Since the reform and opening up，Non -agricultural flow with rural population and labor，The location of the farmers' household registration of our country is separated from the employment (separated by households)。At the end of 2018，Chinese migrant workers、The number of migrant workers out of migrant workers reached 288 million and 173 million respectively，The number of people separated by people in the country reached 286 million。The separation of households has caused changes in the connection between farmers and homesteads，Various degrees of hollowization in the countryside、Excessive dredging phenomenon，Especially the hollowization of rural areas in the central and western regions、The degree of excessive dredging is more prominent。At the same time，my country's urbanization、The continuous advancement of industrialization means that the scarcity of land is increasing，The change of consumption methods for residents also forced the rural industry form to change，The configuration of the land element needs to be adjusted urgently。An important part of the elements of the land，Rural homesteads need to be located between urban and rural areas、Make overall arrangements between industry，and further improve its configuration efficiency。

As a response to development practice，The Chinese government is based on the idea of ​​the "three powers" of cultivated land，Emphasize the pilot of the "three powers" of promoting the homestead，"Division of three powers" as an important content of the overall land reform of the house and the major innovation of the property rights system of the homestead。2018 Central "No. 1 Document" is clearly proposed，To explore the ownership of the homestead、Qualification right、Use right "Three Power Division"，Implement the collective ownership of the homestead，Affecting the qualification right of farmers and the property rights of farmers' houses，Moderate living homestead and farmers' house use rights。2019 Central "Document No. 1" emphasizes the need to carefully promote the reform of the rural house site system，Pilot reform pilot，Rich pilot content，Perfect institutional design。This situation means that after the change of the arable land system，The reform of the system of rural homesteads in bet365 best casino games our country has gradually entered the "fast lane"，It also means similar to the reform of the cultivated land system，"Three powers" is the basic orientation of the reform of the property rights system of rural homesteads in my country at this stage。

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Since the reform and opening up，my country's rural homesteads have long been implemented for a long time with the "separation of two rights" as the basic characteristic structure structure: collectively owns all rights、Farmers have the right to use。But，Large scale between urban and rural areas、Frequent population flow，The strict correspondence between farmers and rural homesteads was broken。Take this as the starting point，The essence of the reform of the "three powers" reform of the homestead，The flexible configuration of the relative stability of ownership and qualifications。On the premise of adhering to the right to collective ownership and the right to the farmers，A response to the separation of the people in the countryside through the right to use the right to use，Make farmers flexibly select the household facilities according to their own situation。Farmers can have the right to qualification and exercise the right to use，You can also have the right to qualification but transfer to use right，You can also return the right to the collective to the collective and right to use。This system change fully considers the dual structure of urban and rural land ownership in my country，Considering the differences and differentiation characteristics of Chinese farmers，Gives the options of the configuration of rural homesteads to a single farmer，allowing farmers to flexibly dispose of the right to use homesteads under the premise of retaining the right to qualification，Use the market -oriented mechanism to realize the re -configuration of some homesteads in a wider range。From the characteristics of institutional changes，The "three powers" of the homestead fits the real features of the urban and rural dual structures in my country，With gradual market -oriented reform nature，And can better take into account both the stability of social order and promote economic development:。

House sites belong to rural non -operating construction land，Inspeal that can be shifted in space，Often bundled with ground buildings，and have an economy for farmers、Society、Culture and other multiple functions，Therefore, there is both welfare attributes and property attributes to farmers。This leads to bet365 Play online games the implementation level，The reform of the "three powers" of the homestead is far more complicated than the reform of the "three powers" of cultivated land。From the pilot of the existing homestead "three powers" pilot，Methods in different regions、Government roles and implementation effects are very different，But it often faces the same or similar policy problems。In the pilot area of ​​reform，The "three power separation" of the homestead faces the exercise of ownership、Determination of Qualification Right、Dignity of the right to use、Rights of the right to use、Use fee standard determination and other questions，These problems stem from the theoretical and legal level，Also originated from the level of practice and operation，It needs to be considered and solved in the reform process。Considering the policy implementation depends on the target -oriented and implementation benchmarks behind the system change，At present, the "three power separation" of my country's promotion of the homestead is particularly paid attention to the following benchmarks。

　　Enhance the government's land planning function

There are multiple categories in rural land，and in cultivated land、House Site、Can be transformed between township and village enterprises，"Three Power Division" of the homestead must first determine the "object" of the property rights of the homestead。Based on the most stringent system of saving land，"Three Power Division" of the House site must more highlight the government's land planning function，Keep the total amount of homesteads of specific villages relatively stable、Slight fluctuations，Beware of the excessive expansion of the landlord, which causes the scale of the arable land，Fight in the situation of rural population outflows and the synchronous growth of urban construction land area and the area of ​​rural homesteads。

Based on this，It can be based on the new urban and rural cadres，Taking the district and county government as the implementation subject，Accelerate the preparation of land planning at the level of administrative village，Measure and clarify the overall size of the homestead、Space distribution and annual increase or decrease indicators。Implementing towns、Village、Groups and other organizations in the implementation and supervision of land planning，Avoid farmers from abusing qualification rights and expand the area of ​​the homestead at will，Avoid other subjects from treating the reform of the homestead system as a "feast"。In Bet365 lotto review this aspect，Sichuan Luxian and other places in the pilot first do a good job of rural land plan，It is clearly proposed that the total amount of the homestead "does not increase the total amount、The bottom line is guaranteed "，The benchmark for this plan is worthy of affirmation and promotion。

　　Clarify the connotation of subdivided rights

For a long time，my country's homestead is mainly ownership -the "two -yuan structure" of the right to use，"Three Power Division" has evolved it into a "three -yuan structure" of ownership -qualification right -the right to use right。This change means the subdivision of land rights、Diversity of land configuration methods and expansion of farmers' selection。

