nj bet365 (1917-2012)，also known as Wang Fuxun，Born in Qichun, Hubei。He is a well-known Chinese economic historian at home and abroad、Researcher at the Institute of Economics, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences、Member of the Honorary Faculty of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences。Admitted to the Chinese Department of Wuhan University in 1937，Later transferred to the Department of Economics to study。After graduating from university in 1943，Enter the Institute of Social Sciences, Academia Sinica，Assistant researcher in 1946。In October 1949, he was appointed as an assistant researcher at the Institute of Economics, Chinese Academy of Sciences。Promoted to associate researcher in 1955，Promoted to researcher at the Institute of Economics, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences in 1979。In 1985, he was appointed as a doctoral supervisor at the Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences。Served as the seventh member of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference from 1988 to 1998、Member of the 1982 National Committee。Retired in January 1999。In 2006, he was named the first batch of honorary academic members of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences。

nj bet365’s Economic Invasion of China by Foreign Capitalism、Modern comprador、The emergence of capitalism and the bourgeoisie in China、Discussion on the central clues of modern Chinese economic history and construction of data for economic history research，Outstanding achievements。Main works include: "China's National Income (1933)" (participating in writing)、"Selected Statistical Data on Modern Chinese Economic History" (Participating in the preparation)、"Chinese Modern Industrial History Materials 1895-1914", "The Economic Invasion of Western Capitalism in China in the Nineteenth Century", "Research on Tang Tingshu", "Hurd and Modern Sino-Western Relations", "General History of China" (Volume 10)、"Financial Activities of Foreign Capital in Modern China", "Modern Economic History of China (1895-1927)", "The Development and Non-development of Chinese Capitalism", "Overall Investigation and Case Analysis of Modern Chinese Capitalism"。One of nj bet365’s outstanding contributions is to use the development and non-development of capitalism as the central clue of China’s modern economic history，Promote the study of modern Chinese economic history to a new level。

nj bet365 is a well-known Chinese economic historian at home and abroad，He graduated from the Department of Economics of Wuhan University in 1943，Turns over to the Institute of Social Sciences of Academia Sinica in Lizhuang Town, Nanxi County, Sichuan。In that isolated and extremely difficult place，nj bet365 started his academic journey。More than 60 years since then，He is tireless，筚路蓝丝，Be a pioneer in China’s modern economic history。This life，He never leaves the research work he loves for a day。

　This is how nj bet365 develops dialectically

nj bet365 wrote a lot in his life，Written 13 monographs in total，Including a foreign language book、A translation，Published more than 100 papers。nj bet365 made pioneering contributions to the study of modern Chinese economic history，His research mainly focuses on China’s modern national economy、China’s modern foreign economic relations、China’s modern industrial development、Activities of foreign capital invading China、 Central clues and other aspects of China’s modern economic history。Among them，nj bet365 was the first to clearly establish "the development and non-development of capitalism in China" as the central clue of China's modern economic history，Use this clue as a key to understanding modern Chinese society，This is nj bet365’s special contribution to the academic research on modern Chinese economic history。nj bet365 opposes the fragmentation of historical research，Advocates the need for overall awareness and overall awareness，To understand the horizontal and vertical connections between research topics，Combining overall research with case studies，Thus, the idea of ​​a central clue to China’s modern economic history was put forward。The analysis of various historical phenomena in modern China can be linked to this central clue。Mastered this central clue，By correctly explaining the development process of modern capitalism in China，Interpretation of the social trends of modern China，Promote in-depth research on related issues。To establish such a central clue，The difficulties and twists and turns，It is worthy of being highlighted、A big call。

As early as 1964，nj bet365 began to consider the issue of Chinese capitalism and bourgeoisie as the central clue for the study of modern China。After the end of the "Cultural Revolution"，His idea of ​​formalizing this central thread，But I have endured opinions and pressure from different aspects。

On the one hand，After the end of the "Cultural Revolution"，Thoughts in academia are unprecedentedly active，Some issues can be rethought。But this does not mean that breaking some academic forbidden areas is easy。At that time, the research on Chinese capitalism and bourgeoisie was solidified in one model，We can only study their oppression、The negative effects of exploitation，We can only study the production relations of capitalism but not the productive forces of capitalism。Breaking such academic taboos，Comprehensively studying the situation of nj bet365 capitalism in China cannot but be said to be a risky matter。Dare to make academic breakthroughs，Dare to explore，It is often not just an academic matter，Requires academic courage and political courage。

