Hou Wailu (February 6, 1903-September 14, 1987)，formerly known as Zhaolin，Also known as Yushu，Self-named Wailu，Chinese Marxist Historian、Thinker、Educator。He is one of the earliest scholars in my country who used Marxist perspectives to study the ideological and cultural heritage of ancient China。Born in 1903 in Xiwangzhi Village, Pingyao County, Shanxi Province。Admitted to Beijing University of Political Science and Law and Beijing Normal University in 1923，Studying law and bet365 bonus code pa simultaneously。Meeting Li Dazhao, the pioneer of Chinese communism，Influenced by Marxism-Leninism。Goed to study at the University of Paris in France in 1927。In 1928, he began to translate "Das Kapital" and published it under the pen name "Yushu"。While in France，Jing Cheng Fang Wu、Introduction to Zhang Botao，Join the Communist Party of China in Paris，Editor-in-chief of "Red Light News" founded by Zhou Enlai and others。

Returned to China via Moscow in 1930，At Harbin Law and Politics University、Peking University、Teaching at Peking Normal University and other schools，And engaged in the translation of "Das Kapital" and Chinese social history、Research work on intellectual history。Published "Ancient Chinese Society and Laozi" in 1934。In 1936, he translated and published the first volume of "Das Kapital" with Wang Sihua。Published "Introduction to Social History" in 1939。During the Anti-Japanese War，Hou Wailu once edited "Sino-Soviet Culture" in Chongqing，In Shanghai、Supplement of "Wen Wei Po" edited by Hong Kong，And engaged in anti-Japanese national salvation movement and anti-Japanese propaganda activities。1941-1942，He completed two historical monographs almost simultaneously，That is, "On the bet365 bonus code pa Classical Chinese Society" and "bet365 bonus code pa Ancient Chinese Thoughts and Doctrine"。"Classical Chinese Social History" uses Marxist historical materialism to demonstrate that Chinese slave society has special characteristics different from the West。"bet365 bonus code pa Ancient Chinese Ideology" earlier used Marxist viewpoints and methods to analyze the development of the bet365 bonus code pa thought in ancient China during the period of great change - the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period。

"bet365 bonus code pa Modern Chinese Thought and Doctrine" published in 1945。Co-authored "New Philosophy Course" with Luo Keting in 1946。1946-1961，Hou Wailu co-authored "The General bet365 bonus code pa Chinese Thought"，This is the most important study on the bet365 bonus code pa Chinese thought so far、Highest level、The landmark general history work with the greatest achievements and widest influence。Taught at Dade College in Hong Kong in 1947。Entered the Northeast Liberated Area in 1948。In 1977, he presided over the compilation of "bet365 bonus code pa Modern Chinese Philosophy"。With Qiu Hansheng in 1984、Zhang Qizhi presided over the compilation of "bet365 bonus code pa Chinese Neo-Confucianism in the Song and Ming Dynasties"。

Hou Wailu has served as a member of the Culture and Education Committee of the Government Affairs Council of the Central People's Government、Dean of the History Department of Beijing Normal University、Professor of Peking University、President of Northwest University、Member of the Department of Philosophy and Social Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences、Director of the Institute of History, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences、Director of the Chinese History Society、Honorary President of the Chinese Society for the bet365 bonus code pa Philosophy and other positions，Once elected first、二、三、Deputy to the 5th National People’s Congress and member of the 6th National Committee of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference、Standing members, etc.。

Hou Wailu, an older generation of Marxist historian，In his glorious life，Throughout the pursuit of tenacity and diligent writing，Added rich research results to the bet365 bonus code pa China in the 20th century，Made outstanding contributions to the practice of sinicizing Marxist historiography。On the occasion of celebrating the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Communist Party of China，Historians deeply cherish the memory of the older generation of Marxist historian Guo Moruo、Fan Wenlan、Lu Zhenyu、Jian Bozan、Hou Wailu，Admire their achievements as pioneers of Marxist history，Inherit and carry forward their academic heritage and academic ideas，For the new development of sinicization of Marxist historiography，Make due contribution。

