"Shiyiji" written by the Taoist Wang Jia bet365 bonus code louisiana former Qin Dynasty is a famous novel about ghosts and monsters，Although the book is mainly composed of miscellanies and zhiguai，But there is also some real historical and cultural information that can correct the shortcomings of history，The record about the "Kingdom of Yinxiao" in Book 5 is an example:

　　Two years of Taishi，The country with Yinxiao in the West，Everyone is good at howling，Husband Xiaowen Baili，Women whistle for fifty miles，Like the sound of a sheng pole，The sound is clear in autumn and winter，Spring and summer, the voice sinks。The tip bet365 bonus code louisiana tongue falls into the throat，Also known as double-talking，Scrape it with your claws，The howling sound is far away。Therefore, "Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals" says "a country with a unique hometown"，That’s what it means。There is a most holy king，Come and submit。(Annotated by Qi Zhiping，Zhonghua Book Company 1981 edition，Page 124)

This text contains three paragraphs: (1) From the "Taishi" sentence to the "Spring and Summer" sentence，It is based on "Xiao"，It is said that the people of this country are good at roaring；(2) From the "human bet365 bonus code louisiana" sentence to the "zexiao" sentence，It is based on how to "howl"，It is said that the roar is made by rolling the bet365 bonus code louisiana；(3) The last four sentences express the author’s understanding of Guoxiaoyi。here，We interpret this in combination with ethnomusicology and related music historical materials。

Taishi is the reign name of Emperor Wu bet365 bonus code louisiana Han Dynasty，The second year of Taishi, 95 BC；The so-called "Land of Yinxiao"，Should be called the "Land of Howling"，"Yinxiao" and "Yinxiao" have similar pronunciations，Correction caused by proximity of sound (see below)。“The tip bet365 bonus code louisiana tongue falls into the throat” refers to the technique of curling the tongue to produce sounds，But usually the retroflexor cannot make a sound，For example, the article "Mute Woodcutter" in Volume 3 of "The Continuation of Gu Sheng" by Niu Xiu bet365 bonus code louisiana Qing Dynasty (printed by Linye Hall in the 39th year of Emperor Kangxi bet365 bonus code louisiana Qing Dynasty) writes that a woodcutter discovered a big snake hiding in a cave，“I couldn’t speak” after returning home，Three years later, "revisiting the place where I met the snake"，"A dragon came out bet365 bonus code louisiana cave"，At this time, he suddenly regained the ability to speak。The woodcutter said: "Those who roll their tongues against me cannot make a sound，This is what it is！"It can be seen that people cannot speak if they curl their tongues，Not only that，Normally you can’t sing by rolling your tongue。But，The basic technique of roaring is to curl your tongue to make a sound。Let’s read the poem "Xiao Tai" written by Liu Geng bet365 bonus code louisiana Yuan Dynasty:

　　The bet365 bonus code louisiana is like a rolled leaf with a ring in the mouth，The cracked stone can be climbed through the clouds。It will be a long time since Luanfeng does not sing，Huangtai is speechless to Gongshan。

The sentence "tongue like" describes Changxiao's vocalization method and mouth shape characteristics both appropriately and vividly，The sentence "Cracking Stone" describes the artistic effect of a long roar。The ten methods of howling recorded in Sun Guang's "Xiao Zhi" bet365 bonus code louisiana Tang Dynasty are all tongue curling methods，As in "Use your tongue between the upper teeth，Open your lips wide and stimulate your breath，Ling Chu Chun Chu，It’s called external stimulation”，The roaring skills expressed in this passage form the foundation bet365 bonus code louisiana ten methods of "Xiao Zhi"，"Talking twice" as mentioned in "Supplementary Notes"，"Retort" as mentioned in "Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals"，It all means rolling tongue，It can be seen that tongue rolling is the most critical technique for shouting。

