Let the market play a decisive role in resource allocation，You need to reform the price mechanism in order to pass the correct signal to the market。China has implemented a dual -track system in 1984，Allows state -owned enterprises to sell products to the market at 20%of the price of 20%of the state in addition to the planned output。In early 1985, the price was canceled again，Allowing the planned output price is determined by the buyer and seller for negotiation。After that，The overall trend of price reform is to gradually remove the monopoly pricing by the central government，Turn to a more market -oriented pricing mechanism，So that the price reform has made great progress。Most of the products in the society are now priced by the market，There are not many products that have not been truly marketized or market -oriented.，Energy is one of them。Different energy varieties，The speed and intensity of related price reforms are very large。Generally speaking，The highest marketization of coal price，and the marketization reform of power price is relatively lagging。

　　bet365 live casino games

China's energy production and consumption mainly depends on coal，This trend will not change for a long time。Therefore，Coal prices and its reforms are important。

Coal can be used for power generation and heating，It can also be used for other uses。Coal prices used for other uses have been marketized since 1993，But coal used for power generation，The so -called power coal or electric coal，Still priced by the country。The trend is that coal is increasingly used for power generation。Current，Consumption of coal consumption in more than half across the country for power generation and heating。Electric coal prices are national control，The price of other coal consumption is market -oriented。For the coal power plant，Coal cost accounts for about 70%of the cost of power generation。Coal mine is unwilling to sell coal to the coal power plant，Because the price is low for them。For the coal power plant，Coal purchase in the market becomes more and more difficult。

To straighten the relationship between coal and electricity bet365 Play online games price，2004，The National Development and Reform Commission reforms the pricing method of the past "one machine, one price"，Create a coal -electricity price linkage mechanism，With half a year as the cycle，When the average coal price changes in the cycle exceeded 5%，Adjust the electricity price accordingly。At the same time，In order to slow down the impact of rising coal prices on the cost of pushing high electricity，It is stipulated that 30%of the coal prices rising from internal digestion of power generation companies。At the end of 2015, the National Development and Reform Commission adjusted the coal power price linkage mechanism。The comprehensive coal and electricity linkage mechanism will be implemented from January 1, 2016，Taking an annual cycle，When coal prices exceed 5%in the cycle, the electricity price is adjusted，Allow power generation companies to pass 90%of the increase in fuel costs to the power grid。Coal power linkage mechanism is not an automatic mechanism。2017 coal prices rose faster，Compliance with the requirements for linkage regulations for coal power prices，But the National Development and Reform Commission did not adjust the electricity price。

Although the coal price dual -track system is canceled，but it has not formed a nationwide coal market。The key to the next step of coal reform is to consider the corner of the industry chain，Key reforms that are urgent into the market -oriented but are still controlled by the state。

　　refined oil price reform

Since 1998，China's crude oil prices are in line with the world，But the price of refined oil is still priced by the country。May 2009，The National Development and Reform Commission issued the "Petroleum Price Management Measures (Trial)"，Further determining the mechanism for the formation of refined oil prices。When the international market crude oil has changed the average price of more than 4%for 22 consecutive working days,，You can adjust the price of domestic refined oil accordingly。But there are two main problems in the refined oil pricing mechanism。First, the price adjustment cycle is too long，Can't reflect the changes in international oil prices in time。Second, the change in the price of oil adjustment to the price adjustment must reach 4%，Cause changes in international oil prices cannot be reflected in the price of domestic refined oil。For these Bet365 app download problems，Starting to implement more market -oriented refined oil pricing mechanisms in 2013，The price adjustment interval is shortened to 10 days，The requirements for the range of oil price change have been canceled at the same time。Different from the coal power price linkage mechanism，refined oil price adjustment mechanism is automatic，As long as the condition is met，The National Development and Reform Commission will adjust the price of refined oil。

With the rapid development of China's economy，Domestic oil production can no longer meet its growing demand，Following it is the continuous rise in demand for imported oil abroad，As a result, the exterior dependence of oil repeatedly innovative high，70%in 2018。High cost of domestic production of crude oil，plus the consideration of energy saving and environmental protection，Decision of the National Development and Reform Commission，From January 2016，When the price of crude oil is lower than $ 40 per barrel，The price of the refined oil products will no longer be adjusted with the change of crude oil。

Adjustment of the pricing mechanism，refined oil prices can be more reflected in time in a timely manner，But there is a certain contrast with consumers' feelings。This may be mainly the current refined oil pricing mechanism that only considers crude oil prices in foreign markets，ignored domestic influencing factors。In the future，To better reflect the supply and demand of domestic refined oil。Looking at it for a long time，The marketization of refined oil prices depends on the extent to the extent solve the "three barrels of oil" in oil imports、Upstream exploration、Monopoly problems in production and pipelines。

　　Reform of natural gas price

Natural gas is clean energy。Accompanying strict environmental policies，The country constantly adjusts unreasonable natural gas prices，To replace coal to solve environmental pollution through natural gas。

First, at the end of 2011, in Guangdong、Pilot reform of the reform mechanism of natural gas prices in Guangxi，Adjust the price management of natural gas from the factory to the door station，Implement the highest upper limit price management，and the pricing method is priced from "cost bonus" to "net return value" price，The price of natural gas and fuel oil、LPG oil and gas can be linked to alternative Bet365 lotto review energy prices。June 2013，On the basis of summing up the pilot experience of both Guangdong and Guangxi，Promote a new mechanism formed by the promotion of non -resident gas prices nationwide。At the same time，To reduce the resistance of reform，Differential stock gas and incremental gas，Increasing gas price, one step adjustment to the level that maintains a reasonable price comparison with alternative energy prices，The price of the stock gas is divided into three steps。In June 2018，and require each province to complete the price adjustment mechanism of the price within the specified time。Uniform gas prices can avoid urban gas companies from selling gas to residents but selling it to more profitable industrial and commercial enterprises。

