Yan Zhongping (1909-1991)，I used to use the pen name obscure，Jiangsu Lianshui Man，Famous economist、historian。Former researcher at the Institute of Economics of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences、Deputy Director、Consultant。The author of "The History of Chinese Cotton Textiles", "The Test of the Copper Political Test of the Yunnan in the Qing Dynasty", "The History of Old Colonialism", "Ten Lectures on Scientific Research Methods", "Yanzhong Pingwen Collection", "Yanzhong Pingji", etc.，The editor -in -chief of "Selection of Statistics of modern Chinese Economic History" and "History of Modern Economic (1840-1894)", etc.。He grows up in a rural primary school teacher in Lianshui County, Jiangsu Province，When I was a teenager, I studied at the 6th Normal School of Lili in Jiangsu Province (Huaiyin)、Provincial Huai'an Middle School and Provincial Nanjing Middle School。In 1931, he was admitted to the Central University (predecessor of Nanjing University)，The Department of Economics, Law School of Tsinghua University in the Law School of Law of Tsinghua University the following year。In the Institute of Social Research, Institute of Society, Institute of Social Sciences，1938-1942 as an assistant researcher、Associate Researcher。Autumn 1947，He accepted the "British Cultural Commission" funding to go to the UK for study。After returning to China in 1950，The Chinese Academy of Sciences has been taken over by the Central People's Government，Change to the Chinese Academy of Sciences，He went to the Institute of Social Research, the Social Research of the hospital。1953，The institute is changed to the Institute of Economics (predecessor of the Institute of Economics of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)，He was appointed as the leader of the Chinese Modern Economic History Research Group，Study on the history of modern economic history of China。In the same year，Any Deputy Director of the Institute，and the team leader。1978，Establishment of China Economic History Research Office，He is also the director of the room。1978-1982，He is also the director of the Department of Economics, Department of Economics, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences。In 1982, he was hired as consultant of the Institute of Economic Research，In 1983, he was hired as a doctoral supervisor。Yan Zhongping's calendar third、4、Fifth Beijing People's Congress representative，The 3rd National People's Congress representative，Fifth、Member of the Sixth National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference，Deputy Leader of the Economic Team of the CPPCC Literature and History Research Committee。He has also served as a consultant of the China Economics Group Federation、Director of the Chinese History Society、President of the Chinese Economic History Society and other positions。

In the 100 -year development process of Chinese economic history research，A group of schools and West、The ideological pioneer and academic advanced in the world。The historical process they grasp the economic development，Explore the economic root of historical phenomena，Insight the basic role of economic elements on historical development，strengthened the analysis of the economic foundation of historical research，enriched the understanding of historical conditions for economic research。They around the subject borders、Data conditions、Core question、Research method、Pioneering thinking and exploratory practice in ideological stances，Lile the discipline foundation of Chinese economic history。Yan Zhongping as an important founder of this discipline，made outstanding academic contributions。

　　Bet365 lotto review

Yan Zhongping's scientific research began in 1936，His 55 -year research career，It can be roughly divided into three stages。His emergence of the 1930s and 1940s，The heavy task of responsibility in the bet365 Play online games 1950s and 1960s，Back to the Bo to Bo Loan in the 1970s and 80s。In the study of Chinese economic history，He becomes a discipline planner from academic participants，Then becomes the inspiration of the thought。Yanzhong Ping calendar of the rise and development of Chinese economic history，Systematic thinking about the connotation of disciplines and research objects。

Academic tradition of research on economic history of China，Yan Zhongping pointed out，"In our country，for a long time，Traditions that pay attention to economic history。Starting from "Historical Records · Pingzhong", "Biography of Fortune"，Generally there are chapters specifically describing economic history。But studying the history of Chinese economic history from Marxist view is not long。Social Battle in the 1930s、Social History Theory Battle Calculation，So far (Note: 1987), it is only 5 or 60 years of history。The development of economic history is mainly after liberation，It has gone through the development process from small to large "。

Content of economic history research，Yan Zhongping pointed out，"The historical process of economic history inspection of economic development，Discuss the objective economic law that plays a role in it，It is a science that clarifies how economic law works in the specific economic development process。It is described，It is theoretical，Dual properties of both economic and historical sciences，Is a cross -disciplinary or marginal discipline。It can be close to historical disciplines，It can also be close to the subject of economics，And we used to focus on the narrative process and ignore the theoretical summary "。

