April 2020，Central Committee of the Communist Party of China、The State Council clearly put forward the "Opinions on Constructing a more complete factor market -oriented allocation system and mechanism"，Further strengthened the importance of data as a production element。Promoting data elements legal、Circulation of compliance，It is the focus point of stimulating the vitality of the market for the market，It is also an inevitable requirement for economic and social innovation and development。So，Several features of data elements，Construct a multi -level、traceable、can be regulated、Security and effective data element market，Promote the standardization of data elements，Not only is it conducive to promoting data element configuration according to market rules、Market price、Market competition achieves maximization and optimization of efficiency，It also effectively strengthened data privacy protection and national data sovereignty。

The development of the data factor market is inseparable from the construction of circulation trading platform。In recent years，Some data exchanges in my country have been established and attempts to conduct data transactions。For example，Guiyang Big Data Exchange created my country's first data trading market; Shanghai Data Trading Center has a dendinable meta -data regulation、Autonomous listing control、ID identification and other key technologies; Qiantang Big Data Trading Center promotes the organic integration of manufacturing and big data。But overall，This industry is still in a small -scale exploration stage in my country，Law and regulations and regulatory Bet365 app download measures for data circulation are not yet sound。According to statistics，More than 20 data trading agencies authorized by local governments in my country，But more than half are non -existing state or low activity; there are more than 10 private enterprises named after "data transaction"，3 of which have been canceled。At the same time，illegal data transactions and leaks occur frequently。According to the "China Internet users' Rights Protection Survey Report 2020" released by the China Internet Association，Only one year of netizens due to spam、Fraud information and personal information leaks and other phenomena suffered a total economic loss of more than 80 billion yuan，Per capita economic loss 124 yuan。

Core cause of the above phenomenon，Data elements have the characteristics of different production elements，That is the replication of data and non -discharge。A large amount of data users mostly copy、Resale data and other behaviors benefit，and define illegal acquisition、Evidence of transactions is difficult to collect，Data rights need to reducing unreasonable replication、Data leakage, etc. Pay a lot of regulation and supervision costs。On the one hand，To prevent the data from being resold and abused by illegal regulations，Data rights are more inclined to block instead of trading or share data，This greatly reduces the liquidity and transaction scale of the legal data market。On the other hand，Large data demand may be driven by interests，Choose illegal acquisition and abuse of data。At the same time，Data can be reproducible and difficult to traceability, which also easily causes the interception of transaction data for online trading platforms、Tampered、Resold，Help big data killing、Data leakage and other behaviors that damage consumers' interests。other，my country's current data Bet365 lotto review trading platform is mostly centralized platform，It is mainly used as a transaction intermediary or data analysis processing center，Still lack of trading technologies for data transactions; and because of the "member system" market entry mode，Massive data resources have not been effectively activated。Comparison of comparison，The development of foreign data trading platforms is relatively mature，Pay attention to the traceability of data transactions and data privacy protection，Design data desensitivity、Audit、Rights and other series of technologies。Visible，Only the replication of the data、The traceability and regulatability of data transactions，Data trading platform has a system environment that achieves long -term benign development。

To promote the standardization of data element circulation transactions，Cultivate my country's data element market、Squeeze data black market transactions and release digital economic potential，I think，It can be focused on starting from the following aspects。

First，Combined with data diversity，Construct a multi -level market trading system。Data is not a standard product，Have a variety of forms，and the same original data through combination、Demolition、Adjustment can form different new data。So，Data circulation should be reflected as a multi -level market trading system，and according to the specific types and scenes，Applicable different transaction rules。These markets include cross -border、National or regional data exchanges、trading platform, etc.，Transaction targets can be divided into original data、Desertensitivity data、Calculation results、Calculation results、Query Service、Customized service or data finance products, etc.，Trading method can be purchased、Lease、Auction、Bet365 lotto review Mortgage and other forms。other，According to data privacy、The difference between safety and sensitivity，can be divided into complete openness、Not completely open and never open data。Where，Data should be combined with data properties、Data use、Difficulty of regulatory、Privacy costs of related data，Set different degrees of desensitization、Use restrictions and processing requirements。

