Mogao Grottoes commonly known as Qianfo Cave，In 1961, it was announced as the first batch of national key cultural relics protection units，In 1987, it was included in the "World Cultural Heritage" list by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee。It is located on the cliff on the east foothills of Mingsha Shanshan, the southeast of the urban area of ​​Dunhuang City, Gansu Province。Deep cloth cave on the cliff surface，Different size、Passing up and down，North and South Living 1.7 km。Mogao Grottoes was founded in the former Qin Dynasty of the Sixteen Kingdoms，Live until the Yuan Dynasty，After thousands of years of construction，Existing Beiliang、Northern Wei、Western Wei、Five Dynasties、Sui、Tang、Five Dynasties、Song、Back、Xixia、735 caves in the cave during the period。Caves are used as the main body，Four Walls and Top Painted Macration Make，Flat -paved tiles，There is a cave eave or a palace outside the cave、Freshies，is a grotto building、Cailang and mural trio of Buddhist cultural relics。Mogao Grotto's existing murals of more than 45,000 square meters，Color Clast more than 2000 body，5 seats in the eaves of the eaves of the woodstracks of the Tang and Song dynasties，Provided us with the religious beliefs about ancient China、Thoughts、Chinese and foreign exchanges、National relations、Chinese and foreign exchanges、Image information for development and evolution in social life，Has a high historical、Art、Technology、Culture and social value。1900，I found the Tibetan Sutra in Mogao Grottoes，Tibetan many Buddhist scriptures、Painting、Social documents, etc.，and thereby promoted a world -world explanation -the birth of Dunhuang Xue。In short，Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes are the largest existing scale in the world、The longest duration、The most abundant Buddhist art and historical and cultural treasure house。

In recent years，Archeology in the field of archeological research has received more attention。The so -called settlement，It is the collection of various living and production units associated with a specific population within a specific space -time range。and the settlement as the object，Study its specific form and the social forms it reflected，Then study the development trajectory of social forms reflected in the evolution of the settlement form，Understand the connection between the functional areas and even the single building，Archaeological methods to reveal and restore the ancient human economy and social life are settlement archeology。For settlement archeology，Scholars generally acknowledge that it is a research method of social archeology，Research social relations through settlement form。Some scholars，such as Zhang Guangzhi、Strict civilization、Mr. Zhang Zhongpei and others believe that settlement archeology not only studies social relations，Emphasize the relationship between settlement and ecological environment，So settlement archeology Bet365 lotto review also includes the content of environmental archeology。With the development of settlement archeology，People are increasingly realized that settlement archeology not only studies social relations，And should also study human and nature、Environment、Ecological、National、race、Thought、Culture、Religion and other aspects。The development of settlement archeology provides us with a powerful observation window for us to study ancient society。

Current，Settlement archeology is mostly used in the study of prehistoric society，and achieved fruitful results。We think it is also applicable to social or historical research in the historical period。Today's Mogao Grottoes are a large historical and cultural site and tourist resort，But in ancient times, it was mainly an important place for Buddhist believers in the Dunhuang area to conduct religious culture production and living activities，Therefore, we believe that settlement archeology is also applicable to the study of Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes。

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In ancient times, it was 25 miles away from the mountains side of Mingsha Shandong to Mogao Cave.，It takes about half a day for time。This shows that Mogao Grottoes is right and far from the city of Mogao Grottoes，There is a certain distance from the city，The vulgar world that is far from the hustle and bustle of the crowd，Not too far from the city，It is conducive to Buddhist believers entering the mountains and worshiping and Mogao Grottoes.。

The cliff pens of Mogao Grottoes are straight and strong and solid，Good geological conditions，Very suitable for excavation cave。Da (Dang) Quanhe moisturizing the platform in front of the cave，It provides water source conditions suitable for human survival activities，Makes the grass and trees flourish here、Beautiful environment，It is refreshing。Northern Wei Jiga Ye and the translation of "Fufa Tibetan" said: "Mountain Rock Empty Valley，Sitting meditation。"" Wei Shu · Shi Lao Zhi "records:" Jianluye Buddha is in the West Mountain in the Garden，Go to Sogo Right Ten Miles，Rock Fang Zen Hall，Zen monks live in it。"The Northern Wei Gao Yun" Luyuan Fu "also Yun Yiyun:" Jianxian Cave with Judong，Extracting steps with Tongtong。"In the Eastern Jin Dynasty Buddha Thabao translated" Watching the Three Moisturizers of the Buddha "and the cloud:" It is the time of the Shi Zun to make the public see the Buddha body，It's like Xu Mi。The Buddha is a good job，It's like Xu Mi，Gao Miao size，It's like Xu Mi，Baiqianya Cave，The statue of the shadows of the crowd cave，It is no different from the Buddha。"These documents all show that the original purpose of opening the cave in the mountains is to repair meditation or observation。