Differences and contacts of economic history and political economics，Yan Zhongping thinks，"There are no two different things for research objects of economic history and research on political economics，Different is the study of political economy through the historical process of economic development，I summarized the abstract economic category，The logical system formed by using these economic categories，To clarify the laws of economic development，and economic history uses these economic categories to clarify the specific historical process that the economic laws are expressed in economic development "。

From the eyes of Yan Zhongping，"Economic History Discipline is a basic discipline in the field of social sciences。It is not only for history、Economics and even the entire social science is important，For people’s worldview、The formation of values ​​is also important "。But some time after the founding of New China，There are still many "weak links" in this discipline。He said，"Our modern history workers seem to prefer the research of upper -level buildings，Not enough research on the economic foundation。Research on Economic History is in a relatively backward state，The importance of this state and economic history in history is not commensurate。This relatively backward state of economic history，Or late or early will have a bad effect on the research of other special history or modern history of modern times. "。

For problems existing at the time，Yan Zhongping's suggestion，"Some teachers in concentrated colleges and universities compile the common lectures of Chinese modern economy history ... Concentrate on the collection of certain special information、Compilation work，to solve the current difficulties "。He pointed out at the same time，"At present, the question of our discipline，The main thing is not pursuing improvement，Popularized basic knowledge，From nothing to "。He said，"We think the urgent task is to collect vigorously、Organization、Compilation information，First rescue information Famine，Popularized basic knowledge，Ask to improve from the popularity "。

　Rescue economic history information Famine

1954，Institute of Economics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (predecessor of the Institute of Economics of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences) organized a working group in modern Chinese economic history，Collection of reference materials engaged in modern economic history of China、Sorting and compilation。The task of this working group is to try to use Bet365 app download the original information as much as possible，To a scientific worker、Teachers and students of universities and middle -level financial cadres，Systematically compiles the reference materials of the development history of the Chinese national economy departments for nearly a century。Edit team "Famous Masters Cultivation，Extremely prosperous "，Under the host of Yan Zhongping，Completed the compilation of economic historical materials such as "Selection of Statistics of Modern Economic History in China"。

Yan Zhongping described the situation in the book。"At first eight members of our group，No professional training in economic history。Later，The group has successively added four researchers and four or five information auxiliary members，The situation is also the case。... Collecting the information is a heavy job，70 % of the total scientific research labor volume is roughly occupied。Our method is from one bit，At most two people responsible for the collection and editing work of historical data，There are so many people，Edit information from several departments。After two or three to four or five years of work，He has compiled a fixed or preliminary manuscript of the economic history of the department。”

After the compilation is completed，Yan Zhongping once came from "Thought Preparation、Work Outline、Collect information、Differential information、Edit Edit、Theoretical sublimation "summarizes work experience，Especially for viewing historical statistics materials。"Statistics of Old China can be considered a confused account。The official halls at all levels of the old China have published a lot of statistical numbers，Among them, customs、Post and Telecommunications、Railway is more reliable，But there are many disadvantages。The Beiyang Government has published some statistical numbers，Except for a few exceptions，These statistics are unreliable。Similarly，The statistics published by the Chiang Kai -shek government are often extremely inaccurate。When using the statistical materials of the old China，Must be very cautious。”

According to the book "Editor's Description"，"This series published some statistics related to the history of modern Chinese economic history。The content of this information does not include all major economic departments, including，For example, finance、Currency、Banks, etc.。This is because the materials we have mastered are not enough。We are compiled here，Not complete year，Project inconsistent，Source complicated，We have to try to make it more accurately，But Bet365 app download the original information is inaccurate，Results made，I have to treat it as an approximate number "。

Yan Zhongping summarized the method of identifying and using historical data。Second，The original source of the information as much as possible，Detailed school pair，Avoid biography of murmur。Second，Clarify the exact content of each item，Do not swallow jujube。third，Check whether the method of obtaining numbers is correct and reliable。Fourth，Statistics for the time series，You can examine whether the change is in line with the development trend of things。Fifth，Statistics are often not an isolated number of numbers，Instead of mutual connected number of numbers，You can check whether the logical connection inside the digital is reasonable，To judge its accuracy。Sixth，Sometimes you need to use the external connection of numbers to check its reliability。

