Although we say that the revision of laws in the late Qing Dynasty was the beginning of Western jurisprudence entering China，But the knowledge of international bet365 promo codes was introduced to China，Earlier than other knowledge of bet365 promo codes。China’s need for Western jurisprudence，The first is the need for international bet365 promo codes。Then what is the direct reason for the introduction of international bet365 promo codes？The answer is-diplomacy。

After the country was opened in 1840，Great powers use international bet365 promo codes and commercial bet365 promo codes in diplomacy，Sometimes as a basis，Sometimes as a cover。The Qing court and its officials still don’t know what diplomacy is。Sudden encounter with the West without any knowledge preparation，From blind confidence to blind rejection to blind fear。At that time, people used the Chinese word "negotiation" to represent foreign affairs，I don’t know when it started。Current data indicates，The word "negotiation" was already used in Shanghai's "Shenbao" in 1875 ("Western Newspaper on Sino-Japanese Negotiations"，Contained in "Declaration" June 20, 1879)。Zeng Yun, Chapter 9 of "The Appearance of Officialdom": "Don't negotiate with foreigners，I feel that my official career is going smoothly。”Japan’s earliest diplomatic post was established in 1845 (the second year of Japan’s Honghua)，The Qing Dynasty officially established the "Prime Minister's Office for Foreign Affairs" on March 1, 1861 (the twentieth day of the first month of the eleventh year of Xianfeng)。But there is a shortage of diplomatic professionals，There is only one person who can be considered worthy of the great diplomacy of the Qing Dynasty，He is Burlingame。He “does things peacefully”，Understand the general situation of China and foreign countries”，In November of the sixth year of Tongzhi (1867), the Qing Empire appointed him as the "Minister for Handling Chinese and Foreign Diplomatic Affairs" ("China Church News", Issue 86, 1870)。This Burlingame is an American diplomat with a lawyer background，is the 13th U.S. Minister to China appointed by President Lincoln。He was actually appointed by the Chinese government，Let him speak for China in diplomacy，The reason is that he is the only one who understands international bet365 promo codes。At that time, China did not have the term "international bet365 promo codes"，To 1873，It was the Japanese scholar Minosaku Linxiang (1846-1897) who translated International bet365 promo codes into "International bet365 promo codes" in Chinese。However, most Chinese officials in the late Qing Dynasty did not know what international bet365 promo codes was。

American missionary Ding Hailiang who has lived and worked in China for 62 years (1850-1916)，"Preached" the "teaching" of international bet365 promo codes in China since 1864。He used the "attachment theory" method commonly used by Chinese intellectuals，Add "Elements of International bet365 promo codes" by American scholar Wheaton to Confucian classics，To convince the Chinese that the "public bet365 promo codes of all nations" is also the Chinese's own thing。In 1867, Ding Haoliang was hired as a teacher at the Capital Tongwen Hall，Teaching "Public bet365 promo codes of All Nations"。To 1879，9 Tongwenkan students took the Public bet365 promo codes Examination，8 in 1888，12 in 1893。This is a book about international order，Provides Chinese people with a completely different concept of "tianxia"。Prince Gong mentioned this in his petition requesting permission to print，When negotiating with foreign countries, "when each other does not destroy each other"，I just found out about this book。He thinks that foreigners who deal with us "steal Chinese language and writing" and books，"Often Debate Events，It is difficult to rely on Chinese laws and regulations" (Volume 27 of "The Whole Story of Tongzhi Dynasty's Preparation of Barbarian Affairs")。This explains why the authorities urgently need international bet365 promo codes，It also explains the original intention of publishing "The bet365 promo codes of All Nations" - as a "means to attack the other party" in diplomacy。Prince Gong’s understanding of international bet365 promo codes only remains in the instrumental consciousness of “negotiation” and “calculation” (Shinichi Sato: "Intellectuals and Civilization in Modern China")。

Understand the West、People who understand the world，Only then can you understand the meaning of international bet365 promo codes。Xue Fucheng went to four European countries in 1889，He wrote in his diary three years later，I originally thought that “foreigners are impetuous”，Because of the lack of etiquette and justice。Even Europe，External communication with various countries，I just know how to deal with everything，There is a certain standard" (Xue Fucheng: "Continued Diary of the Envoy", June 20, 18th year of Guangxu)。He thinks，In order to prompt countries to change their attitudes towards China，First of all, it is necessary to change your attitude - "Any matter of negotiation between the two countries，Those covered by the treaty，According to the agreement。Those beyond the reach of the treaty，Decide based on reason" ("A Brief Discussion of Foreign Affairs·Liquan 2")。Xue Fucheng submitted a memorial in 1894，A qualified diplomat should "know the situation"、Thinking about things、Familiar with public bet365 promo codes、Studying the Charter" (Xue Fucheng: "Yong'an Overseas Literature Collection" (Volume 3))。“Public bet365 promo codes” means international public bet365 promo codes。Prince Gong and Xue Fu Chengdu advocated that diplomats should start by learning and mastering the public laws of all countries。Prince Gong used the public bet365 promo codes of all nations as a weapon to attack and "calculate" the opponent，Xue Fucheng regards the public bet365 promo codes of all nations as mutual "faith and contract" in diplomacy，Xue believes that "sophistry"，Treat them in a "quick way"，Will incur their distrust。Later，Foreigners also noticed this change，"Awakening，Gradually realize the wrongness of xenophobic conservatism” (Ueda Manen: “About Qing Students Abroad”)。Xue's "On China's Harms Outside the Public bet365 promo codes" has this discussion: "At the beginning of the treaty between China and the Westerners，I don’t know what the “Public bet365 promo codes of All Nations” is written in)。Sometimes Westerners support public bet365 promo codes and criticize each other，Bingjun responded and said: 'We in China do not want to enter into your public laws，Chinese and Western Customs，How can we force the same relationship；Er Shu Public bet365 promo codes，I really don’t know。’Since then，Westerners often call China a country outside public bet365 promo codes，Rights to be enjoyed under public bet365 promo codes，Que Ran Nothing。"("Hubei Official News" Issue 2, 1905) Criticized by Xue Fucheng，It is the "theory with Chinese characteristics" of officials in the late Qing Dynasty，It also reveals that the harm of China not using (international) public bet365 promo codes is that it does not enjoy the rights under public bet365 promo codes。But such a high opinion was not understood and valued by the Qing court at the time。