On the other hand，There are different opinions on this central clue within the academic community。nj bet365’s understanding of “the development and non-development of capitalism in China” comes from Mr. Yan Zhongping’s revelation。Mr. Yan was presiding over the collective compilation of "Modern Economic History of China"，Proposed that "the development or non-development of capitalism" is the "core issue" in modern economic history，It is the “red line” that runs through China’s modern economic history。However, this formulation has not been discussed in depth due to many reasons。Later，Mr. Yan changed his mind about taking "the development and non-development of capitalism" as the "central red line" of modern economic history，He believes that capitalism has never fully developed in China，It has never become the main form of China’s social economy，The "central red line" of China's modern economic history still depends on Mao Zedong's judgment that the contradiction between imperialism and the Chinese nation is the main contradiction in modern China。Mr. Yan believes that nj bet365’s understanding of the central red line of modern Chinese history，Will "draw attention to purely economic issues"，Resulting in analyzing modern China’s problems solely by economic laws，It is "not worthy"。Mr. Li Shiyue also mentioned in his discussion article with nj bet365 that “the expression of class struggle separated from social and economic development is used as the ‘red line’ of modern Chinese history”，This is a puzzling phenomenon。It must be said that academic colleagues represented by two academic masters put a lot of pressure on nj bet365。

nj bet365 insists on taking "the development and non-development of capitalism" as the central clue of China's modern economic history，Did not avoid the main contradictions of modern Chinese society。Modern Chinese people learned from the West，They believe that capitalism is the direction of development in modern China，However, modern capitalism has changed its development direction under the aggression of imperialism。The efforts and struggles made by people from all walks of life in China to develop capitalism have achieved little or even failed，In the process of capitalist development and non-development，Lack of development is the dominant aspect，The reason ultimately lies in imperialist aggression。So aggression and counter-aggression，It is the proper meaning of "capitalist development or non-development" in China。“Modern China ended with the inability of Chinese capitalism to truly develop。The end of modern China’s history，It is the emergence of socialist China。”

nj bet365 explained and further clarified his views in the article "Communication on the Central Clues of China's Modern Economic History"，Taking the development and non-development of capitalism in modern China as the central clue "not limited to capitalism，And it’s not limited to the economy... we just need to expand our horizons as much as possible，From productivity to production relations，From economic base to superstructure，In order to better highlight this central clue of China’s modern economic history”。From this perspective，nj bet365 and Mr. Yan、Mr. Li’s views are not contradictory，Many opinions are interrelated。So，With "the development and non-development of capitalism" as the central clue，“Expand your horizons into the political field”，Adhering to Mao Zedong’s understanding of the principal contradiction，The coercive role of political and military violence has not been ignored，There will be no deviation from discussing economics based on economics。

nj bet365’s clues about the modern center “30 years”，I have thought about it over and over again”，Didn’t stop。2002，nj bet365 has been brewing for many years，The painstaking and somewhat controversial "The Development and Non-Development of Chinese Capitalism - A Study of Central Clues in China's Modern Economic History" has been published。nj bet365 conducted new research on modern Chinese capitalism from multiple angles，Proposed many new insights。In this book, he repeatedly demonstrated "the economic conditions for the bourgeoisie to exercise rule，Marx’s point of view is not fully mature。The fundamental reason for the development or non-development of China’s capitalism lies in the joint rule of imperialism and feudalism，Then overthrow their joint rule，"This is the direction"，This is the conclusion。nj bet365 said: Only in this way can we correctly lead the leadership of the proletariat and its party，The inevitability of winning the people’s revolution。The path taken by contemporary China，It is a historical choice that has gone through hundreds of years of vicissitudes，This is nj bet365’s firm revolutionary belief。Judging from this conclusion，There is no fundamental difference in the views between nj bet365 and Mr. Yan Zhongping and Mr. Li Shiyue。In the preface of this book，nj bet365 wrote with humility, "The article has a period，Endless debate。I sincerely look forward to a steady stream of discussion and criticism”。nj bet365 is brave enough to accept opinions，Also dare to stick to your own opinions，The conclusion is tentative，Healthy scientific debate helps get closer to the truth，The long march of truth is always on the road。

Experts gave this book a very high rating，Considers that it “will greatly promote the research on China’s modern economic history”，I even think that its influence may exceed "Modern Economic History of China (1895-1927)" edited by nj bet365。Many years later，The central clue to the research center of modern economic history established by nj bet365 has made a significant contribution and impact on academics，It fully proves that scholars’ evaluation of this book is objective and accurate，It has become a milestone in the study of modern economic history。