Data compilation work has achieved actual results，greatly satisfied the urgent need for the modern Chinese economic statistics at that time。Yan Zhongping later said，"At that time，Teaching and research of modern Chinese economy history is in trouble，To adapt to that urgent need，We who are monks in halfway，I had to learn classic theory，Collect information on one side。In terms of data，We checked some works and newspapers，It is not wide enough for search，As for the file，Basically not used。This has made the information from our information very limited。but but，We will compile so many data compilations after all，Although the quality is not high，The Bet365 app download strength spent a lot。These compilations have played a certain rescue role for the famine at the time "。

One of the important compilations of the book、Famous economist Wang Jingyu commented，"Although there are some obvious problems，but，This book still has irreplaceable significance and unusual historical status。In the past half a century (Note: 2012)，It has become the basic reference book for researchers in modern Chinese history。Its historical status has been established，There is a high reference rate in this book in China and even the international academic circles "。Famous economist Chen Zhengping said，"Selected Series" has been published for nearly sixty years (Note: 2012)，Provided great convenience for researchers，It is still the basic statistical information of the basic full -capital reference of Chinese economic history research "。

　Explaining the fundamental question of economic history

At the third expansion meeting of the Chinese Academy of Sciences of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (predecessor of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences) in 1961，Yan Zhongping put forward a view on promoting the research work of modern economic history。He quoted Mao Zedong's "Reform Our Study"，"... Special important is the history of China for nearly a century since the history of the Communist Party of China and the Opium War，I really know very little "。He also quoted Mao Zedong's "Rectification of the Party's Style".，"... Especially in terms of economic theory，Development of Chinese Capitalism，From the Opium War to the present (Note: 1942)，It's been 100 years since，But there is no actual actual development of China's economic development、The theoretical book of real science "。Yan Zhongping deeply feels deeply，"The level we have reached，There is still a considerable distance with the requirements of this theoretical work "。

Yan Zhongping Jin said further，"Measure the work in recent years，Our modern economic history workers can't help but feel very ashamed。For example, the theoretical book specifically pointed out by Chairman Mao in 1942，Until now (Note: 1961), it is still not born ... Research on modern economic history，First of all, the task of professional workers in modern economic history。I used to do data work in this regard，I am ashamed，I didn’t make a result，Serve too little for historians and economists "。It may be due to this strong sense of responsibility and academic mission，Yan Zhongping led the research team to turn to history research。

In the early 1960s，The research team led by Yan Zhongping began to write "The History of Modern Economic Economic (1840-1894)"。"To write this book，Everyone uses the information collected by themselves for special research，Writing a special thesis。When I write comprehensive special works，Many blank spots and weaknesses appeared。About the history of ethnic minorities，It is blank。About business、Currency、Finance、Finance, etc.，It's very weak。"1978，The research team started to write this book comprehensively，and complete the first draft in 1982。

The book responded to "The actual actual development of China's economic development、The ideological call of the theoretical book of real science，To a certain extent, it can be said that it has filled the blank of the research of modern economic history in China，It provides a solid economic basis for understanding the major problems of modern Chinese history。But，Yan Zhongping still feels insufficient for this。On the one hand，This book does not cover the entire stage of modern China; on the other hand，"In the case of collecting books，We have failed in many places "。

He pointed out in the book "Editor's Description"，"" "The History of Modern Economic (1840-1894)" describes the first Opium War to the Sino -Japanese War period，History of the semi -colonial and semi -feudal economy。This book originally wanted to write a system complete、Comprehensive content、Strictly structural -style specialized works，But limited by the scope of the editors and the scope of the special research，As a problem that should be dealt with as a general history，Such as productive forces、Population problem、Business issues、Economic bet365 best casino games issues in ethnic minorities，, etc.，Some failed to study，Some are completely involved at all; the structure of the book is relatively loose，Each chapter is not consistent。So，Although it takes the history of the history and body，In fact, it is closer to the compilation of the thesis "。

In the book，Yan Zhongping once quoted Lenin's assessment of historical figures，"Judging the achievements of history，Not based on historical activists that have not provided modern things，Instead, they provide new things according to their predecessors "。Yan Zhongping highly evaluates new -style civilian enterprises，He said，"The problem at that time was the first problem，Not how much you have done and do it well。What they provided created a new situation for China's national economic modernization "。