　　Firm believer and disseminator of bet365 bonus code pa

bet365 bonus code pa’s firm belief in Marxism，On the one hand, it is reflected in his revolutionary practical activities，On the other hand, it is also reflected in his sincere and enthusiastic dissemination of Marxist theory。For this quality and characteristic of bet365 bonus code pa，Hu Sheng made this summary in his article "In Memory of Comrade bet365 bonus code pa":

Comrade Wailu is a firm Marxist、Communist。He said it himself，After 1926，“My thoughts and actions are more consciously on the left side with Communist Party members as the core”。From now on，He has always firmly held the belief of Marxism。Obviously，He has been working hard on the translation of "Das Kapital" for ten years，It starts from this belief。...This belief is implemented in all theoretical research work throughout his life。("Collected Works in Memory of bet365 bonus code pa·Preface"，Shaanxi People’s Education Press 1991 edition)

This simple and unpretentious text，A profound summary of the bet365 bonus code pa Revolution、A life of struggle。

As bet365 bonus code pa said in "Selected Historical Papers of bet365 bonus code pa: Preface": "1927，I arrived in France，Attending lectures at the University of Paris。Next year，Start the trial translation of Marx's "Das Kapital"。During my three years in France，In addition to doing party work，Mainly focus on translating "Das Kapital"。My level and ability，It is impossible to translate this scientific masterpiece in two years。However，This work has helped me learn the basic theories and methods of Marxism more systematically，Established my dialectical materialist worldview，It played a significant guiding role in my subsequent historical research。”The party’s work establishes the revolutionary stance，Dialectical materialism establishes a scientific worldview，This is bet365 bonus code pa known as a "firm Marxist、The essence of "communist"。

Early 1930s，bet365 bonus code pa returned to China from France，Teaching at Peking University，Due to propaganda of resisting Japan and saving the nation，Oppose Chiang Kai-shek’s non-resistance policy，Arrested and imprisoned by the Kuomintang government，Post-operator rescued and released from prison on “parole”。About a year in prison，bet365 bonus code pa’s body was severely tortured，But he still concentrated on translating "Das Kapital"，Continuing the “pursuit of toughness”。After the July 7th Incident in 1937，bet365 bonus code pa came to Chongqing，Served as the chief editor of "Sino-Soviet Culture"，“Go all out to propagate anti-Japanese”，Writers of "On the Anti-Japanese National United Front", "On the Anti-Japanese War and the Founding of the Nation" and related political articles，Considered as a "political commentator" (Hu Sheng: "Collected Works in Memory of bet365 bonus code pa·Preface")。It can be seen from this，bet365 bonus code pa is a scholar who combines theory with practice，A theorist who focuses on reality。His quality and style，Up to the country of concern、The future and destiny of the nation，Down to the level of doing a good job in a specific unit，All fully reflected，All run through his noble spirit as a firm believer and disseminator of Marxism。

