Global Ocean Public Land has the attributes of global public products。Hudo Grotius proposed the principle of freedom of the sea in his book "The theory of Marine Liberty"; Alfred Mahan (the impact of sea power on history: 1660-1783 "，Give the concept of "public domain" to the ocean; Garrett Hardin proposed，The ocean is constantly threatened because of the "public land tragedy" problem。The UNCLOS passed in 1982 clearly stipulated the scope of the ocean public domain。Based on this，Ocean public domain governance means the governance of space and resources outside the jurisdiction of the state，Its emerging hotspots include governance of North and South Polar Regions、Development and Management of Deep Sea Mineral Resources、Sharing of Gonghai Biological Genetics Resources。Current，Economic research on the field of marine public domain still exists in many blank blank，Here I would like to make some combing from the perspective of institutional economics and ecological economics related to it。

Institutional economics research system on human economic behavior and socio -economic development，The system is a man -designed person who restricts interactive relationships between people。For the governance bet365 live casino games of the global ocean public domain，The connotation of overallism is more reflected in the effective provision of the governance system，And individualism more reflects the formation and promotion of the subjective subject of each governance。The view of the institutional school shows that under the governance system of global problems，The complexity of the main action and the dominance of the government government。

In the field of economics in the new institutional economics，Cosm's amendment to the cost of neo -classical zero transaction costs，Put forward a new perspective of reducing transaction costs through institutional innovation，Defined the "boundary" of the enterprise。Williamson starts from reducing transaction costs，The meaning of the existence of corporate organizations，and point out that when the market fails，Organization can replace the government to achieve effective allocation of resources。The proposal of transaction costs leads the development of the new system economy，And its development has promoted the core issue of global marine public domination -research on property rights。Cos indicates that the significance of property rights is to make up for the external nature of the resource use，By reducing the cost of social costs, the resource is effectively allocated。Richard Posner believes，Efficiency and comparative advantages are factor affecting the Bet365 lotto review allocation of property rights，The owner who can make more efficient use of assets should have greater ownership。From this，In the governance bet365 live casino games of the global ocean public domain，Beginning when the big country is seeking more resource use rights，Due to the advantages of its governance capabilities，Need to maintain resource maintenance、Ecological restoration and other aspects to bear greater responsibility。

Yofam Barzel proposed，The potential owners of assets cannot fully understand their characteristics and value，This makes the expected income of defined property rights unable to be detailed。Due to the existence of transaction costs，The property rights of assets cannot be completely defined，Therefore, the property rights of assets have the "public domain"。Ocean public domain is a typical asset of the "public domain" of the "public domain" existing property rights。The definition of some countries in various countries is blurred by the definition of some resource use rights in the ocean public domain，The reasonable use of such resources depends on a reasonable estimate of its expected income and transaction costs。other，Ostrom creatively proposed the multi -center governance theory of the independent governance of public affairs，created a new research path for public pond resource governance represented by the Ocean public domain; and believed that the management of the large marine ecosystem carried out by international bet365 live casino games cooperation is one of the most difficult challenges，After that, a general framework for analyzing the sustainability of social ecosystems。

Ecological economy is focusing on the ecological environment、Natural Resources，It mainly studies the interaction between human activities and ecosystems including the ocean，Ecological resources in the process of discipline、Ecological products to ecological space, etc.。Many economists have paid attention to natural resources earlier、Environment and ecological problems，Harold Hotelling discussed the problem of optimal mining rate of non -renewable resources，John Krutilla took the lead in studying the economic value of "comfortable resources"，Later, Anthony Fisher, Cruckla and Anthony Fisher, further explored the product type and comfortable natural resources。The concept of ecological economics is officially proposed by Kenneth Bilding for the first time。Herman Daly believes，Standard's neoclassical economics is based on the assumption of the economy away from the two extremes，That is, biophysics and ethical society restrictions always do not exist，But ecological economists adhere to "Limited nature of nature with limited capacity，Resources will be exhausted "view，It is believed that due to the destruction of natural environmental resources, it is irreversible and catastrophic，Therefore, they tend to propose warning measures based Bet365 app download on the principle of prevention。

71%of the surface area of ​​the earth is one of the three major ecosystems in the world，Marine ecosystem is regulating global water circulation、Adjust the climate、It has an important role in supporting the life of the earth，The balance of the marine ecosystem is of great significance for human survival and sustainable development。The representative book "Silent Spring in the environmental protection field (Silent Spring， 1962) author Rachel Carson is a marine ecologist。Robert Costanza and other proposals，The ocean is facing over -fishing、Leakage incident、Ecological system destruction、Five main problems of land pollution and climate change，and proposed "Responsible、scale match、Prevention of uncertainty、Adaptive Management、Allocate all costs、Equipment related to the participation of the "six core principles，Guide the sustainable utilization and governance of marine resources; monetize the products and services provided by the ecosystem，Calculated found that the service value of the ecosystem of about 63.0%at that time came from the ocean。The ecological environment bet365 live casino games of the global ocean public domain needs scientific governance，Donald Boesch examines the role of science in marine governance，He pointed out that science helps understand the intergenerational effect and spatial effect，Internal uncertainty of bet365 live casino games solving the behavior of marine ecosystems，To adapt to the construction and evaluation of the comprehensive ecological economic model required for management。Ocean governance includes global nitrogen cycle and coastal richness、Unveiled habitat degeneration、The disorderly development of biological resources and the impact of climate change on the ocean and coastal environment。In the context of restricting the diversity of marine life to protect the diversity of marine life，Laurenne Schiller analyzed the caching volume and trade data of Gonghai，It is found that the role of Gonghai Fisheries in solving global food security is slightly insignificant。During the governance of the ocean public domain，Countries also need to consider the bearing capacity or ecological threshold of the marine ecosystem，Reasonable measurement and evaluation，At the same time, the value of its natural resource products or services is internalized in economic accounting，so as to achieve mutual coordination of all parties，Jointly protect the marine ecological environment。

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(Author Unit: The Institute of Ocean Development of Ocean University of China、School of Economics, Ocean University of China)