Chinese people of insight realize the importance of international bet365 promo codes，Start spreading international bet365 promo codes。For example, Wu Rulun, a representative of the Tongcheng School since 1890，Presided over Lianchi Academy for more than 10 years，During this period, the reform of Westernization of college curriculum was carried out，For 12、13-year-old middle school offers Western learning courses，Among them are "Public bet365 promo codes of All Nations", "Public bet365 promo codes Brief", "Public bet365 promo codes All Access", etc.；For 16、The 17-year-old university offers courses such as "On the Negotiation of Public Laws among Countries", "French Statutes" and "History of Maritime Powers" in the Western Studies Course。This is the earliest example of teaching legal knowledge。In addition，The Hunan Current Affairs School founded by the reformists in 1897 also specializes in public bet365 promo codes and anecdotes，Open the "Public bet365 promo codes of All Nations"。According to "Hunan News" in 1898，Tang Caichang founded the "Public bet365 promo codes Society" in Changsha，And formulate charter。About the time when the Capital University was established，Some officials in Shaanxi suggested that the province should set up its own "bet365 promo codes School"。In the details of the proposal at that time，Refuting the view that “valuing Western bet365 promo codes as being more important than our own way”，Criticize Taoism and Westernization as "the two are indifferent but the schools are divided"，Therefore, it is suggested that “the province should set up its own bet365 promo codes school”。It can be seen that it is not just about learning Chinese laws and regulations，But "practice the rules and regulations to get to know your neighbors"，Actually, it refers to "treaties, regulations and current affairs newspapers" ("Qinzhong Bookstore Report" (Mingdao) 1898)。This is the local government’s distinction between middle school and Western learning、bet365 promo codes and Western bet365 promo codes、A progressive move to integrate bet365 promo codes and diplomacy into education。

The so-called weak diplomatic country，Actually a weak country with awareness of international rules，A weak country that is essentially a system。The backward system determines the fate of being beaten。The defeat of the Sino-Japanese War made the aging empire and its people realize that their national strength was far inferior to that of this neighboring island country。It makes the Chinese people more aware，The Meiji Restoration with institutional change as its core was of decisive significance to Japan's transformation from weakness to strength，It also stimulates the Chinese people’s attention and emphasis on the key point of Western learning—the Western system。To December of the 26th year of Guangxu (January 1901)，The Empress Dowager Cixi issued an edict on bet365 promo codes revision and reform in the name of Emperor Guangxu in Xi'an。July 1902，Qing representative Zhang Zhidong and British representative Ma Kai are negotiating in Wuchang。July 17，Zhang Zhidong through translator Liang Dunyan，Conveyed an important opinion to Ma Kai: "We want to revise our laws，We are about to assign committee members to study。Do you agree，After our laws are changed，Foreigners shall be subject to the jurisdiction of Chinese laws。”This means that there is a positive and direct correlation between international legal affairs and domestic reform。What kind of relationship is this？Yang Tingdong, a business graduate of Waseda University, answered this question in 1909，He said，"First，Extraterritoriality is different from consular jurisdiction；Second，Consular jurisdiction occurs in treaties，If you want to lose consular jurisdiction, you must first amend the treaty；Third，To correct a treaty, you must first formulate a complete bet365 promo codes." (Yang Tingdong: "On the relationship between amending treaties and formulating laws"，Published in "Foreign Affairs", Volume 9, Issue 23, 1909)。Here he outlines the relationship between diplomacy and China's legal reform。

As modern Chinese intellectuals open their eyes to the world，In the end, most people focused on international bet365 promo codes。Therefore，The number of overseas students studying international bet365 promo codes accounts for a very high proportion among international bet365 promo codes students。China is gradually shifting from jurisprudence to jurisprudence、Old system to new system、Legal rule turns to rule of bet365 promo codes，The need for diplomacy and international bet365 promo codes was the initial driving force for the emergence of modern bet365 promo codes in China。The needs of international bet365 promo codes，It is also the transformation of Chinese legal studies、The rise of Western France、The motivations and opportunities for the modernization of legal science。Speaking of foreign-related legal talents，If history serves as a guide，You can find many successful examples from modern times - among the legal diplomats is Wu Tingfang、Wang Chonghui、Gu Weijun、Zhou Kunsheng、Wang Shijie、Xu Mo et al。Having said that，People without legal background，In fact, it is not that he is incompetent as a diplomat。For example, Zhang Pengchun，Due to his knowledge of Chinese and Western studies，Understand China and the world，Therefore, the Chinese Confucian thought of "benevolence" was injected into the "Universal Declaration of Human Rights"。Only relying on the wisdom of the Chinese，As long as you understand the world、Zhi Wenming，Even if you don’t understand Western bet365 promo codes，Nor will we engage in diplomacy with a low-end mentality and approach of "negotiation"。The "rituals" hidden in Chinese civilization，Western civilization is mostly hidden in their "Dharma"，The mysteries of civilization are often hidden in international rules。

　(The author is a professor at Fudan University bet365 promo codes School)