The earliest cave in Mogao Grottoes may also be a meditation cave in Zen or cave for viewing.。According to the first year of Wu Zhou Sheng calendar (698) "Li Jun (Ke Jean) Xiu Mogao Grottoes Buddhist Benefit" (hereinafter referred to as "Shengli Bei")，Former Qin Jianyuan (366) Shamenle Embrocent Overhead，Cave the cave one，Later, Zen Master Fara created another sideline on the side of the master，The construction of Mogao Bet365 lotto review Grottoes began in the second monk。Mogao Grottoes in the front room 156 in the front room of the late Tang Mo Book and the Six years (865) of the Tibetan Scripture Cave (865) Write the P.3720 "Mogao Grottoes" also recorded the Le Huan and Farah to Mogao Grottoes. Create the merit，Different from "Shengli Bei" is when referring to the opening of the Caton，It also emphasizes the statue of the big creation。Although the cave dwelling excavated by Leyi and Farm has been unable to take a detailed test today，But the shape of the 268th cave in the earliest existing Beiliang Cave in Mogao Grottoes is a multi -room Zen cave。"Shengli Bei" mentioned that there are more than 1,000 cave rooms in the cave room of the Mogao Grottoes during the Shengli period，"Mogao Grottoes" records that there were more than 500 verses in Mogao Grottoes。

Local rulers mentioned in "Shengli Bei"，Northern Wei to Western Wei Dynasty Wang Yuanrong and Northern Zhou Jianping Yuyi played an important role in the history of the construction of Mogao Grottoes。Mogao Grottoes are not static，Its excavation and rebuilding lasted for thousands of years。As a Buddhist building complex，Mogao Grottoes need to apply for money to make funds for merit、Various craftsmen engaged in construction、Various tools and materials for opening the statue of the cave。Most of the supporters are local rights、Ordinary people and a few foreign messenger，Maybe there are past businessmen，Among them, there are monks and vulgar、There are men and women。Artisans should be mainly locals，It does not rule out painters from the Mainland。

Among the various materials of the opening of the cave，The pigments are produced locally and around，It also has the circulation through the Silk Road trade to Dunhuang，Among them, including Yu from the Western Regions、Central Asia Afghanistan、Paint in Persia and other places in West Asia。Wood、Stalks should be mostly from local。Daquanhe not only provides a good natural environment for Mogao Grottoes，It also provides many architectural materials。The water used in the built cave is undoubtedly from the Daquan River。The fine mud used by the mural ground and the statue should also be taken from Cheng Ban Mud in the front of Daquan Hanoi。Reed stalks and straw stalks that reinforce supporting support in the inner tires of the murals and statues should also come from the Daquan River。Tracing from the southern district of Mogao Grottoes today，Not far away there are dense reeds and grass。In the 20th century, more than 20 caves were found in the archeological excavation of Mogao Grottoes in the Mogao Grottoes，It indicates that there are some underlying caves that are the temple buildings that are connected to the civil structure。There are more beams and holes on the cliff surface，Mainly the relics left by the eaves and boardwalks of the wooden cave and the boardwalk，Explain that the Mogao Grottoes unearthed from the Dunhuang Tibetan Cave Mogao Grottoes at the time "Qianliu Changhe，Polish Pavilion "scene is credible。

Dunhuang Polls CH.00207 "The Northern Song Dynasty Four Years (966) Rebuilding the Statue of Beida" records，The Return of the Return to the Jiedushi of the bet365 live casino games Dunhuang King Cao Yuanzhong and his wife Zhai，See the statue of Peking University (Maitreya Maitreya, Mogao Grottoes).，Order the monks and monks and customs officials to rebuild，The Liang Dong used by the Liang Dong was taken from the early years of dry wood in Mogao Cave Valley，椽，斫 斫 斫。This indicates that the wood used in the wooden building of Mogao Grottoes mainly comes from the local and even the Daquan River Valley in Dunhuang and even near Mogao Grottoes。Most of the grounds in the cave and the site of the temple of the cave are mostly paved with tiles，The pattern is mainly lotus pattern，Including eight -petal lotus pattern、Vine grass roll cloud pattern、Taoxin roll petal lotus pattern、Flame Baozhu pattern、Dragon pattern、Phoenix、horse pattern、Lion pattern, etc.，The era has continued from Sui and Tang dynasties to Song and Yuan。Plasma tiles are mainly religious themes，It should be mainly used in religious buildings such as temples and grottoes，Large amount required。Brick kiln is required for firing tiles，There may also be a kiln site that specializes in burn tiles not far from Mogao Grottoes。Can these situations confirm，All need to be further archeological survey。

