"Ten Essays on Pre-Qin bet365 mobile betting" (written by Wang Zheng，World Book Publishing Co., Ltd. May 2022 edition) The author thinks，If the moral thinking of pre-Qin Confucianism is presented according to the development history of traditional philosophy，There will inevitably be mechanical segmentation and deliberate demarcation，This will greatly reduce the breadth of research、Depth and Thickness，It is better to return to the problem consciousness of pre-Qin Confucianism，That is, studying the moral philosophy of Pre-Qin Confucianism using a problem-based approach。

Based on this，The author extracts ten major issues from the pre-Qin Confucian moral philosophy: the distinction bet365 mobile betting heaven and man、The difference bet365 mobile betting humans and animals、Distinguish bet365 mobile betting internal and external benevolence and righteousness、Discrimination bet365 mobile betting benevolence and propriety、Discrimination bet365 mobile betting justice and benefit、Discrimination bet365 mobile betting the group and ourselves、The difference bet365 mobile betting a gentleman and a villain、Discrimination bet365 mobile betting Righteousness and Destiny、The difference bet365 mobile betting king and tyrant、Discussion bet365 mobile betting Confucianism and Legalism。Revolving around these ten major issues，The book mainly focuses on Confucius、Confucius disciples、Zisi、Mencius、The discussion of Xunzi and other representatives of pre-Qin Confucianism。For example, Chapter 4 "Discrimination bet365 mobile betting Benevolence and Rites"，The author first summarizes and reflects on the ritual and music civilization of the Western Zhou Dynasty，Special mention of the Spring and Autumn Period，In the face of reality, etiquette collapses and happiness breaks down，Many scholar-officials at that time believed that，It is impossible to simply restore Zhou rites from the rules and regulations，Must re-give the connotation and meaning of civilization of rituals and music，And re-establish the foundation of ritual and music civilization in people's hearts。This idea is about Confucius using benevolence to control etiquette，The idea of ​​achieving both benevolence and courtesy has an important influence。

Is the core of Confucius’ thought benevolence or propriety，There are still different opinions in the academic community。After detailed examination, the author believes that the core of Confucius’ thought is benevolence。Benevolence is fundamental to Confucius、The concept of centrality，Another one with great extension、A very broad category。In benevolence，Contains both the basis of emotion、The power of will，Including bet365 mobile betting behavior、The practice of politics。If a person does not have benevolence as an internal basis，There is no way to talk about ritual and music culture，The ritual and music system will become nothing more than an empty shell。Therefore，Establish benevolence—human’s inner bet365 mobile betting subjectivity—first，This takes precedence over bet365 mobile betting behavior such as etiquette，And the establishment of the subject of benevolence is more related to the entire morality of Confucius、Construction of political ideological system。

Confucius’s handling of the relationship bet365 mobile betting benevolence and propriety，Affecting disciple Ziyou，And later Zisi of the Simeng school、Mencius。The book believes，In Confucius，Yi Yiren、Etiquette is very important，But at the same time, benevolence does have preexistence and foundationality；And such an internalized tendency，Passed by Confucian disciples、Zisi、After Mencius’ treatment，It has become a basic view of Confucians on the distinction bet365 mobile betting benevolence and propriety，This view has also become the mainstream of later generations。However，Xunzi disagrees with this view，He pays more attention to etiquette。This is because，When talking about the debate bet365 mobile betting benevolence and etiquette, we have to mention the school of etiquette represented by Xunzi，Although they also recognize the extremely high value of benevolence，But more emphasis is placed on etiquette in moral practice、Practical significance in political practice。So it is necessary to discuss their differences bet365 mobile betting benevolence and propriety separately。The author consciously uses comparative research methods to discover the differences in Confucius, Mencius and Xunzi’s discussion of benevolence and etiquette，This shows the similarities and differences in the views of different thinkers within Pre-Qin Confucianism。