　April 1949 to early 1951，Hou Wailu serves as the dean of the History Department of Beijing Normal University，Became the first department chairperson of the department after the founding of New China。How to change an old history department into a new history department？How to help teachers and students learn Marxism proactively，And from a Marxist standpoint、Perspectives and methods of looking at history？This is a crucial aspect in all industries waiting to flourish。Hou Wailu with his profound theoretical cultivation、Flexible working methods and meticulous ideological enlightenment，A lot of work has been done in this area。He has a high sense of responsibility，Decided to provide "make-up classes" for fourth-year students who graduated in the summer of 1949。In addition to personally teaching "bet365 bonus code pa Social Development" and "Dialectical Materialism and Historical Materialism"，Also invited Chu Tunan、Wang Yanan、Jian Bozan、Deng Chumin and other scholars came to the Department of History to give special lectures or teach in large classes，Very popular among students。At the same time，Hou Wailu hired Bai Shouyi again、Matt is a full-time professor in the Department of History，Hire Yang Shaoxuan、Zhang Yunfei、Wang Zhen、Miao Chuhuang went to the Department of History to teach part-time。In addition，He also invited Guo Dali to teach "Political Economics"、He Sijing talks about "The Communist Manifesto"，Wait。Driven by these important measures，New faculty lineup in the History Department，Created a new trend of academic research guided by Marxism。In order to promote the learning of Marxism by all teachers and students in the department，Hou Wailu also personally opened "The Material Basis of Chinese History" and "The Research and Use of Historical Materialism"。He also suggested that everyone study a classic book on their own，Discussed once a week，Take turns to talk about your experiences。He also established the "Chinese General History Teaching Group" in the History Department，Aims to gradually establish an understanding system of Chinese general history under the guidance of historical materialism。Hou Wailu cares about the growth of young people、Development，Encourage young people to study diligently，Study hard。He once gave a banner to his assistant，It says: "Perseverance，Rotten wood cannot be broken；Perseverance，Gold and stone can be carved。”This incident spread in the history department，Many young people are inspired。

From the above-mentioned specific work，We see it clearly，An outstanding Marxist historian、Theorist，How to show his extraordinary qualities in ordinary work。Hou Wailu thinks of his work in the bet365 bonus code pa Department of Beijing Normal University: "The cause of the party，Without delay”，"Party's entrustment，Great responsibility”。(See Liu Shujuan above: "Comrade Hou Wailu in the bet365 bonus code pa Department of Beijing Normal University"，"Historical Research" 1982 Issue 3)

　　Create a new world for the study of Chinese intellectual bet365 bonus code pa

Hou Wailu in his academic career of more than fifty years，A full-length work，Regarded by the academic community。His "On the bet365 bonus code pa Ancient Chinese Society", "On the bet365 bonus code pa Feudal Chinese Society", "bet365 bonus code pa Ancient Chinese Ideology", "bet365 bonus code pa Modern Chinese Ideology" and "General bet365 bonus code pa Chinese Thought" written by him and his collaborators，Has extensive influence in the academic world at home and abroad，Highlight the characteristics and style of Chinese Marxist history。In particular, his "pioneering work" "Ancient Chinese Social History" has attracted much attention from scholars，Some scholars believe: “On the bet365 bonus code pa Ancient Chinese Society” is Hou Wailu’s pioneering work，Occupies an important position in the bet365 bonus code pa Chinese Marxist history。He thus became one of the founders of Chinese Marxist historical science，And has long represented a unique school of Marxist history。” (Tian Changwu: “The Pioneer of Marxist Historical Science—Rereading the Theory of Ancient Chinese Social History”，"Literature, History and Philosophy" Issue 2, 1988) Some scholars commented: In the 1920s, there was Li Dazhao's "Essentials of History"，In the 1930s, there was Guo Moruo's "Research on Ancient Chinese Society"，In the 1940s, there was Hou Wailu's "On the bet365 bonus code pa Ancient Chinese Society"，"Has a pioneering position in the bet365 bonus code pa the development of Marxist historiography，This does not deny the achievements of other historians and historians in historical work，But the works of these three are more representative。...When we talk about the development of history in modern China...we cannot talk about it in general terms，It should also be looked at developmentally。There is general development，Development in stages，There should be a difference。” (Bai Shouyi: “The Academic Achievements of Comrade Wailu”，The above can be found in "Collected Works in Memory of Hou Wailu") These all emphasize the pioneering role of the book "Ancient Chinese Social History"，Bai Shouyi further made an evaluation from the perspective of the development stage of Chinese Marxist history。