Put forward “the development or non-development of capitalism in China” as a clear proposition，Comprehensive argument，formed high-level works，nj bet365 is the first person。Articles through the ages。When describing nj bet365’s insistence on this point of view, many people talk about a scholar’s ​​courage and persistence in exploring academic truth，In fact, as a Marxist scholar，Adherence to an academic viewpoint is never a personal matter。nj bet365’s views provide a new paradigm and basis for studying China’s modern economic history，With such academic persistence, he upholds his responsibility to history and the country。For scholars，Academic is responsibility。

　The learned knowledge nj bet365 be thrown to the ground with a bang

nj bet365 quoted Mr. Yan Zhongping’s words when talking to students，That is: the learned knowledge will be thrown to the ground with a bang。Wang Jing and Yu Shen agree，And practice it personally。Academic excellence，Be loud and clear，Then you have to be careful and patient，No room for impetuosity and falsehood。nj bet365 has spent his whole life practicing rigorous scholarship to practice his awe and responsibility for academics。

First，nj bet365 attaches great importance to basic work such as academic data collection。Most of nj bet365’s research work，It is something that most people are not willing to engage in、The most basic、The most important data work，He has put in unimaginable efforts to collect and organize data on China’s modern economic history。Whether the historical materials are detailed and complete，To a large extent, it determines the quality of research results。Only a theory based on the refining and systematic analysis of a large amount of data can withstand scrutiny，In order to stand firm，Only one can be eloquent, persuasive and authoritative。nj bet365 wrote "Modern Economic History of China (1840-1894)" in 1959 and 1962，Two trips to Shanghai to collect information，Collected millions of words of Chinese and Western materials，Attracted academic attention。nj bet365 spent more than 30 years writing "The Economic Aggression of Western Capitalism against China in the Nineteenth Century"，Used basically all the information that can be found in China。nj bet365 prepared to write "The Financial Activities of Foreign Capital in Modern China" in the 1950s，This book took 40 years to be officially published。nj bet365 first wrote the first draft of a 300,000-word monograph，Later wrote a monograph of nearly 500,000 words，One of the outstanding features of this work is that it is breathtaking、Exceptionally rich historical information。nj bet365 Congzao、Scattered、Complete systematic and complete materials on the activities of foreign-funded banks from obscure Western-language materials，Show the complex historical process，The depth of effort is amazing。Search through the complicated information with a clear and careful eye，Clearing the chaos，Needs enough patience，It is more necessary to have sufficient Marxist theoretical literacy and solid professional skills。Every research topic of nj bet365，Detailed information，Full content，This is by no means an overnight success。

Of course，nj bet365 does not advocate collecting information purely for the sake of information，Just explaining the importance and tediousness of data work。nj bet365 said，Collecting and organizing information is boring，Exceptionally hard work，Frequently frustrating encounters，But this is an integral part of academic research。Don’t give up just because of a little setback，To extract ideas from the data。nj bet365 once expressed his concern about the impetuous style of some scholars in the field of economic history who do not pay attention to the work of historical materials，He advocates that young historians should have a correct view of historical materials。nj bet365 collected at least hundreds of thousands of words for each book，Up to a million words，The preparation of every book、It takes decades from thinking to publication。So nj bet365’s research on each topic is detailed and detailed、On the basis of substantial content，Only then can a detailed discussion be formed、Rigorous and in-depth analysis、Incisive conclusion，Only then will a series of fine products be produced。This is a good academic habit，It is also a kind of academic ethics。nj bet365 has the flexibility and perseverance of a scholar，His great emphasis on academic materials fully reflects the rigor of treating academics as his life。