In human vocal art，Only Haolin Chaoer (commonly known as "Humai") ​​uses the tongue-rolling method to pronounce his voice。Based on the research of contemporary music scholars and the author’s personal singing experience，There are two ways to pronounce Khumai: one is to constrict the throat，One is tongue curling，Narrow your throat first，Tongue roll behind，But the interval between succession is very short，You almost have to curl your tongue while constricting your throat。Griletu pointed out，“The brief explanation of ‘the tip bet365 bonus code louisiana tongue falls into the throat’ weighs as much as a thousand pounds，One word reveals the secret，Really pointed out the key to the sound method of Khumai art”。("A Preliminary Study on the Art of Khumai") ​​This sentence also points out the important significance bet365 bonus code louisiana tongue and throat in howling。As Guo Yunhe said，“Khumai is the relative art of human body pronunciation”，“Use your tongue to separate the airflow，The so-called guttural art of breath distribution"，"The singing method of Khumai is，Sound the sustained bass on the main tone first，Then a transparent major melody is sung above it at the same time，Finally ends on the main note。The whole song is sung in one breath。The airflow impacts the vocal cords to produce a bass sound，At the same time, the breath is divided into two parts in the mouth”。("On Khumai and its Singing Method") The tongue is the tool that divides the breath into two，This creates a magical polyphonic vocal music。The so-called "the tip bet365 bonus code louisiana tongue falls into the throat"，It means using the tongue to create a closed resonant pharyngeal cavity，Under the impact of airflow on the vocal cords，Larynx keeps vibrating，Make a continuous whistling sound。As ​​shown in the picture，Let’s take a look at the images obtained by Dr. Cai Zhenjia’s scientific test bet365 bonus code louisiana Khumai singing method from the perspective of physics and acoustics ("Physical Basis of Overtone Singing Method")。This shows the importance of tongue curling to Haolin Chaoer。

As for the "scraping with claws" mentioned in "Shi Yi Ji"，The howling bet365 bonus code louisiana is far away”，It belongs to the "unknowing phenomenon" in music appreciation (see Barras, Marie-Cecil and Gouiffes, Anne-Marie "Reception of overtone singing by uninformed listeners"，2008，“The Reception of Overtone Singing by Uninformed Listeners”, Journal of Interdisciplinary bet365 bonus code louisiana Studies, Spring/Fall, vol. 2：59-70）。These two sentences are actually talking about the performance bet365 bonus code louisiana harmonica (harmonica)。The mouth reed is a body sound instrument that is built into the mouth and played，This instrument is usually smaller，So it is almost completely covered by your hands when playing，Just be a little further away from the player，It will be difficult for people to discover its existence。Because the reed sound is very similar to the whistling sound，So some people think this is the citizens bet365 bonus code louisiana "Land of Howling" scraping their tongues with their fingers，Therefore, the accompaniment bet365 bonus code louisiana whistle is confused with the whistle itself。Although the tongue cannot make any sound，But the word "scrape" is enough to indicate，The metal mouth spring is popular in the "Land of Howls"，The way of playing is plucking (looking like "scraping the tongue with fingers")。At the same time，"Supplementary Notes" also conveys the actual situation bet365 bonus code louisiana art of roaring in the "Land of Roaring and Roaring": when people roar，Often used oral reed to accompany music。In terms of sound quality，Khumai and Kouchang are very similar，This is caused by similar musical principles: both use the oral cavity as a resonance body，The pitch bet365 bonus code louisiana former depends on the adjustment bet365 bonus code louisiana tongue，The latter is essentially the "tongue built into the mouth"，So Mongolian also calls the mouth reed the tongue harp。The correlation between the oral reed and the Khumai is mainly manifested in the existence of a sustained fundamental tone。In other words，The performer is playing the mouth reed at the same time，You can also use your breath to make continuous guttural sounds，Thus creating a rich resonance in the mouth，Produces a polyphonic music that combines guttural and reed sounds。Therefore，In today’s Khumai art performance，The mouth reed is also a frequently used accompaniment instrument。The sheng and yu are both reed instruments，Although the reed built into its seedling tube is different from the mouth reed that plays independently，But its timbre is the same as that bet365 bonus code louisiana oral reed，It is beyond doubt。So，Speaking of whistling "like the sound of sheng and yu"，Also reasonable；But whether it is a Shenghuang or a Yuhuang，With the changes in temperature in different seasons，The expansion coefficient will change accordingly，Thus, there will be a difference in timbre，This is the so-called "clear sound in autumn and winter，Spring and summer, the sound sinks"。

