Wide and effective residents participation，It is an inevitable requirement for building a new pattern of community governance in the "co -construction, common governance sharing"。A implementation of community participation，can be a direct and indirect participation，can also be positive participation and reverse participation。For a long time，Everyone pays more attention to the direct participation of the residents，But insufficient attention to other participation forms，So I made an overly pessimistic judgment on the community participation situation。In the current urban community of my country，There have always been three main community participation forms。

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Insufficient community participation，It mainly refers to the situation where residents directly participate in community affairs are not ideal。This can be attributed to three "limited": limited scale，Participate in content limited，The effect of participation is limited。The limited scale of participation is the frequent participation in community activities，Still retired elderly people，The participation rate of most young and middle -aged people is extremely low。Participating content refers to the main community participation in daily community activities and cyclical community events (such as elections)，But most residents of community autonomy do not care。Limited participation effect refers to direct participation in communities with limited residents，It has not really improved the autonomy of community residents，Nor the ability to transform into grass -roots organizations。An explanation of residents' direct participation is，City is a stranger society，Insufficient social capital in the community。

Many people directly bet365 best casino games participate in the presets of residents' extensive "" extensive "and" comprehensive "as the entire form of community participation，This is inaccurate。Community participation itself is not a purpose，"Broadly" and "Direct" participation is also not the purpose of the participation of residents。Participate in the purpose of obeying the "request to be responded"。For ordinary residents，The interests they care about most are the living environment with livable。The community is just the living space of the residents，From the perspective of residents' needs or community supply capacity，It is destined to be limited。The needs in the living space are all around life，Is specific、trivial，​​Such as the environment keep clean and hygiene，The vehicle is parking in an orderly manner，Contradictions and disputes can be resolved in time，There are basic places for leisure activities，etc.。Residents participation，It is also a community grass -roots organization、Property companies, etc. express relevant appeals，View the latter in a timely and effective response。Indicators to measure the level of community participation，It should also be whether the demands of residents have been promptly responded，That is, whether the community's livable level is constantly improving。This is a "results evaluation"，instead of "process evaluation"。Imagine，If the residents have other effective channels for expressing demands，and its demands can basically be able to respond in a timely and effective response，does not necessarily need to pass widely direct participation，So why do you have to pursue the comprehensiveness of participation?

　　Media -type participation emphasizes publicization and social

The so -called media participation，It is the medium of residents through "key groups"，Participate in community affairs。"Key Group" is an important part of the theory of collective action，refers Bet365 app download to a minority group to replace most groups，Play the initial cost in collective operations、Mobilization of other members and other members。In the local context，"Key Group" is also a activist。These people take the elderly who retire at home as many，They have enthusiasm for time，willing to participate in the event，Also care about community public welfare。activists are active in various fields of community governance，It is an indispensable helper for grass -roots organizations in the community。

Active elements play the role of community participation in two layers of understanding: first，They are the main body of community participation，Their behavior is to practice community participation; second，activists are also an important medium for ordinary residents to realize community participation。Only see the first point，I will think that community participation is just these old faces，Insufficient participation; if you see the second point，You can recognize，Ordinary residents realize community participation through activists as medium，In fact, it is a very important implementation form for community participation。activists play the role of "uploading and down"，It is the "bridge" and "bond" between the community and the residents。

Media participation is an indirect participation，Have such a few characteristics。First，Its role is to help residents express interest appeal。Residents may not go directly to the neighborhood committee or property company or other governance entities，Its role is to help residents express interest appeal。The two are not commission -agency relationship，but a private relationship with personal nature。Next，activists are subjective。As participating medium，activists are not passive，but active，He can do or not to do it，It is not bound by residents。again，The reason why activists become the key to the media，It is that it has bet365 Play online games extensive interest consistency with ordinary residents。activists are a member of ordinary residents，It is not necessarily a community elite，Become activists mainly because they are enthusiastic about people、Ancient Road hot sausage、Leisure and energy，also has a certain ability to express and work。They live with ordinary residents，In career、No significant differences with ordinary residents，Concern of interests。Last，The incentive mechanism of media participation is mainly social，It is recognized by residents、Affirmative social rewards，and the value incentive of the self -actual implementation obtained by activists。Most ordinary residents do not pursue social incentives，This is one of the reasons for its low community participation。