The whole book is compared internally、Horizontal comparison、Comparison bet365 mobile betting ancient and modern times、Comparison bet365 mobile betting China and the West，Highlighting the value of pre-Qin Confucian moral philosophy，As in Chapter 2 "The difference bet365 mobile betting humans and animals"。Whether it is Mencius or Xunzi，Their distinction bet365 mobile betting humans and animals is based on human relations，It’s just that Mencius paid more attention to the moral consciousness and value judgment inherent in the human soul reflected in human relations，Xunzi pays more attention to people’s sense of distinction and the norms of etiquette reflected in human relations。This difference is a specific difference based on the affirmation of human ethics。Actually，Mencius has a clear awareness of the distinction bet365 mobile betting role ethics in human relations，So he has the division of five ethics；Xunzi also had some understanding of the moral consciousness in human relations，As he once pointed out that evil people lack moral consciousness，That is, "The heart is like a tiger or a wolf，Act like an animal”。

In order to further analyze the difference bet365 mobile betting humans and animals，The author also introduces Taoism among the pre-Qin scholars、Mo’s point of view，Compare and study it with Pre-Qin Confucianism。Because Taoism fundamentally advocates naturalism and denies human ethics，So they basically oppose the distinction bet365 mobile betting humans and animals。Eliminating the distinction bet365 mobile betting humans and animals is the basic tendency of naturalism in Taoist non-human ethics。It is precisely because of the Taoist view of distinguishing bet365 mobile betting animals and birds，This highlights the importance of the distinction bet365 mobile betting humans and animals for Confucianism in constructing moral philosophy: If the fundamental difference bet365 mobile betting humans and animals cannot be confirmed，The uniqueness of human morality cannot be proven，Therefore, it is impossible to talk about the universality of morality in the human world。In Mozi’s view，The fundamental difference bet365 mobile betting humans and animals is that humans must make great efforts to survive and develop。Therefore，Mozi’s moral philosophy and even political philosophy are to eliminate all factors that are harmful to people’s efforts，Construct a society that is most conducive to people's efforts。Although Mozi recognized the distinction bet365 mobile betting humans and animals，But the angle of argument is different，In the end it produced completely different results。

The author compares the pre-Qin Confucian distinction bet365 mobile betting humans and animals with Western moral philosophy and concludes，The pre-Qin Confucian distinction bet365 mobile betting humans and animals highlights human benevolence、Ceremony、The moral uniqueness of righteousness，Without neglecting human’s own unavoidable animal desires、情、body，This shows that Confucian moral philosophy is neither divided into body nor mind、The disadvantages of forgetting the body，Place people bet365 mobile betting the individual and society，Facing the relationship bet365 mobile betting human uniqueness and dependence。

Pre-Qin Confucian moral philosophy established the supremacy of morality，The biggest threat to morality is profit，Therefore, the distinction bet365 mobile betting justice and benefit is an issue that Confucianism must face。In fact，The distinction bet365 mobile betting justice and benefit is not only an important issue in the pre-Qin period，It is still a very important issue in contemporary times。Then，What enlightenment can the pre-Qin Confucian distinction bet365 mobile betting justice and benefit bring to us today？The author compared it with Western moral philosophy and found out，Pre-Qin Confucianism adopts a strict attitude towards the distinction bet365 mobile betting justice and benefit，It is not simply about dividing justice and interests，Instead, it advocates a view of justice and benefit that combines deontology and efficacy。

Confucius’s distinction bet365 mobile betting righteousness and benefit lies in the judgment of meaning、Profit at the same time，Also requires reasonable self-interest and demands for the public interest of the community。The distinction bet365 mobile betting justice and benefit is highlighted in the Simeng School，Advocates that human moral behavior should never be mixed with any selfish motives，It must be a purely moral matter，But Mencius actually left room for the benefits of ordinary life。The righteousness advocated by Xunzi has the significance of social organization，So it naturally demands public interests and opposes private interests，But the selfish interests he opposes are excessive、Expansive self-interest，Not for the general benefits of life。So in Confucian view，Righteousness without public interest is impossible，Self-interest without justice is absolutely undesirable，Public interest and righteousness are exactly the same。Obviously，Facing problems arising from conflicts bet365 mobile betting justice and interests，The pre-Qin Confucian distinction bet365 mobile betting justice and benefit provides viewpoints and solutions that are superior to those of Western moral philosophy。

　　(bet365 mobile betting’s affiliation: Beijing Institute of Oriental Ethics, Beijing Youth University of Political Science)