Early Chinese Documents，Especially documents from the pre-Qin period，The text is full of complexity、Uncertainty。Ideology is full of contradictions，is a common feature of pre-Qin documents，If the reasons for these contradictions cannot be reasonably explained，It will be impossible to carry out subsequent bonus bet365 smoothly。These contradictions may be caused by the confusion of the text itself，It may also be caused by misunderstanding by later generations。No matter what，The first step in studying the thoughts of the Pre-Qin Dynasty，It is to fully understand the nature of the literature of the bonus bet365 object，About the authenticity of materials、Change、Era、Make basic judgments on the relationship between the author and the materials。

"bonus bet365" is a work with many textual problems。Although it has the most unearthed documents，Youguodian Chu Slips、Four ancient editions of Mawangdui A and B and Beida Han Simplified Edition，Dan Guben appears many times，While answering some of the questions in "bonus bet365"，Many new doubts have also arisen。For example，When will the Five Thousand Words "bonus bet365" be written？Is he a person named Li Er and Lao Dan in the late Spring and Autumn Period，On the way to retreat，Written in one breath after being detained by Guan Ling Yin Xiqiang？Is the Guodian Chu bamboo slips buried in the middle of the Warring States Period an excerpt of the entire text?，Still a text still in the process of being formed？There is still no final conclusion on these key issues。This is the charm of "bonus bet365"。

　　Materials are ten times more valuable than opinions

Tomohisa Ikeda is a world-famous sinologist，Former professor at the University of Tokyo，His research field focuses on ancient Chinese Taoist thought、Book of Changes and unearthed documents，In "bonus bet365", "Zhuangzi", "Huainanzi" and "Yi Zhuan"、Guodian Chu Slips、There are monographs in Mawangdui silk books and other fields。The books that have been translated and published in China include "Study on the Five Elements in Mawangdui Han Tomb Silk Script" (China Social Sciences Press，2005）、"Collection of Research on Chihisa Ikeda's Bamboo Blips" (Zhonghua Book Company，2006）、"New Research on Taoist Thought - Centered on Zhuangzi" (Zhongzhou Ancient Books Publishing House，2009），"Asking: A Close Reading of bonus bet365's Thoughts" (Guangxi Normal University Press，2019）。In my opinion，Mr. Ikeda studied the most、The most influential thing is his research on "bonus bet365"。"New Research on Guodian Chu Bamboo Slips "bonus bet365"" (Jiangsu People's Publishing House, May 2022 Edition)，Although the focus is on the study of "bonus bet365" on Guodian Chu Bamboo Slips，But it brings together the culmination of his long years of thinking about bonus bet365。

Japan has a long tradition of studying "bonus bet365"，For example, "bonus bet365 Primitive" by Takeuchi Yoshio、"New Research on bonus bet365" by Eiichi Kimura、"I Correction" by Shima Kunio、"bonus bet365: The Persuasion of Ignorance and Desireless" by Kaneyaji、"Research on the Legend of bonus bet365" by Haruki Kusuyama, etc.，Onozawa Seiichi's "Han Feizi" also contains sophisticated research on "bonus bet365"。Ikeda’s research is based on the excellent tradition of Japanese research on bonus bet365，The important feature of this tradition is documentary criticism and higher criticism，These are two words that Japanese scholars often use when tracing modern academic styles and characteristics。“Criticism” indicates a rigorous stance and scientific method，Sometimes I don’t trust ancient people and ancient books，Sometimes he has extraordinary sympathy, understanding and deep consideration for ancient people and ancient books。Of course，All opinions must go through rigorous material review and ideological analysis，It can be said that this is a method that uses both Chinese and Western methods, as well as ancient and modern methods。Yoshio Takeuchi is considered a master of literature criticism，His research on "bonus bet365" pays special attention to collecting all available information，Good at language expression、Analysis of concept types，Emphasis on the identification of different levels of the age of the book。Tsuda Sōyoshi is good at advanced criticism，That is, using clues to the evolution of thoughts，Stories recorded in ancient documents、Conception、Analysis such as insights，By examining the mutual relationship，By comparison、Compare other literature，Determine the ideological status and significance of the research object。Japanese academic circles believe that both are indispensable in classical studies，And the former is the foundation。Ikeda consciously combines these two methods，For example, the book "Wenwen" uses "bonus bet365's philosophy", "bonus bet365's ethical thought", "bonus bet365's political thought", "bonus bet365's health thought" and "bonus bet365's natural thought" ” framework to summarize bonus bet365’s thoughts，But it is different from similar works in terms of specific analysis。Materials are ten times more valuable than opinions，So that every conclusion has rich material support。The text is scrutinized to such a dizzying degree，It can be said that he brought the craftsmanship of academic research to the extreme。

　　In response to the development trend bonus bet365 times

On the issue of the completion of "bonus bet365"，The author believes that the five thousand words of "bonus bet365" were not completed by one person in one breath in the late Spring and Autumn Period。This view reached its peak when the ancient history school was popular，For example Qian Mu、Feng Youlan and others think so，But in recent years, more scholars believe that "bonus bet365" was written in the late Spring and Autumn Period。The author is consistent with the ancient history school in conclusion，It is believed that the final writing of "bonus bet365" will be as late as the early Han Dynasty，The discovery of Guodian's "bonus bet365" provides new information for his argument。

