The bet365 bonus code indiana has the attributes of global public goods。Hudo Grotius proposed the principle of freedom of the high seas in his work "On the Freedom of the Sea"；Alfred Mahan in his book "The Influence of Sea Power on History: 1660-1783"，Give the concept of “common domain” to the ocean；Proposed by Garrett Hardin，The ocean is constantly under threat due to the "tragedy of the commons" problem。The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) adopted in 1982 clearly stipulates the scope of maritime commons。Accordingly，Marine commons governance means the governance of space and resources outside national jurisdiction，The emerging hot spots include the governance of the North and South Poles、Deep sea mineral resource development and management、Sharing of biological genetic resources in the high seas, etc.。Currently，There are still many gaps in economic research on ocean commons governance，Here I would like to make some sorting out from the perspective of related institutional economics and ecological economics。

Institutional economics studies the impact of institutions on human economic behavior and social and economic development，System is a man-made design that restricts the interaction between people。For bet365 bonus code indiana governance，The connotation of holism is more reflected in the effective provision of governance systems，Individualism reflects more on the formation and promotion of the governance system by the behavior of each governance subject。The perspective of the institutional school shows that under the governance system of global issues，The complexity of subject actions and the dominance of sovereign state governments。

In the field of new institutional economics，Coase modified the neoclassical zero transaction cost assumption，Propose a new research perspective on reducing transaction costs through institutional innovation，Defines the "boundary" of the enterprise。Williamson starts from reducing transaction costs，Find out the meaning of existence of enterprise organization，And point out that when the market fails，Organizations can replace the government to achieve effective allocation of resources。The proposal of transaction costs has led the development of new institutional economy，And its development has promoted research on the core issue of bet365 bonus code indiana governance - property rights issues。Coase pointed out that the significance of property rights is to compensate for the externalities of resource use，Efficient allocation of resources by reducing social costs。Richard Posner thinks，Efficiency and comparative advantage are factors that affect the allocation of property rights，Owners who can use their assets more efficiently should have greater ownership rights。Therefore，In the governance of bet365 bonus code indiana，Big countries are seeking more rights to use resources at the same time，Due to its advantages in governance capabilities，Requires resource maintenance、Bear greater responsibilities in ecological restoration and other aspects。

Proposed by Yofam Barzel，Potential owners of assets cannot fully appreciate their characteristics and value，This makes it impossible to define the expected benefits of property rights exhaustively。Due to the existence of transaction costs，The property rights of assets cannot be fully defined，So there is an undefined “public domain” between clearly defined and undefined property rights in assets。bet365 bonus code indiana is a typical asset with “public domain” property rights。Various countries have vague definitions of the rights to use some resources in the bet365 bonus code indiana，The rational use of such resources depends on a reasonable estimate of their expected benefits and transaction costs。In addition，Ostrom creatively proposed a polycentric governance theory for autonomous governance of public affairs，Created a new research path for the management of public pond resources represented by marine commons；And believes that the management of large marine ecosystems that relies on international cooperation is one of the most difficult challenges，Later, a general framework for analyzing the sustainability of social-ecological systems was proposed。

Ecological economics focuses on the ecological environment、Natural bet365 bonus code indiana，Mainly studies the interaction between human activities and ecosystems including oceans，Considering ecological bet365 bonus code indiana in the evolution of the discipline、Ecological products to ecological spaces, etc.。Many economists have paid attention to natural bet365 bonus code indiana earlier、Environmental and ecological issues，For example, Harold Hotelling discussed the optimal extraction rate of non-renewable bet365 bonus code indiana，John Krutilla took the lead in studying the economic value of "comfort bet365 bonus code indiana"，Later, Krutila and Anthony Fisher further discussed commodity-type and comfort-type natural bet365 bonus code indiana in their works。The concept of ecological economics was first formally proposed by Kenneth Boulding。Herman Daly thinks，Standard neoclassical economics is based on the assumption that the economy is far away from two limits，That is, biophysical limitations and ethical and social limitations always do not exist，However, ecological economists insist that "the carrying capacity of nature is limited，The view that bet365 bonus code indiana may be exhausted，And it is believed that the damage to natural environmental bet365 bonus code indiana is irreversible and catastrophic，Therefore they tend to propose warning measures based on the precautionary principle。

The ocean, which accounts for 71% of the earth’s surface area, is one of the three largest ecosystems in the world，Marine ecosystems regulate the global water cycle、Regulating climate、Plays an important role in supporting life on earth，The balance of marine ecosystems is of great significance to human survival and sustainable development。The representative work in the field of environmental protection "Silent Spring" (Silent Spring)， 1962), is a marine ecologist。Proposed by Robert Costanza and others，The ocean faces overfishing、Leak incident、Ecosystem destruction、Five major issues on land pollution and climate change，And put forward "responsible、Size match、Prevent uncertainty、Adaptive Management、Allocate full cost、Six Core Principles of Stakeholder Engagement，Guide to the sustainable utilization and management of marine resources；Monetize the products and services provided by the ecosystem，Calculation found that it was 63.About 0% of ecosystem service value comes from the ocean。The ecological environment of the bet365 bonus code indiana is in urgent need of scientific management，Donald Boesch examines the role of science in ocean governance，He pointed out that science can help understand intergenerational effects and spatial effects，Addressing inherent uncertainties in marine ecosystem behavior，Construction and evaluation of comprehensive ecological economic models required to adapt to management。Ocean governance includes global nitrogen cycle and coastal eutrophication、Irreversible habitat degradation、Issues such as the disorderly development of biological resources and the impact of climate change on the marine and coastal environment。In the context of restrictions on high seas fishing to protect marine biodiversity，Laurenne Schiller et al. analyzed high seas fish catch and trade data，High seas fisheries found to play insignificant role in solving global food security。In the process of managing ocean commons，Countries also need to consider the carrying capacity or ecological threshold of marine ecosystems，Reasonable measurement and evaluation，Also internalize the value of its natural resource products or services in economic accounting，Thus achieving mutual coordination among all parties，Work together to protect the marine ecological environment。

　　(This article is a phased result bet365 bonus code indiana National Social Science Fund special project "Research on the Strategy of Building a Maritime Power under the Guidance of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era" (18VSJ067) to interpret the spirit bet365 bonus code indiana 19th National Congress bet365 bonus code indiana Communist Party of China)

(Author’s unit: Institute of Marine Development, bet365 bonus code indiana University of China、School of Economics, bet365 bonus code indiana University of China)