　　Mogao Grotto is an important place for Buddhism

The cliff surface of Mogao Grottoes is divided into north and south districts，About 1000 meters of southern district，About 700 meters in North District。Dunhuang Cultural Relics Institute compiled the cave with murals and statues to 492 numbers，Among them, there are 487 in the southern district，There are only 5 in North District，But there are still more than 200 so -called empty caves without murals and statues in the North District。Through comprehensive scientific archeology of the North District Grottoes，We have realized that the use function of the cave in the North District is different from the southern district。Southern District is the temple of Buddha，It is a monk for the Buddha、The place where Buddhist activities are carried out; the North District is mainly for the life of Buddhist believers、Residence、Xi Zen、The area buried after death。Complement of functions in the North and South areas，together to form a complete Buddhist grotto group。

Mogao Grottoes should be a permanent monk，These monks are responsible for the daily management of the cave、Safety maintenance，Receive Xiangke and Lord，and organize craftsmen to open the statue or rebuild the mural。Monk officials of Mogao Grottoes are appointed by Dunhuang Monk Group。Monks of Mogao Grottoes should live and talk about the Scriptures in Mogao Grottoes's temples。"Mogao Grottoes" record，The Emperor of the Sui Dynasty (581-600) The Middle Stone Monarch Shanxi created a lecture hall in Mogao Grottoes。Late Tang to the early Northern Song Dynasty，Professor of Sanju Cave under the Monk Division of Hexi，Three caves, including Mogao Grottoes in charge，There is also the name of monks such as Zen Master and other monks。

Encountered some important Buddhist festivals，The Dunhuang monk group will hold various rituals or activities in Mogao Grottoes。Dunhuang wrote "Number of Laba Burning Lantern allocation cave names" bet365 best casino games recorded the notification of the seventh monk's road in the seventh monk's road in the early 7th day of December 19951, the notice of Laba Night at the "Social People Cave Burning Lights" at Mogao Grottoes，Cave parts that need to ignite the lamp to be implemented to people，Tianda Eri、Li Chan (Master)、Zhang Sengzheng、Yin Law、Luo Yan Li、Cao Dutou、Suo Xingzhe、Yin Jianyu、Liang Sengzheng、Wang Walker、Hurry、Du Shouyu、Xicheng Langjun is responsible。From the point of view，The person in charge of each district has both monks and local officials。

Hold such a large -scale event，Except the personnel of the organization，Maybe a large number of people come to participate，These people need a certain event venue。In the Four years of the Northern Song Dynasty (966), the Return of the Return to the Return to the Cao Yuanzhong couple presided over the maintenance of Mogao Grottoes at the eaves 96，Du Seng Steel Hui Hui、Monk is open、The faithful and Guiyi Army knows that his children Yu Hou Li Xingsi helps，Dunhuang Twelve Monk Temples Twenty people，Fifty -six people in the label，Ten Messens，A total of 306 people，The monk provides the official family for three days，Supply as a temple in the future，The artisan is provided by the official house，All construction period 12 days，3,672。So many monks and craftsmen participate in the maintenance project，Of course, you need to solve problems such as eating and accommodation in Mogao Grottoes，Except for temporary facilities，Mogao Grottoes may still have some places for long -term residence。

Three temples in front of Mogao Grottoes today -Shang Temple、Middle Temple and Xia Temple are buildings from the Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China，No temple site before the Yuan Dynasty has not been found。But passed the research on Dunhuang literature，We know that there are more than one temple in Mogao Grottoes during Middle Ages。The reason why these temples have not been discovered，The reason why there is not enough archeological work，Also related to the historical environment。Mogao Grottoes will occur from a large earthquake or flood from time to time，Many historical sites may be destroyed from previous disasters。Another，Because there are a large number of wooden buildings in front of the Mogao Grottoes in ancient times，Many times the fire occurs，The buildings annihilated due to the fire are not in the minority。

It is reasonable，The monks of Mogao Grottoes should be buried nearby after the death。It is stored in more than 20 Tower Tower on both sides of the Daquan River at the top of the cliff and the cave in the front of the Mogao Grottoes。where，Most of the frontal grounds in the cave are Sari Tower for Lama taught after the Yuan Dynasty after the Yuan Dynasty，The total number is about 16 seats，The latest of which is the Wang Yuanlu Tao Tower built during the Republic of China。There are also 3 Xixia on the east bank of Daquan River、Worship Tower of the yuan period，There are statues or murals in the tower。Most of the top of the cliff top is the worship tower of the Tang and Song dynasties，For example, the northern section of the southern part of the south area。bet365 live casino games Another，On the north side of the north side of the north section of the south，In the middle 231 of the middle section of the south，Above Cave 161, South Section of the South District，Gats 143 and other places are stored with residual earth towers or their relics，Some form a combination relationship with the cave below。There are also many ancient tower -based sites on Gobi Beach on the east bank of the Daquan River，It is residual on the ground with painted white gray skin fragments，But the existing Sari Tower of these existing monks，Even if there are 18 monk caves and Hong ■ in the northern district, the statue of a monk with a bone -gray bag like this，It can not match the history of Mogao Grottoes for thousands of years in terms of age and quantity。This made us have to doubt whether a large number of monks who had been working in Mogao Grottoes in the Song Dynasty in the Song Dynasty were buried in Mogao Grottoes，Of course, some stupas on the front of the cave may also be disappeared by floods in the past。