The historians also praised Hou Wailu’s other works，Here I want to focus on the five-volume and six-volume "General bet365 bonus code pa Chinese Thought" written by Hou Wailu and his collaborators。This is because，This masterpiece has wider academic and social impact，At the same time it shows more clearly，How Hou Wailu used the theory and method of Marxist historical materialism to study the bet365 bonus code pa Chinese thought。Hou Wailu in the "Brief General Review" at the end of the book "The Pursuit of Resilience"，has the following indication:

Although some comrades say that our general bet365 bonus code pa thought is a self-contained work，But we dare not boast of this。I would like to explain，What we focus on in historical research is not our own "system"，But how to apply the theories and methods of Marxist historical science，Summary of China’s long and rich historical heritage。Therefore，I will talk about our research principles and methods below。

From bet365 bonus code pa’s point of view，Whether it will become a "system"，First of all, it depends on whether the “principles and methods” the researcher relies on are reasonable。This passage tells people: the system is important，But the principles and methods of constructing the system must first be made clear and prudent choices。

"Our research principles and methods" as bet365 bonus code pa said，There are two main ones。One is:

Applying Marxism, especially political economics theory，Analyze social history and even intellectual history，Explain the economic base and superstructure、The dialectical relationship between ideologies，This is the principle that our general bet365 bonus code pa thought firmly grasps。Put thinkers and their thoughts within a certain historical scope for analysis and research，Regard thinkers and their ideas as flesh-and-blood things rooted in the soil of society，People are social beings，Thoughts are social thoughts，Rather than making an isolated and abstract investigation。

In short，The study of intellectual bet365 bonus code pa should be based on social bet365 bonus code pa，Thinkers and their ideas are all generated in a certain social soil。Therefore，If you study social bet365 bonus code pa、Unclear understanding，The study of intellectual bet365 bonus code pa、Knowledge must be affected by it。This "principle and method" summarized by Hou Wailu，It is elaborated based on the basic principles of Marxist historical materialism，Explain in simple terms，Easy to understand，Let people read and be inspired。

Another “principle and method” mentioned by bet365 bonus code pa is the emphasis on materials and how to use them。He wrote:

Seek truth from facts，Start from the actual material，Carry out analysis and research，This is another principle that "General bet365 bonus code pa Chinese Thought" has always grasped。Writing history depends on historical materials，Otherwise it will be too vague。"General bet365 bonus code pa Chinese Thought" attaches great importance to simple citation of materials，The purpose is to use materials as the basis for explaining the problem。Our research on a certain thinker，The first thing is to understand its era、Life experience (academic tradition)，and his own writings，And his own works are the most basic material。

The materials mentioned here，Includes relevant eras、Materials about life experience, writings, etc.，No material is insufficient to explain the problem。Of course，Some materials are unreliable or not completely reliable，But necessary research must be made，It is not advisable to easily doubt or deny the authenticity and value of materials。bet365 bonus code pa emphasized “seeking truth from facts，Start from the actual material，Principles and methods of conducting analytical research，It is still a very important issue in today’s historical research。