Next，nj bet365 reviewed his mistakes in his research work in his later years，Provides reference for latecomers to continue to engage in related research。Reflection is the soul of academics。nj bet365 is rigorous in his scholarship，Meticulous，His achievements are often treasures、Exquisite，Enough to become a model for economic history research，But he always cares deeply about the mistakes and shortcomings in his work。He has repeatedly planned to thoroughly revise and supplement the shortcomings in the "Data on Modern Chinese Industrial History" compiled by him and the "Selected Statistical Data on Modern Chinese Economic History" edited by him，But it never happened，I often feel uneasy about this。"Modern Economic History of China (1895-1927)" written by nj bet365 was praised by Mr. Wu Chengming as "a new pyramid-style work on Chinese economic history"，But nj bet365 is troubled by the fact that "the development and changes of industrial and commercial associations are written too simply" in this book。After the publication of "The Development and Non-Development of Capitalism in China"，nj bet365 believes that a major regret of this monograph is that it does not discuss the issue of modern bureaucratic capital。nj bet365 believes that the issue of bureaucratic capital in modern China is important and complex，He said "I'm old" with a regret that never ends.，I hope that young and middle-aged scholars can conduct in-depth research on this issue。nj bet365 published the article "Looking Back and Miscellaneous Memories" when he was 87 years old，The article talks about "repentance for this life's research work" with self-analysis。nj bet365 reviewed his work and academic career in "Looking Back and Miscellaneous Memories"，He spends a lot of time reflecting on the omissions in his academic research，Criticize yourself with a very harsh attitude，Mistakes and omissions about myself，"Never forgive"，Be responsible for the academic part you undertake to the end。nj bet365 lamented that “there is not much to come”，Omissions and defects are irreparable，This became his “great regret in life”。No one’s research is perfect、Impeccable，nj bet365’s pious and reflective attitude is an important factor in creating his brilliant academic achievements。nj bet365’s reflection does not damage his academic contribution at all，It will not damage his image，On the contrary, it gives people a shock that purifies the soul。

Finally，nj bet365 advocates using your own head to think。If you want to be knowledgeable，Think independently，Build a solid theoretical foundation，Persistence in academics，I will not be coerced by some so-called new ideas and new perspectives，Only in order to gain a firm foothold in academic debates。nj bet365 once expressed concern，Individual theoretical workers in front of party documents and classic works，It is easy to develop the inertia of not thinking with your own mind，This kind of inertia of thinking still has a certain influence in academia。They quoted scriptures，Explain files using files，Seems logically clear、Full content，In fact, it is extremely dry。The problems that arise in practice are endless，If theorists are rigid and conservative，You cannot use developed theory to answer practical questions，Then the vitality and authority of the theory will be questioned。So，When some people in society question the Marxist view as a rigid traditional theory and an outdated mindset，nj bet365 said，The cause of this problem is not the people with this tendency，It’s about those who promote Marxism，It is because these theoretical workers are studying、When researching and promoting Marxist theory, you don’t really use your own mind to think，Not combined with the reality of development、Changing needs to innovate Marxist theory。If Marxism is ignored by society，“Don’t blame others”。To resolve some people’s criticisms and doubts about Marxism，The first priority is to break the sanctification and dogmatization of Marxism，nj bet365 requires Marxist theoretical workers to use their brains，Cannot be rigid and conservative，Only under the premise of mastering the essence and core of Marxist theory，In-depth practice，Only Marxism can be grounded，Only in order to realize the Sinicization of Marxism。Sinicizing Marxism，It’s never easy，Not sitting in the study，Shouting slogans、It can be realized with theoretical imagination。Apply Marxist theory to research，Apply it to practice，Confront doubts with vivid theories，Marxism will have vitality、Have power。When Marxism shines，Only then will the criticism of Marxism stop，This is the attitude of pursuing the truth，It is also the responsibility of Marxist theoretical workers。

　nj bet365 research needs to be passed down from generation to generation

nj bet365 said，Academics must be passed down from generation to generation，The future of academia is young people。nj bet365’s enthusiastic encouragement，Sincere teaching，Strict requirements，Spare no effort to help and support young scholars，With his personal charm, he influenced almost all the academic underachievers who came into contact with him，Inspired and trained a group of young scholars for the study of modern Chinese economic history。Young scholar asks nj bet365 for advice，He replies to almost every letter，There is affirmation in the letter，Encouragement，Supplementary convincing information，It will also specifically point out the problem and the solution。Works sent by young scholars，As few as hundreds of thousands of words，Up to a million words，nj bet365 is not afraid of his advanced age，Not afraid of trivial matters，Will put down his work，Help them read the manuscript，Propose pertinent and specific opinions。Discover excellent academic papers，He will also help them recommend publications。nj bet365 revise papers and books for young people，Never take credit，Unwilling to sign together，He said this is the tradition of the Institute of Economics。A young teacher mentioned it，He inadvertently mentioned to nj bet365 that the collection of materials in his hand still lacked the "Modern Chinese Industrial History Materials" edited by Mr. Sun Yutang，After some time，nj bet365 asked someone to transfer the set of books given to him by Mr. Sun to this teacher。The research of a certain academic senior is closely related to the research content of young people，nj bet365 will write a letter of recommendation or personally bring young scholars to visit this academic colleague。Academic matters for young people，nj bet365 is always in his heart。nj bet365 learned that his student’s doctoral thesis was expected to be published，Sincerely expresses his sincerity to fund part of his publishing costs，Because the work will be published as soon as possible，"It is of great benefit to the academic community"。nj bet365 always praises the achievements of young scholars，Greatly inspired their confidence to continue academic research。After the publication of Teacher Zhu Yingui’s book "Research on Modern Chinese Joint Stock Enterprises"，nj bet365 spoke highly of the significance of this book in his letter to Teacher Zhu，Said it has "unprecedented impact"，"It can last forever"。Based on nj bet365’s academic achievements and industry status，His sincere words of encouragement are enough to have a lifelong impact on young people。

