Early Chinese Literature，Especially the literature of the pre -Qin period，The text is full of complexity、Uncertainty。The internal thought is full of contradictions，It is the common feature of the pre -Qin literature，If you cannot reasonably explain the causes of these contradictions，It will not be able to develop the later research after smoothly。These contradictions may be caused by the confusion of the text itself，It may also be caused by misunderstandings of future generations。No matter what，The first step engaged in the research of the pre -Qin thought，It is to fully understand the literature nature of the research object，The authenticity of the material、Changes、Age、The interrelationship between the author and the materials makes basic judgments。

"Lao Tzu" is a book that has many problems in text。Although its unearthed literature is the most，Youguodian Chu Jianben、Malaysia Budi B and Peking University Simplified Books:，But the appearance of the ancient book many times，while answering some of the questions of "Lao Tzu"，It also produced a lot of new doubts。For example，When will the five thousand words of "Lao Tzu" become a book? Is it a person named Li Er in the late Spring and Autumn Period，On the way home，Write after being tested by Yin Xiqiang? Guo shop Chu Jianben, who was buried in the middle of the Warring States Period, is a full -scale excerpt，Still the text on the way? These key issues still have no final conclusion。This is the charm of "Lao Tzu"。

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Ikeda Zhijiu is a world -renowned Sinologist，Once a professor at the University of Tokyo，Its research field is concentrated Bet365 lotto review in ancient Chinese Taoist ideas、Zhouyi and unearthed literature，In "Lao Tzu", "Zhuangzi", "Huainanzi", "Yi Chuan"、Guo shop Chujian、Malaysian Book Books and other fields all have monographs。The books that have been translated and published in China include the "Research on the Five Elements of the Five Elements of Ma Wangdui Han Tomb" (China Social Science Press，2005）、"Ikeda Zhijiu Jianyu Research Theory" (China Book Bureau，2006）、"New Research on Taoist Thoughts -Centers for Zhuangzi" (Zhongzhou Ancient Books Publishing House，2009），"Ask:" Reading the Thinking of Lao Tzu "(Guangxi Normal University Press，2019）。In my opinion，Mr. Ikeda has the deepest effort、The biggest impact is the research of "Lao Tzu"。"Guo shop Chujian (Lao Tzu" New Research "(Jiangsu People's Publishing House, May 2022)，Although Guo store Chujian's "Lao Tzu" research as the focus，But brings together his long -term crystals about Lao Tzu's thinking。

There is a long tradition of studying "Lao Tzu" in Japan，As "Lao Tzu's Original" in Wumata Yinxiong、"New Studies by Lao Tzu" by Yingyi Kimura、Shimbang Men's "Lao Tzu Creation"、"Lao Tzu: Persuasion of ignorance and no desire" by Jin Guzhi、The "Research on Lao Tzu's Legend" of Nanshan Chunshu，"Han Feizi" on Ono Ozawa also contains research on "Lao Tzu"。Ikeda's research is based on the excellent tradition of "Lao Tzu" research in Japan，The important feature of this tradition is the criticism of literature and high criticism，This is the two words often used when Japanese scholars traced back to modern style and characteristics。"Criticism" means rigorous position and scientific method，Sometimes do not trust the ancient book，Sometimes there is an extraordinary sympathy and deep consideration for the ancient books of the ancients。Of course，bet365 Play online games All views must be obtained by strict material review and ideological analysis，It can be said that this is a method used in China and the West, ancient and modern。Wusuki Yixiong is considered a master of literature，The study of "Lao Tzu" pays special attention to collecting all available information，Good at expressing language、Analysis of the type of concept，Emphasize the identification of different levels of the era of books。and Jintian Zuo Yoshi is good at high criticism，The clues of the use of ideological evolution，Stories recorded in ancient literature、Concept、Opinion, etc. Analyze，Through inspecting the relationship between each other，With comparison、Compare other literature，Determine the ideological status and meaning of the research object。The Japanese academic community believes that the two are indispensable in the classical research，The former is the foundation。Ikeda consciously combines these two methods，For example, the book "Ask" uses the natural thoughts of "Lao Tzu's Philosophy", "Lao Tzu", "Lao Tzu", "Lao Tzu", "Lao Tzu", "Lao Tzu" "The framework is summarized by Lao Tzu's thoughts，But the specific analysis is different from similar works。Materials ten times the view，Make each conclusion with rich material support。The fine inspection of the text has made such dazzling extent，It can be said that he has played the artisan spirit of academic research to the extreme。

　　Echo the development of the times

On the issue of "Lao Tzu",，The author believes that "Lao Tzu" 5,000 words are not done in the late spring and autumn in the late spring and autumn。This view reaches the extreme when the ancient history discern is popular，For example, Qian Mu、Feng Youlan, etc. All think so，But in recent years, more scholars believe that the "Lao Tzu" in the late spring and autumn bet365 live casino games of the spring and autumn。The author concluded in the conclusion that it is consistent with the ancient history discern，I think the final book of "Lao Tzu" is late until the beginning of Han，The discovery of Guo shop "Lao Tzu" provides a new information for its argument。

