Western Pure Land Thought was introduced into China，Establish a complete theoretical system based on the "Three Classics of Pure Land"。Among them, "Guan Wuliangshou Buddha Sutra" is used as a Middle -earth Pseudo Sutra，Based on the Chinese local official system, the nine -grade official and human law created the method of nine -grade life，The level of life is determined to nine products，Makes the concept of Chinese Buddhism in the paradise concept of Chinese Buddhism similar to the level division of the world。This is the result of the Chinese people's understanding and reinterpretation of the understanding of foreign thoughts，It is also a classic example of Buddhist Sinicization。

"Three Classics of Pure Land"，That is, Cao Weikang monk armor (unknown birth and death) translated "Buddha said Wuliangshou Sutra"、After the "Amitabha Sutra" translated by Qin Kumoosh (344-413) and the translated "The Buddha's Wonderful Life Buddha Sutra" translated by Liu Songye Liangye (383-442)。These three classics have laid the foundation for the Pure Land beliefs。Among them, "Infinite Life Sutra" focuses on explaining the principle of death，Rely on the willingness of Amitabha; the Amitabha Sutra focuses on preaching the practice method of "named Buddha" and the "not retreating into the Buddha";。

According to the "Three Classics of Pure Land"，Passing Western Pure Land practice is very simple，Just call the name of the Buddha。But such a wonderful Buddha country can only be born in the Buddha，The world may not believe it，Even the "Amitabha Sutra" at the end of the scriptures is called "unbelievable method"。The creator of the "Wuliangshou Jing" may realize this problem，Therefore, there is a difference between Bet365 app download viviparity and transformation after being proposed to transfer to the Western Pure Land，Only those who believe in Buddha can be naturally transformed in Qibaohua，Smart merits like a bodhisattva; and those who are wise and wise can also die，But can only be born in the palace，No wisdom，Life span is only 500 years old，and I can't see Buddha all year round、Bodhisattva，I can’t hear the scriptures，Can't cultivate merit。This statement shows that after the birth of the Western bliss in the West, it will get different treatment according to the industry during the life。，"Wuliangshou Jing" also mentioned the practice method beyond the name of the Buddha，and according to the different practice methods, divide the passenger path into three categories，That is the generation、Middle generation、Next generation。Being a monk as a monk，"Specialization of None of Life Buddha"; the middle generation passed the "always thought of no longevity Buddha，How much cultivation、Standing Tower Statue、Standing Tower Statue、rice food sand door、Suspension Lantern、Sanhua burning incense "and other behaviors are willing to reincarnate; the next generation will concentrate on the Buddha，"Happy Loan，No doubt "，These three methods can be born，But merit wisdom decreases in turn。This can be seen，Only the name of the Buddha can be born，But just the lower generation of merit and wisdom，Therefore, the benefits of the Pure Land of Western Western Land are actually the level of level high。

"Three Generations Dead" said that in the "Buddhist Scripture Buddha Scriptures" translated by Liu Song Yuan (424-453), further refinement and evolution appeared in the "Buddhist Scripture Buddha Sutra" (hereinafter referred to as "Viewing the Bible")。Due to the only Chinese translation because of the "Observation"，There is no Sanskrit version，and the text has a lot bet365 best casino games of problems，So the academic circles are mostly attributed to the "Suspected Sutra"，It is believed that the scripture may be created by Chinese people，But it plays a vital role in the development of the Pure Land belief in China。"Viewing the Bible" introduced the three blessings that need to be practiced in the West Bliss World，and 16 ways to think about Buddha。(Among them, the sixteen view is the view of the day of the day、Water wants to view、Fantastic view，Baoshu Guan、Baochi View、Baalou View，Hua Zhan、View of Buddha Statue、View of Buddha True Body、Guanyin View，Time to View、General View、Miscellaneous view，Observation of the previous generation、Meso Meso、The next generation。) The last three views of the 16th view -、Meso Meso、The next perspective will divide the level of life into nine grades，is the upper product、Shangpinzhong students、Upper grades and lower students，Zhongpin Shangsheng、Zhongpin Zhongsheng、Zhongpin subordinates，Lower Genome、Below students、Lower Genome。Among them、Middle、The next three grades correspond to the "three generations of life" theory in the Wuliangshou Sutra，But the content is much more complicated。Ru Shang Pin Shangsheng，I must have sincerity、Deep Heart、Back to send a wish，and "without killing，with the classics such as the tranquil "" Read Mahayana and other classics "，"Six thoughts，Back to a wish to give birth to a Buddhist country "，You can live in Western Pure Land at the end of his life。All sentient beings will take Liantai when they die，Internalization in Lianchi。The people who are born in the upper products are King Kong，Lotus finger opens，After being born, you can be memorized in the previous buddha。Born from Shangpin to the next grade，Different from the family members of the believers during bet365 live casino games the karma，The treatment obtained during the death and the positive results that were repaired after the past to the Western Pure Land were reduced in turn，and the time that needs to be waiting in the lotus before the positive fruit also increases in turn，It can be seen that the past system constructed by the "Observation" already has a very clear level division。