　　The surrounding site isPart of the human environment of Mogao Grottoes

Tour about 2000 meters along the Daquan River，There is a site called Chengcheng Bay in the south of Mogao Grottoes，Here is big、Small two Hua Tower、A small city、Several buried grottoes and several tower foundations，Here is the "South Valley" called in the Song Dynasty。The Northern Song Dynasty Gande, May 9th，The Return of the Return to the bet365 live casino games Dunhuang King Cao Yuanzhong and the couple Yu Xueyue in Mogao Cave to avoid the summer，Brief selection of monks and customs in the eighteen part of the Great Buddha name，A part of each of the 17th Temple of Honzhou，Sending Xizhou (now Turpan) a one。See the two layers of wood loss folding under the Tai University portrait hall，​​Tao Du Du Monk and Monk officials rebuilt。May 21st、Change the pillar on the 22nd day，More folding due to materials for seeing materials，It is determined to repair it。Disassembling on the two days，The king couple lives in South Valley。Disassembly on 24 days，Night king couple returned from South Valley。Started from the 25th to the completion of June 2。On June 4th, the couple returned to the city。

There is also a monk ditch around Mogao Grottoes、Stone picking field、Five pier sites，There are Guanyinjing in Sanyu Mountain、Queen Mother Palace、South Tianmen、Laojun Tang、Shapo Dunyu and other sites，These sites may have more or less contact with Mogao Grottoes。The site of the monk gap should be a small temple site in the Tang and Song dynasties，The ground site of the existing room site and the ground of the tiles paved with lotus tiles。The groove left after the stone collection field remains the groove，The two years of the Tang Dynasty on the wall、Four years of vertical arch、The inscription text of the first year of Qianning and the animal and plant rock paintings，The raw materials of some stele or pillar -basic stone in Mogao Grottoes may come here。The Queen Mother Palace on the top of the San Dangestang Mountain once unearthed a Liangshi Pagoda。The Song Dynasty Tower in front of the Mogao Grottoes was relocated from Laojun Hall，Laojun Hall now has the base address of the Turka and bet365 live casino games Buddhist Temple in the Song Dynasty。At the foot of Sanyu Mountain, there are scattered Sari Tower of Lama religion in the valley。These religious architectural sites are centered on Mogao Grottoes，Passion in San Dangshan，Satellite -like temples or buildings belonging to Mogao Grottoes in ancient times，is part of the human environment of Mogao Grottoes。

Mogao Grottoes are distributed by thousands of Jintang tombs on the Gobi Beach in Peitan.。Most of the tombs excavated in the Dunhuang area are mostly Wei and Jin tombs，The tombs of the returnees (late Tang Dynasty to the early Northern Song Dynasty) were hardly discovered。The Shanghai Museum contains a Dunhuang document "Qingtai Four Years Cao Yuan Deep Sacrifice God"，Recorded the first Jiedushi of the Cao's Returning Army.，Cao's successive declines should be buried near Cao's Tomb。Dunhuang literature also records that the daughter of Zhang Huai Shen and the five generations of the five generations of the Guiyi Army Jieda Luo Yingda, which were also recorded in the late Tang Dynasty.，Zhang Huai's deep father and son、Five Dynasties Changle County Ling Yin Shanxiong and Du Monk Tongyin Haiyan Tomb were buried in Yangkai Henan Yuan (Mogao Li Great Henan)。These documents show that the township near Mogao Grottoes may be the Feng Shui treasure of the Dunhuang family.。Another，The traffic road between Mogao Grottoes and Shazhou City and the ruins along the line are also objects that need to be followed。

To sum up，Method of us using settlement archeology，You can from the perspective of functional partitions and human environment from the site，Re -examine the construction of Mogao Grottoes、Use and contact with the surrounding sites，Seeing people through things，Get a more comprehensive、Three -dimensional and vivid Mogao Grottoes Impression。

　(This article is the major project of the National Social Science Foundation "Research on Dunhuang Grottoes Literature Research and Graphic Mutual Syndrome" (21&ZD218) Staged results)

(The author is deputy dean and director of the Institute of Archaeological Research Institute of Dunhuang Research Institute、Research librarian)