Through fine text analysis，The author tells us，"Lao Tzu" is not unpack，On the contrary，This is a text full of tension，Therefore, only the dynamic formation of text can explain this phenomenon。That is to say，"Lao Tzu" even if there are early thought marks，Most of its thoughts are still formed in the great change of the era to the middle of the Warring States Period，Therefore, "Lao Tzu" cannot be a one -time work，It is impossible for each chapter and each chapter to consistent、Understanding。Because "Lao Tzu" is formed by dynamics，So there are contradictions to be able to get a reasonable explanation。

Here，I want to focus on the author’s research method，This is the most notable place in the book。If you find a chapter that best represents the author's research style in the book，Preferred "Guo store Chu Tomb Bamboo Slip" Lao Tzu "each chapter of each chapter -from the perspective of the history of the text formation of" Lao Tzu "。Chapter 81 "Lao Tzu" is a post -text text，The earlier "Lao Tzu" did not actually have a fixed chapter，Mr. Ma Xulun once divided the "Lao Tzu" into more than a hundred paragraphs，After disruption。The author can divide the Guo store "Lao Tzu" with the corresponding chapter of the current book into the above paragraph、mid -segment、lower paragraph，Then distinguish between "Lack of various chapters in the previous paragraph", "Lack of the Mids Section", "Lack of the Section of the next paragraph"，Then with Ma Wangdui, B、Wang Yanben made a one -one correspondence。His analysis has a set bet365 live casino games of fixed format，First examine the text features of these paragraphs，If there is a symbol of the identifier chapter。Since these symbols are added by the ancients，So is it set、Where can I set it，It has important value to the author's view，Detailed comparison of sentences and ideas of thoughts after the sentence。Analysis by the author，You can see the text of "Lao Tzu" in later generations，between the upper section and the middle section，It's just a common vocabulary with "heaven and earth".，and there is almost no connection in the lower paragraph。So，Guo Dianjia Chapter 5 There is only the middle paragraph，and lack of the previous paragraph、The form of the lower paragraph is normal，Maybe this is the original appearance of "Lao Tzu"。From the process of Guo Dongjia to the Book of Ma Wangdui,，It is likely that the articles in the upper paragraph and the lower paragraph are written in the new，or where to find it out of the middle and after the middle。In short, the complexity of "Lao Tzu" thought、Uncertainty of text，It just proves that "Lao Tzu" has a dynamic formation process，This process happened to echo the context of the development of the times。

　　Write in a way to ask for bitterness

The author made a comprehensive sorting on the middle and lower part of the upper section of Guo's "Lao Tzu"，Customs conclusion: The era of Guo store "Lao Tzu"，"Lao Tzu" has not been fully written。

Not only the sixth editor，We can see this method at any time in the book，That is, the "Lao Tzu" is completely split first，Different paragraphs in the same chapter，It is likely to be a product of different eras，Then re -arrange and combine according to the material，Compare with other literature，Use historical evolution and clues of ideological changes to find a reasonable position for research objects，This proves that Bet365 lotto review "Lao Tzu" is a product formed by history，Because there are countless information containing historical information in it。

The author writes in a way of asking for hard work。For example，He interpreted according to the serial number of the bamboo slips，instead of explaining according to the paragraph。He is still annoying to put all the ancient characters and its fake characters、Alien characters。But read carefully，I will find that its demonstration process is simple and clear，The author uses a nearly rigid way，On the one hand，Try to retain the original appearance of the unearthed literature，Respect the information disclosed by the text itself extremely; on the other hand，The entire demonstration process is presented in an orderly manner，This makes it easy for yourself to find possible loopholes，You can also accept readers' picky attitude。

In my opinion，The author’s learning style inherits the Qianjia School，It is also affected by Western empiricalism，Emphasize the absolute calmness and meticulous in the research process，Do not let your prejudice、Other people's views Lead the process of interference research。For this research method，The author also explains，"Based on such an academic attitude，It is not based on the existing knowledge of Lao Tzu and "Lao Tzu" (that is, inherent concepts).，Instead, all the existing knowledge is used as a piece of white paper，No need to abandon，From the inner angle，Tightly combined with the expression of articles and ideas of each place "。This method of self -discussing hard work makes the entire research process extremely hard，Need to have a calm mind、Read the original literature to the greatest extent、Fully understand the opinions of others、Repeat the possibility of various inferences，Then find out relatively stable、The literature Bet365 app download is based on the most fulfilling perspective as the conclusion。Can't say the conclusion generated by this academic attitude and research method，I won't break it，In the future, the material increases with the material，Its conclusions need to be modified or even overturned，All possible。But I have to admire his rigorous academic attitude and scientific research method。This book makes us emotion，Scholars must not be speculative!

　　(Author Unit: School of Foreign Languages ​​of Renmin University of China; School of Philosophy of Renmin University of China)