Through detailed text analysis，The author tells us，"bonus bet365" is not indivisible，Opposite，This is a text full of tension，Therefore this phenomenon can only be explained by the dynamic formation of the text。In other words，Even if there are traces of early thoughts in "bonus bet365"，Most of his ideas were still formed during the great changes of the times from the middle to late Warring States Period，Therefore, "bonus bet365" cannot be written by one person at one time and in one place，It is impossible to be consistent between chapters and chapters、Clearly。Precisely because "bonus bet365" is formed dynamically，So if there is a contradiction, it can be reasonably explained。

Here，I want to focus on the author’s research methods，This is the most noteworthy part of the book。If you find a chapter in the book that best represents the author’s research style，The first choice is Part 6 "The upper, middle and lower sections of each chapter of "bonus bet365" on the Chu tomb bamboo slips in Guodian - from the perspective of the history of the text formation of "bonus bet365"。Chapter 81 "bonus bet365" is a later text，The earlier "bonus bet365" actually did not have fixed chapters，Mr. Ma Xulun once divided the current version of "bonus bet365" into more than a hundred paragraphs，Re-examine the inner context of "bonus bet365" after disruption。The author subdivided the chapters of Guodian's "bonus bet365" that can correspond to the current version into the upper paragraphs、Middle section、Next paragraph，Then distinguish "chapters lacking the upper paragraph", "chapters lacking the middle paragraph" and "chapters lacking the lower paragraph"，Zaihe Mawangdui A and B、One-to-one correspondence in Wang Bi’s original work。His analysis has a fixed format，That is, first examine the textual characteristics of these paragraphs，If there are symbols identifying chapters。Because these symbols were added by the ancients，So whether to set、Where to set，has important value in the author’s opinion，Afterwards, detailed comparison of sentences and analysis of thoughts will be carried out。After analysis by the author，You can see the text of "bonus bet365" from later generations，Between the upper section and the middle section，It’s just that we finally connected them using the common word “Heaven and Earth”，The next paragraph has almost no connection。So，The fifth chapter of Guodian A edition only appears in the middle section，And lack the upper paragraph、The shape of the lower section is normal，Perhaps this is the original appearance of "bonus bet365"。The process from Guodian A to Mawangdui A and B，It is possible that the articles in the upper and lower paragraphs were newly written，Or find it somewhere and insert it into the middle。In short, the complexity of bonus bet365’s thoughts、Uncertainty of text，It just proves that "bonus bet365" has gone through a dynamic formation process，And this process coincides with the development of the times。

　　Writing in a way that invites trouble

The author has made a comprehensive review of the upper, middle and lower sections of Guodian's "bonus bet365"，Conclusion: The era of Guodian's "bonus bet365"，"bonus bet365" has not yet been completely written。

Not only Part 6，We can see this technique anytime in the book，That is, first completely split "bonus bet365"，Different paragraphs in the same chapter，In the author’s opinion, it is likely to be a product of a different era，Then rearrange and combine according to the materials，By comparison with other documents，Use the clues of historical evolution and ideological changes to find a reasonable position for the research object，Thus proving that "bonus bet365" is a product of historical formation，Because it contains countless materials containing historical information。

The author writes in a way that asks for trouble。For example，He interpreted the bamboo slips one by one according to the serial numbers，Instead of explaining according to paragraphs。He also took the trouble to compile all the ancient characters and their pseudonyms、Various characters are marked。But read carefully，You will also find that the argument process is simple and clear，The author uses an almost rigid way，On the one hand，Strive to preserve the original appearance of unearthed documents，Respect the information revealed in the text itself；On the other hand，Present the entire argument process in an orderly manner，This will make bonus bet365 easier for you to discover possible vulnerabilities，You can also accept readers’ criticisms in the most frank manner。

In my opinion，The author’s style of study has inherited the Qianjia School，Also influenced by Western positivism，Emphasis on absolute calmness and meticulousness in the research process，Don’t let your own prejudices、Other people’s opinions lead and interfere with the research process。For this research method，The author also explained，"Based on such an academic attitude，That is, do not make external explanations based on the existing knowledge (that is, inherent concepts) of bonus bet365 and "bonus bet365"，But try to treat all existing knowledge as a blank sheet of paper，Discard，From an inner perspective，Discuss closely the expression methods and ideological content of each place”。This kind of asking for trouble makes the entire research process extremely difficult，Need to have a cool head、Read the original literature to the greatest extent、Fully understand other people’s opinions、Repeatedly analyze the possibilities of various inferences，Then find out which is relatively safe、Conclusion based on the most substantial literature support。It cannot be said that this kind of academic attitude and research method leads to conclusions，It’s unbreakable，With the increase of materials in the future，The conclusion needs to be revised or even overturned，Everything is possible。But I have to admire his rigorous academic attitude and scientific research methods。This book makes us sigh，No opportunism is allowed in academia！

　　(bonus bet365 Affiliation: School of Foreign Languages, Renmin University of China；School of Philosophy, Renmin University of China)