We may also use this standard to measure the work of Yan Zhongping's own and colleagues。Under the host of Yan Zhongping，"The problem that is not done" has been basically solved。The obvious is，"They provide new things than their predecessors"。As for "how much and good the problem that is done"，Then stay for future generations to comment。1993，This book won the first "Outstanding Scientific Research Achievement Award of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences"，Top the list of the winning results in 183 items。2011，This book is included in the "Chinese Library" philosophy and social sciences，Launched as a special work of "Commemorating the 100th Anniversary of the Revolution of 1911。

　　Summary research method of economic history

In the age of life in Yan Zhongping，China's economic history research is still not mature discipline。"As far as the subject of Chinese economic history is concerned，The research results left by the old China for us are not inherited。We have achieved certain scientific research results in this regard，But the development is very unbalanced ... a lot of blank spots，Many weak links，Insufficient tracking and excavation of the historical process，In -depth research in theoretical problems。"Yan Zhongping realized，Lack of scientific methods，Is a problem that needs to be solved。He said，"I have been engaged in scientific research work for decades，Blind bump，I didn’t make any famous halls，One of the reasons，It is because I don’t know how to study the method "。

1978，Yan Zhongping served as the director，Dressing heavier talent training tasks。Since then，Yan Zhongping's spiritual appearance with time，In "Leave for the rest of your life，The ancient year of writing "still completed the" Ten Lectures on the Scientific Research Methods "of Ze Qiao's later generations。This book is nominally "a few lectures written for the reference of the master's degree in modern Chinese economy history"，But it can be regarded as a summary of the methodology and epistemology of Yan Zhongping's decades of research for decades。Look at this yellowed book roll，I can still feel his keen insight、Reasonable analysis and distinct position。

He said，"Victory of New China，It has caused foreign scholars' great interest in Chinese history。Since 1949，A books on the history of modern Chinese economy from foreign countries，far more than us。Many of them start from the Western Center，distort the historical truth。As a scientific worker in New China，As a scientific worker in New China，Face -to -face competition with these fallacy，Win to win for the war，The international status commensurate with the lofty reputation of our great motherland。This is my ardent expectation for youth ... My knowledge is seriously aging。but，Since I have been engaged in scientific research work for decades，What is the obligation to say something to the youth "。

The book "About Disciplinary Research Objects", "About Selection of Research Topics", "About the Relations of the Calibration", "About the accumulation of literature and materials", "about analytical research methods"，It provides a concise technical guide for "problems that youths need to solve in scientific research positions"。His explanation of data work，Especially with theoretical reference and practical guidance meaning。He said，"To approach the truth，Bet365 app download Clarify the facts，It is necessary to do a lot of investigation of the theoretical basis and factual basis of the predecessors。You can also avoid the problem that the predecessors have solved through the trace，Repeat the correct point of view that predecessors have made，Errors that have been committed by the re -offenders，and found the scope involved in the predecessor's research issues and the scope involved in the information "。

The book "About theoretical connection", "About historical laws", "about Marx、Engels Self -revision "" "Error about Marx"，Then focus on the historical evaluation of economic history research，This is also an important question that Yan Zhongping has been thinking after 1978。At the end of 1978，Yan Zhongping has created the article "Research and Value Research on regularity -the idea on historical evaluation issues"，Two standards for historical evaluation are proposed，First is a regular evaluation standard，Second is the value evaluation standard。

Yan Zhongping pointed out，"Evaluate the progress of historical figures or historical events、Standards for backwardness or reactionary，It should be dependent on the reaction of productivity in the sense of production relations and upper -level buildings。Conclusion of research on this research，We call a regular evaluation。The economic status of all classes in society according to the theoretical principles of political economics，Therefore, it evaluates its progress based on the interesting relationship between the historical figures and historical events、backwardness or reactionary，Conclusion of research on this research，We call the value evaluation "。

Yan Zhongping once said，"Evaluation of historical merits，There is a theoretical problem that is confusing，I have to stay elsewhere to talk about "。Since then，He continues to think and try to answer this question。In the works of "Old Colonial History Selection", "Ten Lectures on Scientific Research Methods", "The Historical Evaluation of Imperialism on China, I also need to discuss the works of the Westernization School of New Enterprise Evaluation"，Yan Zhongping uses "regular evaluation" and "value evaluation"。He explained and used this concept framework，Division of the so -called "consequences logic" and "legitimacy logic"，It's almost thirty years earlier。