Future，Natural gas reform should accelerate the establishment of upstream and downstream natural gas price linkage mechanisms，Let go of upstream and downstream competitive links，wide open gas source，Add supply。Reform pipeline transportation price pricing mechanism，State's approval of the pipeline transmission price，Implementation of pipeline run independently，Independence of the pipes and losses，Pipe Network to the third -party market subject is fair and open，Portal in transmission，Promoting the efficient connection between the upstream and downstream natural gas supply and demand，To a greater extent, realize the marketization of natural gas price。The establishment of a national oil and natural gas pipe network company，It will undoubtedly be the most fundamental measure in the reform of the natural gas system，Help "control the middle，Let go of both ends of the reform goals。but，The impact of the establishment of the pipeline company cannot be ignored，If the impact on the market structure。At present, the natural gas market is easy to achieve the basic balance of supply and demand under the sales model of "fixed demand for production" and "fixed marketing"。But after the establishment of State Management Network Company，Basic balance of supply and demand will be broken，Unbalanced market supply and demand will become the norm，Market supply and demand contradictions may become more prominent，Market supply and demand contradictions may become more prominent。The construction of the pipe network also Bet365 app download exists due to a single source of funds，Facing the risk of slow investment and construction speed。Current，Main oil and gas companies can supplement the funds built by the network through upstream and downstream profits。After the establishment of the State Management Network Company，The pressure of the construction of the pipe network will be transferred to the single enterprise of the pipe network company。So，Pipe -losing price will become the key，Reasonable price level will be related to the guarantee of the construction funds of the pipeline network and the balance that is conducive to natural gas consumption。At present, the price of the natural gas gate is calculated by bundling the gas source export price with the long -lost pipe network pipe。After the establishment of the State Management Network Company，The transmission price of the long output network pipe is stripped from the price of the natural gas gate。So，The current charging method of passing the pipe price through the principle of "allowable cost+reasonable income" principle may be changed，Using international universal use of two systems according to the "usage fee" and "capacity fee" systems are charged separately。At the same time，Considering the upstream gas source will become diverse，and the demand for natural gas is getting larger and larger，and increase the ability to withstand natural gas prices in different regions，State Pipe Network Company Establish，Realizing a network of nationwide，Oil and gas pipelines may adopt the "same price" method in the future to count the fee。

　　Electricity price reform

Since the founding of New China，The power department has been monopolized by the country。In 2002, the reform of the power system，The state implements "Factory Network Separation"，completely separate the power generation link of the grid，Five -competition for each other。Competition between the power generation links，The investment scale and installed capacity of the power generation industry are continuously expanded，Basically solved the problem of "electric shortage" that has troubled people for a long time。But the problem of the grid monopoly has not been resolved。Central Committee of the Communist Party of China in March 2015、The State Council promulgated "Several Opinions bet365 best casino games on Further Deepening the Reform of the Electricity System"，The so -called "No. 9"，In "Hold the Middle，Let go of both ends "reform idea under the guidance，Open a new round of power system reform。

The current power grid profit model is a bit like a bank that mainly earns loans and deposits to survive at the beginning of the reform.。The power grid is unified purchase and sales，The price of electricity buying and selling electricity is determined by the power grid，The price difference between obtaining electricity selling and buying electricity。According to the new round of electrical reform plan，The grid is no longer this profit model。The power grid collects the network fee based on the transmission and distribution price (line loss) approved by the state，Internet transaction at the Internet transaction，Add over online fee，plus power additional，Forms the price of users who participated in the power market transaction。and other Internet electricity volumes that have not participated in direct transactions and bidding transactions，and residents、Agriculture、Important public undertaking and public welfare service，Continue to execute government pricing。

For the power industry，The real reform is "control the middle，Let go of both ends "，The government controls the middle (grid transmission distribution) by approved the transmission and distribution price、Let's release the electric side，Although just let go of the newly added electricity sales part。According to the new power reform plan，The power grid only collects the online fee approved by the state，Lower sales terminals，So how to solve the problem of grid scheduling? Different prices for buyers and sellers of sales and sellers，The grid only collects the network fee，The price of the buyers and sellers has nothing to do with it，How to determine the priority scheduling order of the grid under this case? The state takes the electricity reduction price as an important task of "three to one supplement and one reduction"。But at present，The online fee has been approved.，The power plant is shouting losses，Users generally feel high electricity price，Three parties with the interests of the entire power system are called Qu，and the price reduction price requires at least one of them to benefit。Visible，The reform of the power system is urgent to reduce the constraints bet365 live casino games and baggage of market construction。

In short，China's energy price reform has made great progress，But the reform is not thorough。As long as this main production factor price is not thorough，China's economic reform is far from finishing。

　　(This article is the National Natural Science Foundation of China "Based on Multi -Area、Mixed large dynamic coupling comprehensive evaluation model of carbon dioxide reduction of carbon dioxide reduction、Cost and Policy Research "(71373055) phased results)

(The author is the Dean of Tianjin University Ma Yinchu Economics、Professor，National Energy、Dean of the Institute of Environment and Industrial Economics)