Today's Times，Biotechnology plays an increasingly significant role in improving human health and living environment。At the same time，Biological terrorism、Biological weapons diffusion、Popularity of large -scale infectious diseases has also become a common challenge facing the international community。

China has always advocated a comprehensive prohibition and completely destroying biological weapons，Resolutely oppose biological terrorism and the spread of biological weapons。General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized，To protect people's health、Guarantee national security、Maintaining the height of the country's long -term security，Incorporate biological safety into the national security system，System planning national biological safety risk prevention and control and governance system construction，Comprehensively improving national biological safety governance capabilities。Sort out the development and evolution of biological weapons，helps to improve my country's respondant、A comprehensive guarantee system of animal and plant epidemic。

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Looking at the history of human war，When the infectious disease is accompanied by military operations，non -combat reduction caused by the army，In many cases, it is much better than the combat membership brought by the weapon lethality，Bet365 lotto review This leads to the accelerated transformation of the entire war pattern。This can not help but make people emotion: History changed due to war，War changes due to plague。

The earliest war in the history of ancient war in China，can be traced back to the Battle of Han Hungary in the Western Han Dynasty。Emperor Hanwu's "The Wheel" described this: "The Huns binds the horses in front and rear feet，Set the city，"Qin people，My 匄 匄 '"。These war horses given to the Han army for the Huns，It is a war horse that has been spent by Hu Wu (that is, infected with infectious diseases)。Huo Qubing, a famous Han Dynasty, expected to expedition to the Huns，I died at the age of 24，The cause is always puzzled。"Hanshu" records: "General of the rider ascend Hanhai，Take food in the enemy，Zhuo Xingshu far away and endless food。"" This cannot be speculated: Huo Qubing's disease and its army may have eaten water or other foods that have been infected with plague。

There are many cases that have accelerated the changes in the war pattern due to the popularity of the epidemic in world military history。Athens Great Plague caused the failure of the Tiro League headed by Athens in the Berlon Ninita War; Anthony plague and the Siprian plague shortened the decline of the Roman Empire; The leader received the "Speaking and Gift" blanket and handkerchief from the British army，Unpaid Indians have been infected with smallpox virus shortly after receiving gifts，The combat effectiveness weakens greatly。Fortunately,，With the progress of science and technology，These strong infectious diseases in history have bet365 live casino games gradually been recognized by humans、Master and control。

　　R & D under the national sponsorship

Before the 20th century，The application of biology in the military field is mainly formed naturally，Popular diseases have been transmitted to the enemy in a natural or artificial way to weaken their strength。The late 19th century，French microbiologist Bastey's contribution to bacterial doctrine is that biological weapons developed biological combat agents such as laboratories for war to laid a scientific foundation for war。Biological combat agents have strong pathogenicity、Big lethality、Fast spread of communication、wide spread、Low cost、How to use is simple、Not easy to be detected、Difficulty protection and other characteristics，once became a killer to chase in various countries。

The development of biological weapons is planned to open its end in the 1920s，Japanese followed，UK、United States、The Soviet Union takes its heel，Countries have organized an organized investment to develop，I hope to win war with biological weapons。The French Department of Combat announced in 1921 that the Biological Weapon Development Plan，Basteur left a powerful national or even international microbial research institution for France。However，As a result, the development of French biological weapons from 1927 to 1934 seemed to have stagnation。1941 Britain and the United States、Canadian cooperation and development of anthrax bombs，and from 1942 to 1943, a field test of anthrax bomb on Greenyard Island。Later, Britain bet365 Play online games was in a huge pressure caused by the expenditure of war，Unable to continue the development of biological weapons。The field trial pace of biological weapons in the 1960s accelerated，The upgrade of the Vietnamese War allows the U.S. military to have more autonomy for weapons research and development。1932 The Epidemic Prevention Research Office established by the Japanese Army Medical School，It is the first institution in Japan to study bacterial weapons。In order to conduct human bacterial tests，The agency then moved to Northeast China，and form a infamous name、731 forces with evil full -scale。

　　Factors restrict the use of biological weapons

The main military powers during World War II reserved biochemical weapons，But all countries are also restrained to use。Chemical weapons have been reduced and rarely used in biological weapons since the end of the war，It has always been an unsolved mystery in military history。

1. Regulations on the international treaty。Forbidden use of toxic weapons is one of the ancient international practice。The "Strasbourg Agreement" promulgated in 1675 is the first international agreement to restrict the use of chemical weapons，Clear limit of the use of poison bullets。The Brucell Convention signed in 1874 prohibits the use of poison or poison weapons，and forbid use of weapons that can cause indifferent damage、Bomb or material。Hague Peace Conference in 1899 and 1907 proposed the use of poison weapons、"suffocation or harmful gas"。The full name of the "Geneva Protocol" in 1925 is "Forbidden to use suffocation in war、Protocol of toxic Bet365 lotto review or other gas and bacterial combat methods "，Formally determine the use of chemical weapons and biological weapons as a recognized standard for international law。The "Prohibition of Biological Weapon Convention in 1975" clearly prohibited Development、Production、Storage、Get and retain biological and toxin weapons and design and send biological warfare tools。

2. The limitations of the technical itself and the consequences of use。The use of biological weapons is easy to cause the attacker，Itself protects its own protection.。Scientists for protective masks、Whether the protective vaccine can provide complete self -protection and the side effects and sequelae caused by protective vaccines。Regarding whether the loading tool will affect the lethality of the biological warfare agent，For example，When projected a bacterial warhead at high altitude，The bacterial cloud group is released as once it is released，The impact force brought by high -altitude projection、Rising airflow and terrain changes so that how many doses of bacteria in the end can play the expected role, these technical problems have always troubled scientists。

3. concerns from the government and the senior management of the army。Due to the limitations of the use of biological weapons itself and the limitations of the consequences of worrying use，Government heads or military generals of some countries also have a jealous use of biological weapons。Although the then US President Roosevelt is based on national security considerations，Agree with the development plan of American biological bet365 Play online games weapons，But he did not advocate use，At the same time, it is also publicly stated that the United States will not use it first。Major General Lyon Fox, France has clearly pointed out，Unsurbing actual technical difficulties will make biological media unable to use it as a valid war weapon and be used。

4. Call for scientists and the public。Biological weapons bring not only the killing force of the battlefield，At the same time, it is accompanied by serious political and ethical risks，Scientists and the public have always opposed the development and use of biological weapons。The development of genetic technology，Gene weapons may become a "biological atomic bomb" with great lethality，If used for actual combat，It will bring unpredictable disaster to humans。Famous German biologist von Abken issued a warning during the "Biological Weapon in the 21st Century" conference in Germany，The high development of biological and genetic technology hides a certain danger，It must be strictly prohibited for weapon manufacturing。

In short，Regulations of the International Treaty，Scientist、Politician、Worries of military people and the public，The limitations of biological weapon technology itself，The risks of politics and ethics restrict the development and use of biological weapons。We believe，With the joint efforts of the international community，It will definitely avoid abuse and misuse of biotechnology to the greatest extent，Maximum likely to eliminate social risk factors and potential adverse consequences。Biotechnology will promote the construction Bet365 app download of a community of human destiny，Make greater contributions to promoting the peace and development of human society。

　(Author Unit: School of Arts and Sciences, University of Defense Science and Technology)