The above features are both media participation.，It is also a factor that limits its effect。It depends on social and informal mechanisms，It has instability。The resolution of the community is to give activist public identity，or strengthen its public identity consciousness。"Publicization" mechanism is parallel with social incentives，The power mechanism that co -constitutes a media participation。

　　Adverse participation: The government actively collects social appeals

Government and community grass -roots organizations actively build an institutionalized information transmission channel，and actively sink the civil servants into the masses to collect information，This form can be called "reverse participation"。Generally speaking，Participation refers to citizens' initiative to participate in public affairs governance，The role of the government is open participation channel，Responsible citizen's appeal，The government is a passive response。This form of participation can be called "positive participation"。Inverse participation, it is upside down，The government actively collects social appeals。This increases the participation channel，It can also solve bet365 Play online games the problem of lack of active participation in citizens。

Reverse information collection is part of the tradition of the mass line，Professor Wang Shaoguang said that this is the political tradition of the Communist Party of China，Is a "reverse political participation"。It requires government officials to take the initiative to sink into the masses，Listen to the opinions of the masses，Understand the suffering of the masses。The reverse information collection method of the government and its functional departments，Institutional channels in many cities，For example, the community contact point system，The main approach is to establish a fixed contact relationship with government officials (including officials) or government departments，Regularly go to the community to understand the situation of the community，Receive residents' reflection problems。This routine station system is universal，Each community has a superior station，Despite the difference in resource coordination capacity of the station unit，Unfairness of resource allocation will produce resource allocation，But it really helps to make up for some defects of the sectarian system。Because it is conventional，Through long -term practice, a channel that transmits grassroots information upward，superiors can also understand the real difficulties of grassroots work。Another institutionalized and organized information collection method is the community grid system，Community grid system not only works in social management work such as comprehensive management of community social security，and also become an important means for the government and communities to collect residents' demands。Grid systems in many cities are established by current community grass -roots organizations，That is the community staff concurrently as a grid member，Some cities have established a full -time grid team team，The community has a grid management center，bet365 live casino games Special responsible for information collection。From the perspective of practice，The efficiency of the grid management system is relatively high。

　　Improve the form of community participation

Media -type participation and reverse participation，All community participation forms with local characteristics。In the case where residents directly participate in the effect of limited results，More worthy of continuous innovation and improvement。While we can expand the direct participation of the residents as much as possible，Also pay attention to the role of media participation and reverse participation，Continuously innovate its implementation form，Improve residents' feelings for community governance。

The key to the realization of media participation is to discover and mobilize activists。In practice，The older the old community，The more obvious the role of media participation。On the one hand, many elderly people are willing to let activists help to reflect the problem，On the other hand, there are more activists in this type of community。Comparison of comparison，Although there are activists in the commercial house community，But the relationship with ordinary residents is more alienated，This limits the play of its role。Community grassroots organizations should be committed to identify those real activists in the community，and carry out effective mobilization，"Key Groups" for constantly producing media participation。

Adverse participation in practice is prone to "information redundant" and "pressure upload" tendency，That is the terminal bearer of the information collection (such as a grid person) to complete the quantitative information collection indicator，Instead of distinguishing the severity of the information，1，Those who can be solved by the community，Even if the problem solved by the residents should be reported，Push the responsibility to the superior government。This not only causes "problem congestion"，Increase the pressure of grassroots governance，It may also be counterproductive，Raising bet365 best casino games the expectations of residents，but reduced its autonomy and autonomy ability。You need to further improve the screening mechanism of the information collection system。

　　(Author Unit: Department of Sociology, Wuhan University、China Rural Governance Research Center)