Promoting the "three rights separation" of the homestead must clarify the connotation of various subdivided rights，Provide stable expectations for the micro -subject，Provide an institutional premise for the Land use rights and social configuration。Ownership refers to the right to change the right to land in the nature of the land and the supervision right of the land use status。Qualification right refers to household registration farmers in family -oriented、The principle of "one household and one place" is qualified to obtain the homestead from collective，This qualification is member、exclusive、Inheritance、Elected features。The right to use refers to the possession of the homestead、Use、Income、disposal、Mortgage and other rights。In the process of promoting the "three power separation" process of promoting the homestead，The connotation of various rights and the boundary of different rights should be clarified by a contract。As far as practice is concerned，Anhui Jingde、Zhejiang Yiwu、Zhejiang Deqing and other places all issued the "three powers" of the homestead "three powers" for farmers，Its function is to specify the rights structure of the homesteads between different subjects through the contract。

　　Establish a preferred benchmark for the interests of farmers

The "separation of three powers" involves multiple interest subjects，But the reform must first consider the interest guarantee of farmers。House sites are farmers' settlements in rural areas，It is also a safety valve flowing between farmers urban and rural areas。At this stage migrant workers cannot be integrated into the city，The connection between farmers and homesteads varies from person to person、Move because of time，Therefore, you need to consider the guarantee function of the homestead's production and life Bet365 app download of farmers。The starting point and end point of the "three powers" of the homestead are the economic and social conditions of farmers，The interests of farmers priority is the logic main line of this institutional innovation。

At the policy level，"Three Power Division" of the implementation of the homestead must follow farmers' voluntary、Government Service Principles，Farmers are unwilling to transfer the right to use，Then local governments and collective organizations cannot force farmers to transfer。Farmers are willing to transfer the right to use，Local governments and rural collectives should be defined through property rights、Information docking、Platform construction、New type of agricultural -related organization，The system cost to reduce the transfer of use rights。In the case of collecting right to use the collective organization，Collective organizations also need to bear the role of "entrepreneur"，Aiming at the market demand to broaden the use channel of the homestead，Provide more market competitive products or services in industrial fusion，enable farmers to increase property income due to the re -configuration of the homestead。"Not forced、No shortage、Make the trend、Yi Farmers and Rich Farmers "should become the fundamental follow -up of the implementation of the" three powers "policy of the homestead。

　　Moderate release of the right to use

Different from the previous institutional arrangement，The innovation of the "three powers" of the homestead is reflected in the subdivision of the use of farmers into qualification rights，This has broken the single pattern of farmers' possession and using the homestead，Make farmers have the conditions to have the right to qualification but transfer the right to use。Moderate use of the right to use the right to use is the essence of the "three power separation" of the homestead，It is also a key trick for the socialized configuration and configuration efficiency of the homestead。

For policy implementation，"Moderate" means that the reform of the homestead system is not promoted in all rural areas，Instead, according to the situation of different rural areas、Decisions of different farmers，Adactions to local conditions、Different from person to person is the implementation strategy of "three powers" in the homestead。"Living" refers to the expansion of the main body of the homestead，Diverse usage。The former is not the only one who uses the main body to have the right to qualify，It can also be a collective organization、Other farmers Bet365 lotto review within the collective、Other subjects outside the collective;，It can also be used to remove villas、Private Clubs and other industries other than prohibited projects，This is the development of a new type of rural type、The development of new formats provides conditions。In the pilot of Lu County and other places in Sichuan，The type of use of a variety of living homesteads appeared -co -construction and sharing、Putting production operation、Housing replacement、mortgage financing, etc.，These types all reflect the important orientation of the change of the property rights system of this homestead in moderation。

　　Help urban and rural factors market integration

The "Three Power Division" system for the homestead is for the homestead，But the role is not limited to the homestead，helps to leverage capital、Information、Technology and other elements go to the countryside，It is also conducive to improving the liquidity of rural labor，Enhance the ability to integrate urban integration in the rural population。Promoting the "three power separation" of the homestead must be placed in the construction of a new type of urban and rural relations、Under the grand background of advancing the overall marketization reform，Continuously stimulate and release its leveraged effect on the integration of urban and rural factors market。According to this，The "three power separation" of the homestead should shift from the pilot stage to the experience summary、The regular refinement stage，Should expand the pilot area moderately and gradually put the pilot method，The institutional problem that is generally faced in the implementation of the implementation of the system。

At the policy level，The "three powers separation" of the homestead should consider the implementation of collective ownership，At this stage, it is appropriate to give ownership to administrative villages or groups，But the relationship between farmers and collectives should be regulated through the Land Committee，Get the right to standardize the right to qualification、Stop、Exit、Scope and exercise period，Clarify the transfer method of the right to use、Price Guidelines、trading platform、Mortgage conditions，From the exploration of the pilot area，Such as the benchmark land price determination of the homestead in Yiwu, Zhejiang，Practical basis for improving institutional improvement。other，my country is promoting rural operating construction land directly to the market，In the context of the extension of rural hollowing，It should also explore the docking mechanism bet365 live casino games between the demand between rural non -operating construction land and urban and rural non -agricultural industrial land。Reserve sources of construction land through rectification of rural idle homesteads，Construction land in urban and towns、Rural operating construction land、The order of entering the market among non -operating construction land in rural areas、The reform trend with the right to have a gap but a reduction in rights，Gradually build the "upgraded version" and "expansion version" of the unified urban and rural construction land market。

　　(This article is the National Social Science Fund's major project "Research on New Urban and Rural Relations in a well -off society in a well

　　(The author is a professor at the School of Economics of Fudan University)