nj bet365 is concerned about the academic progress of young scholars，We also care about their thoughts and working status。He teaches young people not to get involved in unnecessary interpersonal disputes。When young people are frustrated in evaluating professional titles，He explained: “We need to take a longer view”，Just keep your feet on the ground，There will be greater achievements in the future。Young people should focus on their studies，Don’t care about your position，Do things while you are young，Instead of "being an official"。Don’t rush for success while studying，Don’t rush to become famous。Academic research is a very serious matter，Be cautious。Don’t rush to publish the first draft of the article，Stop it for a while and read it again、Modify，Problems that have not been discovered in the past will be discovered，will make the content of the article more substantial，The argument is more complete。Social Transformation Period，Young scholars will face many opportunities and temptations，From a utilitarian perspective，Being a scholar does not give you much in material terms。The Institute of Economics of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences has also been affected by such an economic tide，Outflow。nj bet365 is worried about the construction and development of the academic team of the Institute of Economics，On the other hand, I blame myself for failing to solve the worries of young people in work and life，so that they cannot concentrate on scientific research。"Open the door to welcome loneliness，Pitch your pen to cherish the poor"，This is a poem from "Eighty Books" written by nj bet365 when he was 80 years old，Written the plainness and indifference of a flexible and resolute old man's life。nj bet365 looks back on his life，Fan and frank，Loneliness and poverty are both tests of life choices，Also the greatest wealth。Keep the original intention of a scholar，Indifferent to fame and wealth，Talent can achieve academic success。Don’t care about temporary success or failure，"Determination is the final winner"。nj bet365 has set an example for young scholars with his perseverance。

nj bet365 never regards himself as a senior when interacting with young people，Equality and peace。nj bet365 presented the book "The Economic Aggression of Western Capitalism to China in the Nineteenth Century" to young scholars，He wrote on the title page: "This is a meager gift from a poor old man to a young scholar he admires。He has nothing else to give，Please accept，Let it be a souvenir。"Some young scholars said，When faced with material impact and hesitation and hesitation，Remembering nj bet365’s teachings and hopes，Always get spurred，Sit back at the desk，Calm down，Continue nj bet365’s career and responsibility。

Wang Jing was in his 60s，Aiming for thousands of miles，His later years are the harvest season for his high achievements。nj bet365 was 82 years old，Written as "Financial Activities of Foreign Capital in Modern China"。Over eighty years old，He is responsible for the writing of Chapter 5 of Volume 12 of "General History of China"。When this book was published in 2007，He is ninety years old。nj bet365 said in an urgent mood in the preface of "Collection of the History of Economic Relations between China and Foreign Countries in Modern Times" that he must race against time to compile the "History of China's Industrial Modernization"，nj bet365 is 89 years old at this time。nj bet365 when he was ninety years old，Have new ideas about the central clues of China’s modern economic history，Planning to conduct new research based on the development of modernization as the central clue of economic history。nj bet365 wrote in "Eighty Books"，"Who can be old if he has a gray head，The book is old and the paper is still new”，Write the endless life of nj bet365 vividly、A life of constant struggle。After many years until his death，nj bet365 persists in sorting out old works and accumulated information。He used his lifelong academic practice to vividly interpret the feelings and responsibilities of a lifelong scholar，Set a good example for young people。nj bet365 passed away，His research results are still providing reference and examples for academic research on economic history，He shows young scholars a scientific approach to scholarship，To cultivate future generations and exert a lasting influence。

　　(Author’s unit: School of nj bet365, Jiaying University)