphasized，Rather than the universe，It is better to say that the intuitive self of the universe in myself "。So，In the uniform picture of Bruno's universe，The inherent requirements consistent with the transformation of the entire modern philosophy theory of modern philosophy。

　Division of astronomy and cosmology

If it is said in ancient philosophy，There is still a belief in objective natural order，The so -called "Tianxing has frequent"，And people must know and take the initiative to let themselves meet this order，The so -called "coincidence with the heavens and the earth"，Then the entire philosophy is also presented as "cosmic science" or "existence theory" based on this as the benchmark。So，Modern philosophy will understand the natural order or existence itself，Converted into knowledge issues。That is to say，Under the rules of Cartesial "I think I am"，The existence of all inside and outside things，Whether the "thinking subject" that is always present can have a question about their clear knowledge。bet365 live casino games This is here，The ultimate basis of all existence is also transformed into a common mind that performs knowledge activities -whether it is the "I think" in the sense of Descartes，It is still "the self that generates intuitive to the universe" in the sense of Bruno。Correspondingly，Universe，or as the heavenly world that is different from the sacred fields different from the boundary，Just like anything else，It has become an appearance object relative to "I think" or a general mind。The uniformity of the space is corresponding to the uniformity of the mind，In the universal mental function，No one as an object of knowledge has its own natural "position"。

In this picture，Modern Physics -the legitimacy of astronomy is established。The biggest feature of this astronomy is "mechanical theory"，Only the inner tendency of pursuing things in the classical world map is understood as "inertia"，This is a "dead force" that has nothing to do with itself，And those who drive things movement are understood as causal mechanical power promoted by each other。Both Tianjie and Earth Bound，and the basic mathematics of this mechanical causality -mechanics model is straight line。Plato once summarized the basic presets of ancient cosmic science: "The running track of the heavenly object is round week，The ground is the straight line。"Although since ancient times，Mathematicians calculate the circular rate through methods such as "cutting"，But this is only a human rational operation，That is, understand the circle，instead of thinking that this infinite cutting line can "get" the essence of circle。Because the circle is not a simple geometric figure，but a kind of existence in unlimited nature，This is the existence and movement method that the celestial body and the entire universe must generate according to their nature。It is essentially different from the line，Because the straight line is the existence and exercise method that the limited person must generate according to its nature。When Newton can restore the circular orbit to countless threads through a differential method，Then "synthesize" countless lines through points to "synthesize" as a mimetic circular week，The movement of the heavenly world is not the same as the movement of the earth.。Here，Disviation things are no longer the celestial movement itself，Instead, it is generally rational as an observer，That is the human "I think"。All things, including celestial bodies, have become the calculation object of "for human reason"，instead of existence in it，Only the world map of mechanical theory can ensure this subject of human reason。

If we look at Kant's priority philosophy and natural philosophy，The overall changes of this world map scene will be completely corresponding to all fields。Kant completely expressed all the inherent meaning of modern philosophy since the transition of Descartes: We construct the existence of objects in the way we examine the objects，What is the object itself, we don’t know，Just save it, regardless bet365 live casino games of，But the essence of the object is that the object is for human consciousness、The way presented in a way to conform to human rational structure。In the field of natural philosophy，Especially in the field of astronomy，Kant also follows Newton's conclusion，Not only does the exercise of celestial bodies be understood as the result of the combination of gravity and exclusion，It also understands the mechanical relationship between these two forces as the only rule of the heaven movement，and the natural whole of the ground boundary also follows this rule。In Natural Everything，Nothing is higher than people，Human reasonable "legislative legislation"。The sacred heaven has disappeared，But the human extremely disappeared because of this。Well -known，Kant's moral philosophy，It is the philosophy related to others，What emphasizes the own legislation of practical reason，People must fully become a "moral person" in accordance with the non -contradictory law of practical reason to become themselves。Now，In nature，Under the sky，Human "position" has disappeared，The real location of a person is in the moral kingdom of practical rational legislation。This kingdom has nothing to do with the "phenomenal world" in us，There is no interaction，It has become a "obligation"。So in "Psychological Phenomenology"，Hegel refers to this moral philosophy consequences obtained through the tearing world as "hypocritical"，Jacob also referred to this world picture "nihilism"。The so -called "nothingness" does not eliminate everything，But humans can no longer let themselves live in the real and realistic everything，It is not allowed to be directly in a world with inner order。If that maintenance、Observation、Ruling that everything is shaken by the ultimate rational of its object，So the entire world，Together with the self -knowledge of the person, it will shake，This danger is since the era of German classical philosophy，So far, the "modern crisis" and "nihilism crisis" that have been repeatedly repeatedly repeated for the thinkers。