2，Emphasize the traceability of data transactions，Application blockchain technology。Data replication，As soon as the data is traded, it is no longer unique to the seller，If the transaction dispute between the two parties will cause the seller to bear higher risk。To avoid these hidden dangers，Need a certain technology and system，Used for recording、Early consultation and verification of tracing data transactions、Transaction process and data reaching conditions, etc.。So，traceability is the core of data transactions，Blockchain is the basic technology that realizes traceability。First，Blockchain naturally has the function of confirmation。The timestamp technology and consensus mechanism in the blockchain architecture can avoid trading tampering。When the transaction is controversial，Data rights can prove their legal ownership through the timestamp trading of the blockchain transaction，It can also be traced and detected illegal behavior。Next，Blockchain can also help buyers to determine whether the data set meets the demand，At the same time, there is evidence to leave marks attributes。Because all data transaction records will be fixed on the blockchain，Including small data samples (or hash values)，to effectively prevent and control the illegal leakage of data，and avoid the possibility of cheating during the transaction。Another，Package of data transactions and bet365 live casino games dispute settlement mechanisms into the blockchain architecture design，It can not only use smart contracts to achieve automatic transaction payment，Can also be performed online arbitration or even automatic judgment in accordance with the evidence on the chain。

third，Development of privacy protection technology，Effectively guarantee data security。Data transaction itself is accompanied by the risk of privacy leaks，and the interception of the trading platform、Tampered and resale behavior has even more data security problems。This requires the production of data、Processing、Use、circulation and other links，Strengthen data privacy protection through multiple channels。First，According to data content、Application scenario and other protection standards for data classification and classification，To achieve targeted、divided level、Differentiated data privacy protection and security protection。Next，Fully develops multi -party security calculations based on cryptography、Federal Learning、Privacy Calculation and credible hardware and other privacy protection technical means，Balanced data security and use performance，While ensuring that the data is not leaked，Realize the legitimate acquisition and development and utilization of data。At the same time, the principle of advocating the obligations derived from data transaction protection，The scope of the data specified in the transaction contract can be used in the transaction contract，Improved data sellers' supervision obligations for direct buyers。

Fourth，Careful look at data cross -border flow，firmly maintain data sovereignty。Data cross -border flow is conducive to promoting corporate innovation and industrial iteration upgrade，Data acquisition and use also affect the economic development prospects and international political Bet365 lotto review status of a country to a certain extent。The formulation process of the international rules of data cross -border flow，Involved geopolitics、The game of national data sovereignty。Therefore，Actively participate or lead the formulation and supervision of cross -border circulation rules，It helps my country to better maintain data sovereignty、Global governance of data sovereignty。At the same time，How to coordinate different data protection in different countries and regions，It is also related to the quality of data cross -border flow，Otherwise, it may pose a threat to my country's user rights and data security，It may also cause other international disputes due to problems such as the review system or technical differences。Another，Data cross -border flow of data security for data security、evidence、Law enforcement and relief also propose greater challenges。So，While paying attention to the functional value of global data，It should also firmly maintain national data sovereignty，Make sure the orderly and cautious flow of cross -border data。

Fifth，Based on the principle of "scenes and justice"，Improve the data supervision and governance system。Data supervision and governance is an indispensable part of data transactions and sharing，It is an effective guarantee for maintaining the equity of each data subject。First，Based on the principle of "scenes and justice"，Requirement of the data transaction contract clearly stipulates the scope of data usage or the scope of prohibited use，At the same time for different types、Object、Data and entities of uses and risks have layers、Divided supervision，Evaluate the potential safety risks of the specific scene and formulate corresponding rules and countermeasures。Next，Use artificial intelligence、Blockchain、Smart Contracts Bet365 lotto review and other technical algorithms，Give full play to the actual time touch、Unchanged、Hometown permissions control and automatic execution and other characteristics，Improve data supervision efficiency。Another，Establishing and improving the data element market after post -event supervision and arbitration and other laws and regulations，Constructing trusted、traceable、can be regulated、Safe and orderly data element market and its supporting system。

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(Author Unit: School of Social Sciences, Tsinghua University)