The perspective of dividing the world level from "nine products" has appeared during the Han Dynasty，"Historical Records" Volume 109 "Biography of General Li" calls Li Cai "being in the middle";，below，Dang the eighth "，It can be seen that Sima Zhen believes that there were nine -product theory in the early Western Han Dynasty; the "Hanshu · Ancient and Modern Man Table" written by Ban Gu in the Eastern Han Dynasty clearly divided people into top、above、Up and down、upper、Middle、middle and lower、Next、Below、Wait for Jiupin，Among them, the upper is a saint，I am a benevolent，up and down as a whites，down to be a fool。According to "The Three Kingdoms" Volume 22 "Chen Qun Chuan" records: "Emperor Wen is in the East Palace，Deep Respects，To make friends with friends。... and the king position，Fengqun Changwu Pavilion，Therefore, along with。Method of Nine Pin Officials,Building in the group。"Song Book" Volume 94 "The Biography of Eun Xing" also contains: "，Wei Wu Shiji，Mate in the army，Quan Li Jiupin。Cover the best of talents，Non -soldiers Gaobei，Therefore, along with，Sui Law，From Wei to Jin，Mo Zhineng can be changed。State Du County is a talented person。"" Cao Wei's period has incorporated the nine products into the official selection system，The method designed by Chen Qun as the official of Jiupin。

The so -called "Nine Pin Government Law"，At the operation level，The first is to distinguish the position of official positions，This distinction Bet365 app download is to specify the talent level required by the person in charge according to the important extent of official positions; the second is to distinguish the judgment of talents into nine in practice。(Chen Changqi: "Wei Jin Jiupin Official Law Discussion"，"History Research" 1995 Issue 6) The standard for judging talents in Jiupin official law is the family world、Moral、talent。The morality and talent of the characters can only be a general comment，Called "shape"; make a high evaluation of the characters，is "Pin"，Products are divided into upper、above、Up and down、upper、Middle、middle and lower、Next、Below、Nine and others。Two Jin and Northern Dynasties all use this system to select talents。

From the first year of Emperor Wei Wenhuang (220) to the seventh year of Emperor Sui Wen (587)，Jiupin official human law has always been the most important selection system。Go to the family of the family，down to the children of Hanmen，You need to accept Zhongzheng's reviews before you go out。The concept of Jiupin Du Shi has been deeply rooted in the hearts of the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties，"From the Emperor and Shi Ji，All deemed to be it "。and the promotion of Jiupin's "View of the Scriptures" is a book in Liu Song and Yuan Gale (424-453)，The division of its nine products is corresponding to the nine grades of the Jiupin officials' law and materials.，can be sure，It is related to the implementation of Jiupin and Jiupin's official law for life。The editor of the scriptures to promote the "unbelievable method" in order to promote the Western Pure Land belief，Very naturally drawing on the selection system that people from all strata in the real society。

Standards for the Law of Jiupin Officials，Need to be in each state、Each county settings Zhongzheng，Used to evaluate the state、The county's person, etc.。Zhongzheng can only be bet365 Play online games acted as locals，and most of them are concurrently served as the current central official，It is itself the top product of Jiupin。Almost all of these people come from their original scholars，Therefore, the evaluation of talents is gradually controlled by local scholars。After the selection of official control of the clan，Only take care of the interests of the children of senior officials，Remove Hanmen Xunbi，Therefore, a very unreasonable talent selection pattern formed。As Zhao Yi pointed out in "Two History Notes": "Really so -called Shangpin No Cold Gate，Xiapin Wu Shi。Gaomenhua valve，The honor of the world;，Road without inch。Disadvantages of elections，At the end of this。Ran Wei、Jin and Northern and Southern Dynasties Three or four hundred years，No one who can change。"" Family laws of the Jiupin officials of the family are very bad.，But the nine product created by the name of the nine products does not exist in this problem。"Observation" announced，As long as "Bodhicitta，Believe in cause and effect "，"All ordinary people want to repair the net" can go to the Western Bliss Land，Therefore, no matter what the social status of the believers during his life，As long as you sincerely read the Buddha，can get blessings after death，This also brings spiritual hopes and sustenance to the surname Han people who live in the lower levels of society。This can be seen，Jiupin's past life system has divided the past level，But it can still reflect the principle of Buddhist sentient beings，It is the organic combination of Buddhism and Chinese elements。

The emergence of the thoughts of Jiupin's past life，As Xu Lihe (Erik Zürcher) described in the book "Buddhism Conquest China": "The assimilation of culture implies the choice。From the beginning，The whole of foreign theories is reduced to some elements，Combination with existing bet365 best casino games Chinese concepts and practices or real or pirates，These elements should be easy to assimilate and integrate。This frequent and continuous choice and mixed results，Faithful copy with Chinese believers、Memory and recitation foreign classic content is completely different。"Western Pure Land Thought as a foreign theory，In the process of being understood by the Chinese people, it has also been continuously reinterpreted and created，Finally evolved into an important part of the concept of Buddhist paradise and hell with local characteristics of Chinese native。

(Author Unit: Department of History at Sun Yat -sen University)