If Kant is the pioneer of the German classical philosophy，In your own philosophy, this "crisis" is fully presented in a rational critical way，Fiste continued to follow him to interpret this modern iconic solution to the extreme，So Xie Lin and Hegel appear on this plan afterwards.。Although the relationship between Xie Lin and Hegel is difficult to say，But at the beginning of debut，The two are highly consistent in terms of career and ideology。Xie Lin once edited a magazine "Surprise Physics", which had a significant influence at the time，Later, it was revised to "New Specific Physics"，Among them, it not only serializes many works about "the same philosophy" in the history of philosophy，For example, "Explanation of My Philosophy System", "Further Explanation based on the philosophical system", etc.，Also published Hegel's doctoral dissertation "On the Planet Orbit"。Although in these two works in Xie Lin，The beginning Bet365 app download of the beginning is mainly to refute the tradition of philosophy of philosophy since Fishte and Descartes，But the larger space later spent on astronomy discussions，Especially the reinterpretation of Cairple's law。and Hegel's doctoral dissert，Similar strategies to Xie Lin support Cairpler。This has a problem: since we already know the entire priority philosophy plan since Cartesian，Devisiveness of the sky and the uniformity of the universe are different performances of the same modern process，In Korwray's view，This process is completed in astronomy in Cairffler。So，Why does Xie Lin and Hegel resist this process by interpreting Campler?

From today's perspective，Of course, you can use Newton's law to derive the law of the Cairpler，But from the standpoint of Capeler's own，His ultimate concern is still "in God's design，Planet's sports requires a circle，When he builds it according to his design，He surrounds it with a celestial body "。Kwarley did not notice such a definition of Cairfler's entire work in "The Mystery of the Universe"。If the purpose of Capeler is "Yuan"，and it is related to "God's Design"，So obvious，Capeller is the sacredness of the celestial body trying to restore the ancient cosmology，That is to establish a circle as the existence，Circuit of the results of countless calculations。At this point，Cockeler resolutely opposed the Copernicus as the "ally" of Newton and Kant，And proposed an important distinction that is often ignored in the process of modern philosophy -astronomy: "Copernicus's purpose is not to study cosmology，but astronomy。That is to say，He does not care about whether there is an error related to the real proportion of the sphere，but just determine the value of the planet movement and calculate its position based on the observation results。"Cairple has clearly seen，With the uniformity of space in the modern sense and the object of celestial bodies, it becomes rational，"COSMOLOGY" (cosmology) has been reduced to "Astronomy"。That is to say，Learning that once known and constructed the sacred order，Now I have downgraded the learning of mathematical observation。So，From this sense，Capeler is not a "astronomer"，but a "cosmologist": "I will build a new universe。"Capeler is not a completed" astronomy movement "in the description of Kovre，but it is its rebel，It is the person who wants to re -"Qin Ruo Haotian" in modern conceptual theory。And Sie Lin and Hegel inherited and interpreted from him，This is exactly this。