Hou Wailu is deep in theory and well versed in classics，This endowment allowed him to give full play to his talent and wisdom in guiding the study of Chinese intellectual history with historical materialism。We read the first chapters of each volume of "General bet365 bonus code pa Chinese Thought"，You can read this heading: "Ancient Chinese Society and Ancient Thought" (Volume 1)，"Han Dynasty Society and Han Dynasty Thought" (Volume 2)，"The Social and Economic Structure of the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties" "The Character and Appearance of the Thoughts of the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties" (Volume 3, Part 1、Chapter 2)。It’s worth noting，There is an article at the beginning of the fourth volume titled "Second、三、Supplement to the Preface to the Four Volumes - Discussion of the Universal Principles of Feudalist Production Relations and Chinese Feudalism，Obviously a further explanation of the study of social history from the Qin and Han Dynasties to the late Ming Dynasty，The first chapter of the fourth volume is entitled "The Development of China's Feudal Society and the Characteristics of its Transformation from the Early Period to the Later Period"。The above two parts reflect Hou Wailu’s basic views on the bet365 bonus code pa Chinese feudal society。Some commentators believe，There is no specific discussion of Song Dynasty here、yuan、The social historical background of the development of Neo-Confucianism in the Ming Dynasty，It is a "shortcoming" (see Huang Xuanmin's essays in "In Memory of Hou Wailu Collected Works")。Of course，1984 by Hou Wailu、Qiu Hansheng、Publication of "bet365 bonus code pa Neo-Confucianism of the Song and Ming Dynasties" edited by Zhang Qizhi，This "shortcoming" can be made up for。Volume 5 of "General bet365 bonus code pa Chinese Thought"，Discussing Chinese Enlightenment Thought，Seventeen chapters in three volumes，The titles of the first chapters of each volume are: "Characteristics of Chinese society and ideological trends in the seventeenth century" "Chinese society and the formation of specialized Sinology in the eighteenth century" "China in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries" Society and ideological trends"。This article does not avoid being redundant，List the above headings，To highlight the general expression and characteristics of the principles and methods emphasized by Hou Wailu。

bet365 bonus code pa wrote this at the end of "The Pursuit of Resilience":

Our work is only a preliminary exploration of the bet365 bonus code pa Chinese thought，China’s rich and precious ideological heritage needs to be further organized and summarized。“青，Taken from blue and green from blue；ice，The water is colder than water。"The famous saying of the sage Xunzi expresses the truth of catching up from behind。I deeply hope and deeply believe，The intellectual bet365 bonus code pa our country、A collection of works on the bet365 bonus code pa philosophy，Lingyun’s masterpieces will appear in the future。

These words，States the expectations of the older generation of Marxist historians for the newcomers，Also expresses belief in the glorious future of bet365 bonus code pa Marxist historiography。

　Committed to "nationalization bet365 bonus code pa science"

1946，Hou Wailu wrote in the preface to the reprint of "bet365 bonus code pa Ancient Chinese Ideological Doctrine": "In the past four or five years, no less than ten kinds of works on the bet365 bonus code pa Chinese thought have been published in the Chinese publishing industry，This knowledge can be said to have reached a considerable level。"He mentioned Guo Moruo's "Ten Criticisms"、Du Shousu's "Thoughts of Pre-Qin Scholars"、"Research on the Analects of Confucius" by Ji Xuanbing、"On Confucius and Mohism" by Yang Rongguo，Written with excitement: "Although the opinions in the books are inconsistent，They all have original research，Complement each other。”Therefore，He also wrote: Although "differences" and "controversies" still exist，“However，Chinese scholars have gone beyond the stage of just imitating Western European languages... In the past, when they studied problems and wrote their books, they always took the footsteps of Europe, America and Japan first，But now everything is different。They are able to use new methods on their own soil without any worries，Discover the cultural traditions of your nation。...I believe that the research on one side will be presented in the literary world around the world in terms of performance，Although it does not break away from its childishness，Anbu can always be seen when toddlers”。This paragraph，Can be seen as a summary of the initial establishment period of Chinese Marxist history。The so-called "using new methods，Discover the cultural traditions of your own nation”，It is to use Marxist theory to summarize China’s historical heritage，That is, Marxist history shows the Chinese style and Chinese style。This is undoubtedly a major change in the bet365 bonus code pa Chinese history。In those difficult years，Chinese Marxist historiography is fruitful，And a group of advanced historians—Marxist historians，has gradually passed the "baby" stage in struggle and continues to mature，Become the backbone of widely disseminating Marxist historiography。(See "Introduction to Historiography" edited by Bai Shouyi，Ningxia People's Publishing House 1983 edition)

