Trade protection has a long history，The theory of protection of naive industry from recreationalism，From strategic trade policy to "fair and mutual trade"，All provide various theoretical support for trade protection，Dynamic trade protection practice is accompanied by the entire process of world trade development。So，Is the cause and impact of trade protection in common? Is there a lawful evolution of trade protection?

More than ten years ago，The author and Professor Wang Xiaosong have conducted relatively systematic and in -depth inquiry on the US trade policy，Try to reveal the decision -making mechanism and law of the United States' trade policy in China through rigorous theory and experience research。We have inspected the influencing factor of the U.S. Congress voting to give China permanent normal trade relations (PNTR)，The political donation of interest groups has significantly affected the voting results of the bill，and different interests of the group on the influence of the voting results are completely opposite。We are still under the framework of the new political economy，It examines the influencing factors of the US anti -dumping tax on the United States，Discovery groups can indirectly affect the ruling results of the ruling agency through political donations，while other political and economic and social factors have little effect on the results Bet365 lotto review of the ruling。At the time of the re -election of the President of the United States，We also qualitatively inspected the impact of the new cabinet and party sex on the trend of the US trade policy in the United States。Complex the above research，We have established a unified theoretical framework，Delivered legislation (such as PNTR proposal voting) and power delegation (such as anti -dumping tax ruling) comprehensively consider political donation and election competition、The theoretical mechanism that finally determines the trade policy。Our research seems to reveal the common law of the United States' trade policy in China: Direction of interest groups、Political and Economic Interaction。But，The results of quantitative research can only show that the research conclusion is established during the inspection period，Only the samples used in use do not have the "falsification" research conclusion，Can't explain that it has "confirmed" the conclusion。other，Whether it is the PNTR proposal，Still anti -dumping tax ruling，There are "special cases" nature，The representative and universal nature of the research conclusion cannot be proved。Therefore，We have worked hard，However, it is still impossible to reveal the formation and influencing factors of the United States' trade policy in China，It is impossible to comprehensively summarize and summarize the evolution of policies。This requires replacement of research ideas and methods，Perform a more comprehensive research through a historical perspective。

Discussing the literature of US trade protection Bet365 app download is rich，Among them, there are many books published by Irwin and others，and the classics of discussing the causes of US trade protection from the perspective of new political economics and political science。After more than ten years of accumulation，Professor Wang Xiaosong tried to start from a historical perspective，Study on a comprehensive system of global trade protection，Finally formed two volumes of "History of Global Trade Protection"。The book tells the United States、Trade protection history of Europe and major developing countries，Explore the law from historical facts，Exploring the counterpart scheme from the law。This book borrows the research paradigm of classic works，Established your own research framework at the same time，A detailed and in -depth analysis of the characteristics of US trade protection。On the one hand，According to the main goal of trade protection，This book divides the history of trade protection since the founding of the United States into four stages，Each stage is comprehensively and systematically sorted out the description of the tariff bill and the development of economic and trade development，Let readers "naturally" understand the logic and decision -making basis of the formulation of US trade protection policies。On the other hand，The book describes the typical case of trade friction，By displaying the United States and Japan、Conflict scope of the US -China trade dispute、Protection strategy、Implement results、Implement results，Further summarize the evolution of US trade protection policies。Pointing in the bet365 live casino games book，U.S. trade protection trends institutionalize、programming，Maintaining the stability of the political system and the deep logic of national security is the deep logic of trade protectionism。These views are the causes of all sectors of my country to fully understand the cause of US trade protectionism，Inquiry response strategy，Provided theoretical support and decision -making basis。

Although the EU trade protection policy is not as much as the United States in my country，But with distinctive features，It is more worth exploring from an academic perspective。In the implementation and launch process of the EU trade protection，Super National interest Group，Industry Association with a large political influence，It played an important role in it。Reasons for the reason，First because the EU as the National Alliance of the EU，Objectives based on governance democratic deficit，Public wishes and requirements through the interest group，to improve its decision -making transparency and people's participation。Second, because the EU trade policy formulation has a specific mechanism，EU Commission、The Board of Directors and the Trade Relief Measures Committee is inquiring、Drafting and determining three stages to play different roles，provides a broad space for the activities of the interest group。Third because the EU is the alliance of multiple sovereign countries，Seeking "Holding the ball for heating"，Jointly maintain the country's political and economic security。This book starts from the trade protection history Bet365 lotto review of major European countries，Combined with the European Communist Body、EU's integrated policy orientation，reveals the above features of EU trade protection，It is believed that the European Community is in the process of pursuing internal market integration，Actively use trade policy to apply pressure to the external environment，so。From the "Sailing Act" to "Grain Law"，From Bismarck to Caprvi，From the mainland blockade system to Merlin tariff，From Nidland to the United Kingdom ... Through a series of historical facts and logical reasoning，This book helps readers to observe the whole process of the European governor's implementation of trade protectionist policies。

Compared to developed countries，Trade protection plays a more important role in the economic growth of developing countries。During the take -off stage，The majority of developing countries have gone through the evolutionary process from "import substitution" to "export -oriented"，The process of importing alternatives is the development process of industrialization，It is also capital accumulation、Increased productivity、The key stage of the rise in economic growth。It can be said，Trade protection policy supports the industrialization of developing countries、Economic globalization and modernization process。But，After the economy takes off，The disadvantages of trade protection will gradually appear，Developing countries need to jump out of trade protectionism，Integrated into the world economic system with a more open and inclusive attitude，This can exert bet365 live casino games its own advantages、Realize the economic free。Broadly in developing countries，Trade protection policy has its own characteristics。This book selects the most representative country，Reveal the characteristics of these countries' trade protection: India has long pursued protectionism for a long time，and establish a complete industrial system; South Korea is flexibly switch between "import substitution" and "export -oriented" strategy，better promoted the stable growth of the national economy; Mexico、Brazil's trade protection policy is significantly affected by the governing style of leaders，It has strong instability and uncertainty。It is worth mentioning is，The majority of developing countries have both cooperation and competition with China，Trade friction and conflict also exist for a long time。The book helps readers to understand the characteristics and decision -making mechanisms of the development of trade protection policies in the developing countries，To better respond to trade protection in the future of China、Promoting the development of trade development in the developing countries is enlightening and reference。

Current，Full of world economic recovery，Continuing the trend of globalization continues to intensify，Trade protectionism is raised worldwide。For all circles，Explore the characteristics of trade protection、Evolution、cause、Impact and response measures，will be a long -term task。I hope to take the publication of the book as an opportunity，In the future, the academic community will pay more bet365 Play online games attention to trade protection，Pay more attention to the research paradigm of "exploring the law from historical facts"，Contribute more excellent results to reveal the laws of economic and social development。

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