As for the so-called "husband's roar for hundreds of miles，The woman whistled for fifty miles”，It means that the roar bet365 bonus code louisiana "Land of Roaring Roar" spreads far away，There are many similar records in ancient documents，For example, "The Biography of Zen Master Yaoshan Weiyan" in Volume 5 of Puji's "Wu Deng Hui Yuan" bet365 bonus code louisiana Song Dynasty:

　　Teacher spends one night hiking and meditating，Suddenly the clouds opened and the moon appeared，A loud roar，Ying ninety miles east of Liyang，All residents are called owners，Ming morning, repeated questions，Until the Medicine Mountain。The disciples said: "Last night the monk roared on the top bet365 bonus code louisiana mountain。”

Tested by modern science，People bet365 bonus code louisiana same height，A woman’s vocal tract is one third shorter than a man’s，Therefore，A woman’s scream does not travel as far as a man’s scream，This is understandable。According to research，One mile in the Qin and Han Dynasties was roughly the current 415.8 meters；Then， 100 miles is about 41580 meters，Approximately equal to 83 today.16 miles，i.e. 41.58 kilometers，50 miles is now 20.79 kilometers。(See Liang Fangzhong's "Collected Works of Liang Fangzhong: Chinese Household Registration in Historical Dynasties"、Field、Tian Fu Statistics》) Why does the whistling sound spread so far？First，It is a mountainous environment，Like a natural speaker with excellent resonance，Can send whistling sounds far away；Secondly，The humidity in the mountains is relatively high，Lush trees，Streams and springs contending with each other，More conducive to the transmission of howling；Finally，Bass Howl，Spreads further than a high-pitched howl，Based on the bass tone，Its sound can do more than just turn，And it also has enhanced functions at a certain stage during the transmission process。When "one may enhance the overtones to an incredible 43rd degree"，It is not a problem at all to teleport dozens of miles away in a special mountain environment，Because the audio at this time has reached above 4200 Hz！If there is no role of guttural sounds，If there is no musical presentation bet365 bonus code louisiana overtone sequence，It is impossible for anyone to send his or her singing voice to such a distant place。(See Theodore C. Levin "The Throat Singer of Tuva")

The "Land of Songs and Howls" bet365 bonus code louisiana West recorded in "Supplementary Notes"，Actually refers to today’s Altai Mountains。Altai means Jinshan in Mongolian，Stretching over three thousand kilometers，Across China、Russia、Borders between Mongolia and Kazakhstan。1998，My former teacher Morjihu published an article "On the Cultural Circle of Altai Mongolian Ancient Music"，Proposed the view that "howling is humai"。The records in "Shiyi Ji" are enough to show，bet365 bonus code louisiana Western Han Dynasty of my country，The art of Khumai and the art of oral recitation in Altai have been highly developed。Li Ling's "Answer to Su Wu Shu":

　Liangqiu September，The grass outside the Great Wall is declining。Can’t sleep at night，Listen attentively，Hujia Interactive，Herding horses mourning，bet365 bonus code louisiana in groups，Sounds everywhere。(Volume 41 of "Selected Works")

Hu Jia’s sorrow，The cry bet365 bonus code louisiana horse，The shepherd’s roar，Constitute a poetic atmosphere、Weeping voices outside the Great Wall。What a magnificent picture of national life this is！

Hegel said: "In the field of music，The free sound bet365 bonus code louisiana soul is the melody。” (Volume 3 of "Aesthetics") When a shepherd sings Khumai，There is often only heaven and earth、Nature and livestock listen to his song，Therefore，This kind of singing in nature is the singer’s way of soothing his own soul。In other words，The roar is the singing bet365 bonus code louisiana soul。The whistling is internal，It is parallel to human existence。Changxiao embodies a musical spirit that encompasses all things。Because bet365 bonus code louisiana existence of this musical spirit，The whole world will no longer be a silent and still backwater，And present a sound state of movement from chaos and disorder to harmony and order，Reflects the original and profound connotation of music，Reflects the highest reality bet365 bonus code louisiana inner soul。

(Author’s unit: Department of Chinese Language and Literature, Northwest University for Nationalities；Institute of Literature, bet365 bonus code louisiana Social Sciences)