From a development point of view，The passage quoted above is an earlier expression of the “nationalization of Marxist historical science” that Hou Wailu later advocated。From a historical and realistic perspective，He criticized the phenomenon that "when writing about research problems, we always take the footprints of Europe, America and Japan first"，Still a revelation today。From the perspective of prospects，Hou Wailu firmly believes that the achievements of bet365 bonus code pa Marxist historiography will be noticed by "the world's literary world"。Anyway，This passage from Hou Wailu，Profoundly reflects the consciousness of bet365 bonus code pa Marxist historians、Confidence、The quality and concept of self-improvement。

40 years later，1986，Hou Wailu in "Selected Historical Essays of Hou Wailu·Preface"，Explain very clearly the issue of nationalization of Marx’s bet365 bonus code pa。This is another time when he "talks about my research principles and methods again"，Article 8 reads:

Pay attention to the nationalization of Marxist historical science。The so-called "nationalization"，It is to use China’s rich historical materials，And the laws of Marxist historical science on the development of human society，Do unified research，Summarize the laws and historical characteristics of China’s social development。Theories and methods of Marxist historical science，Provides us with a golden key to study the bet365 bonus code pa the Chinese nation，But we can’t just be connoisseurs of golden keys，We should use it to open the treasure house of ancient Chinese history。

This is an answer in principle to the question of what “nationalization” is，The first is to summarize the laws and historical characteristics of Chinese social development in the overall study，This is the goal of the study；The second is to be good at using the theories and methods of Marxist historical science，This is the path of research。It is from these two aspects that Bai Shouyi spoke highly of the historical status of "Ancient Chinese Social bet365 bonus code pa"，Thinks that Hou Wailu “studies Chinese bet365 bonus code pa in an attempt to sinicize Marxist historical theory，It can also be said to be the nationalization of Marxist historical theory。This is very important。Other Marxist historical works promote Marxist theory，Also trying to combine Marxist theory with Chinese bet365 bonus code pa，But capture the characteristics of Chinese bet365 bonus code pa，These comrades in Wailu are the most outstanding”。(Bai Shouyi: "The Academic Achievements of Comrade Wailu"，See "Collected Works in Memory of Hou Wailu")

Hou Wailu raised the issue of “nationalization of Marxist historical science”，has its historical roots。He continued to write in the "Preface": "Since the May Fourth Movement, there has been a formalistic style of study in the history circle that blindly imitates foreign countries，Attempt to recast Chinese history according to the Western historical model，Engage in the so-called ‘total Westernization’，Often fall into the pit of national nihilism because of this。I deeply disapprove of this style of study，I said in the 1940s: We Chinese scholars should learn to use our own language to explain our own history and ideological trends，Learn to use new methods to discover the fine cultural traditions of your nation。In this regard，I spent some energy。For example，Discussion on the special path of ancient social development and the characteristics of ancient ideological development，Discover the fine traditions of materialism and anti-feudal orthodox thought in the bet365 bonus code pa Chinese thought，These are some of my attempts in exploring the nationalization of historical science。”These heartfelt words about Hou Wailu，We seem to regard it as the "confession" of a philosopher，You may get a glimpse of his worries、Pursuit and wisdom。

Hu Sheng at the end of the article "In Memory of Comrade Hou Wailu"，He once commented on Hou Wailu’s academic achievements，"Later researchers，Even if you don’t agree with him on one point or another，But we cannot ignore his research results，Learn from his and his collaborators’ extensive writings”。Today，When we face the 33 volumes of "Research on Hou Wailu's Works and Thoughts" (edited by Zhang Qizhi)，Changchun Publishing House 2016 edition)'s giant robe，"Absorb nutrients" as resources for development，This is indeed what “later researchers” should do。Of course，This is not only true for Hou Wailu’s academic achievements，This should be true for the academic achievements of all the older generation of Marxist historians。As a member of the group of Marxist historians，Hou Wailu and other scholars，The bet365 bonus code pa school that jointly created Marxist historiography，Opens up the glorious future of bet365 bonus code pa Marxist historiography。

　(The author is a senior professor at the School of bet365 bonus code pa, Beijing Normal University)