　　The cosmic picture of Xie Lin and Capeler

Although from the perspective of the ancient world map，The operation of the celestial body must be a complete circle，It is impossible to be an ellipse that lacks geometric harmony，But Cairpler did not simply restore the outdated things like Ptolemy Sky Style in order to re -establish ancient cosmology.。After all，In modern times, with the improvement of the accuracy of observation instruments，Ellipse orbit is indeed the best solution of mathematics。The Laws of Cairpler are indeed Bet365 lotto review a description of the ellipse orbit，But the same ellipse，The ellipse orbit of Cairpler is not the mathematical results of the score of the cut line in Newton，Instead, the two -dimensional plane projection results of the famous Capellazon Masa Modern Model Model。That is to say，Each celestial body is performed in the inner cut circular in the internal cutting of its own nature，and the outer circle of each positive polyhedron constitutes the boundary of the positive polyhedron structure of another celestial body，Each planet of the solar system, although the two -dimensional projection plane is performed around the sun's ellipse orbit movement，But in essentially a circular motion in a positive polyhedron corresponding to your own nature。In Xie Lin's interpretation，Each planet's own positive and polyhedron is different，This positive polyhedrium is the "position" of this planet in the classical sense，or it is its own "sky district"。Xie Lin thinks，The planet described by Capeler -polygonal model is actually a magnificent description of "vitality full of world"，It is a classic rebellion that is different from Newton -Kant's traditional mechanical universe model: "The celestial body still expresses the existence of the concept in the phenomenon ... so each celestial body is in terms of its independence，All carry the overall，and carry the rich fruits of all worlds，It's just that each celestial body must also be suitable for its own different foundation and its own uniform natural nature。”

The "different foundation" of each celestial body，It is that the celestial body is presenting the galaxy and the overall cosmic as a whole。Such an activity that constructs his own different nature is called "inner gathering" by Xie Lin，This "internal gathering" is the basis of the individuality of life，Let life reject all mechanical theory restoration。So if the celestial body has an individuality、Unavailable existence，Then the celestial body will also have "your own time"。Xie Lin thinks，Cairpler's second law description，It is the time of the celestial body itself and the time of the sun in a "pull" and "fight"，The acquisition of individual life is to fight for your own time。So，There is no "average time" in the galaxy，The time of a certain existence is its own dignity。In this sense，It is less strictly that the entire galaxy is "theory of relativity"，instead of "Newtonian mechanics"。The third law is the further expansion of the second law，The cubic relationship of the square relationship of time and the long axis radius of the rail long shaft is just to show that the individuality of the planet and the publicity of the planet surround the solar revolution are always in a pull，But only has a kind of individual life，can we not be broken by publicity，I will not hit the sun in the revolution。Xie Lin and Hegel at that time，They use this way to further explain the law of Capeler，Re -independentness to the heavenly world，By the way to prevent it from the modern knowledge theory -the downside of Bet365 app download the mechanical theory。accompanied by this "liberation" of heaven，Their philosophy is no longer an ultimate expansion of modern subjective philosophy，Instead, there is a theoretical appeal for humans to find their corresponding location in the universe in the classical sense。Because it is accompanied by the reduction of the heavens，People have lost their position for too long。Xie Lin said when he reviewed his ideological journey in his later years，Modern philosophy establishes people's free will into the highest thing，But this highest thing can still be understood by people and the world they live in，Because people's essence can only be achieved by free will，So what is the ultimate goal of freedom? If the free will，It means that people become universal intelligence that can make everything can become their own rational objects，So the price paid for this is never knowing where you should stand in the universe。

In a disabled chapter in his later years，Xie Lin also left this: "People themselves are even in the human world where everything is always returning，It also distinguishes the extraordinary temperament outside all order -，It seems to be something from the astrology -and that kind of more often、The temperament driven by the more confident motivation。People even say that a class of people ‘stand under their own starry sky’，or，‘Such a person is only driven by his own planet’。"" Cosmology will restore "cosmology" to refute "astronomy" efforts，Xie Lin seems to have an ancient mythical Yu Yun、Let people stand in the starry sky and know that if you are really essential, it may not be difficult to understand。If the era of cosmic studies has gone back，It is only kept in mythology and classical philosophy literature，The modern crisis represented by astronomy is still hovering above our head，So things like "Qin Ruo Haotian" are not just an ancient legend in the past，It is still a sacred event that will occur in the future。

　　(The author is an associate professor at the School of Philosophy and Social Development of Shandong University、Director of China Interpretation Research Center)