It is because of "regular evaluation" and "value evaluation".，Yan Zhongping thinks，"From the sense of historical research，What we want，but the reason why the West succeeds "。"The main feature of modern Chinese society is，The sovereignty here has been destroyed，Foreigners enjoy extraterritoriality here。They rely on the winner in China、The Treaty Rights of the Conqueror、Political momentum and artillery ship's power for economic aggression，Therefore, their economic activity with political compulsoryness，Even violent plundering with injuries。”

　Promote the problem from the people's position

Pass Yan Zhongping's academic income，can be found，He always adheres to a basic principle，That is to stand on the people's stand and see problems。Economic plundering around the imperialist forces、The disintegration of traditional Chinese socio -economic、Labor people are deprived of the status of production and living materials，and major issues such as the development of capitalist development and the generation of proletariat，Yan Zhongping is not limited to explaining "how the laws of economic laws can occur"，He pays attention to the political and economic consequences of these major historical turns，A subtle record of the economic situation of the working people，Copy enthusiasts for their tough response。

"On the Jiangning Treaty and China and Foreign Business" pointed out，"The right to give British businessmen in the Jiangning treaty，even more successful than the British merchant's own hopes ... Jiangning's appointment，Yingying and others are completely suppressed by the British artillery ship，In just three days，Signing the treaty to the treaty ... Opium War，China failed; each treaty，China is also failed。But，After these two failures，Flowing from Silk Tea Exit，Less import of cotton cloth，and the improvement of Bet365 lotto review trade balance，Successful when Xiaoguang bon lamp，Wheel Wheel Muchao continuously run，Successful in Sanglin, Shanye，The humble labor of tea farmers' silkworm women "。

"The History of Chinese Cotton Textiles" pointed out，"The strongest foundation of China's self -sufficiency、The most specific performance，Is there a combination of two types of production labor。Small agricultural economy combined with plowing and weaving，It is a kind of extraction of human labor with extreme waste，Small production units that maintain extreme tough survival capabilities。... After the Opium War，The Chinese people do not quickly accept British gauze as soon as the Indian people。The small farmers combined with plowing and weaving are full of economic toughness，After the Opium War，It is this handmade cotton textile industry that combines agriculture，Give the mechanism gauze with extreme tough resistance "。

Yan Zhongping is not aware of the consciousness of foreign policy protection for foreign policy during the Ming and Qing Dynasties，"Rotten Confucianism" that "regards to the people of the people" is deeply disgusted。In the book "History of Modern Economic (1840-1894)"，Yan Zhongping pointed out，"Since Zhu Yuanzhang，The Ming government has ignored the ocean navy for more than 100 years，Promoting negative coastal defense policy，So far, I dare not cross the sea for expeditions，The weak attitude of the Chinese businessmen and overseas Chinese。Later，The Qing government continues to implement negative coastal defense policies，Unintentional development of ocean navy。Chinese businessmen go to sea，Never received any support from the Qing government，Overseas Chinese Development of Nanyang Islands，Never be protected by the Qing government "。

Yan Zhongping pointed out，"Just as the Western countries have strongly supported the over the years of overseas expansion，The Ming and Qing government did not strengthen the power at sea，Instead of adopting a negative coastal defense policy that turtles shrinks within the sea "。This kind of residual policy can still be maintained early，It's just "Do not come back to Malacca West"，After that，is "the coastal barrier is lost"，Last，It is the "inland navigation right" bereavement。All of this，All reveals the root cause of the decline in modern China。

For those nations that suffer more suffering than the Chinese people，Yanzhong Pingjiao has great sympathy。For "colonial robbers"，Yan Zhongping holds the distinctive attitude of "resolute approval"。Jing Junjian pointed out，"When Yan Zhongping's old age，Anti -emperor's position is more clear in academic reflection。Yan Zhongping is hesitant to his old age，Anti -imperialism's thoughts are getting obvious，Deepening the disgust of imperialism。Through Yan Zhongping's article，We seem to see the trajectory of his thought development "。Indeed，Yan Zhongping is standing on the stance of the oppressed class，Looking at historical issues from the perspective of the people of labor。As a "Outstanding Marxist Economist"，He left a generous academic heritage for future generations。

　　(Author is an associate researcher at the American Institute of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)