Editor’s note:As an important field of international relations，The emergence of bet365 bonus code 2023，It is based on the major changes in the practice of international relations in the 1970s，And draw multi-dimensional nutrition from the understanding of world economic changes from different ideological theories。In the process of exploring the interconnectedness of politics and economics，bet365 bonus code 2023 provides more dimensional explanations for a series of new international phenomena，Thus contributing to the development of international relations theory。This issue of “Academic Roundtable”，Carry out academic discussions around the theoretical development of bet365 bonus code 2023，Aims to explore iterative innovation methods that integrate Chinese and Western beneficial knowledge systems。

　　Theoretical Innovation in bet365 bonus code 2023 Political Economy and bet365 bonus code 2023 Relations

　　◇bet365 bonus code 2023

bet365 bonus code 2023 emerged in the 1970s，As an important branch of international relations research，In the process of development and deepening for more than half a century，International political economy not only responds to major changes in the reality of international relations，And promote theoretical innovation in international relations research。

　　The rise of bet365 bonus code 2023 and the construction of international relations theory

1930s，A major theoretical debate emerged in the study of international relations，The two sides in the debate are the rise of classical realism and traditional idealism。However，Late 1960s, early 1970s，Classical realism theory is challenged by a series of events in the real changes in international relations，These events have challenged the postwar world economy dominated by US hegemony and the corresponding international system。Corresponding international relations research has also begun to pay attention to the role of economic factors in international relations，The rise of bet365 bonus code 2023。Revolving around "hegemonic decline" and world political and economic changes，No matter a realist，Still a liberal，Or Marxist，In the 1970s and 1980s, they all participated in the research on the decline of American hegemony and the changes in the world economy。Research on these major issues，Not only gave birth to international political economy，Broadened the horizons of international relations research，And promoted the construction of international relations theory。

　　“Open bet365 bonus code 2023 Politics” and the Deepening of Rationalism

Entering the 1990s，With the end of the Cold War，Despite the debate between rationalism and constructivism in the academic circle of international relations，But in the context of economic globalization and world economic stability，Researchers turn their research to domestic politics，They revolve around the relevance of “interests and institutions” and “domestic and international”，By strengthening the analytical tools of rationalism，Further deepen the relationship between politics and economics in the study of international relations，American academic circles have even proposed the analytical framework of "Open Economic Politics" (OEP)，Strive to make bet365 bonus code 2023 “scientific”。The deepening of rationalism is mainly reflected in four directional research topics。

First，Domestic politics and national interest preferences。Different from the state-centric "unitary" country assumption of the 1970s and 1980s，The global expansion of free trade and the acceleration of bet365 bonus code 2023 capital flows since the 1990s，This has led to two directional shifts in research related to the state: First, understanding the state as a gathering of domestic actors (individuals、Industry or interest group) institutional framework of interest preferences；The second is to discuss whether and how economic globalization changes a country’s interest preferences and system adjustments。

Second，Inequality in economic development。1970s-1980s，Dependency theory and world system theory attribute economic development inequality mainly to the capitalist world economic structure (core and periphery、North and South)，And believes that "unequal exchange" is the main reason for inequality in economic development。After entering the 1990s，With globalization and the former "peripheral areas" becoming "newly industrialized areas" and "emerging economies"，Two more fundamental questions arise: First, whether globalization leads to changes in the capitalist world economic structure itself？Second, what impact has democratization and domestic bet365 bonus code 2023 reform had on economic development？

　Third，Comparison of regionalism。Research on "regionalism" bet365 bonus code 2023 1960s and 1970s mainly focused on the role of regional organizations in promoting cooperation among relevant countries bet365 bonus code 2023 region and regional peace。Different from this，After the 1990s，With the deepening of European integration and the acceleration of Asian regionalization，Especially the expansion of ASEAN membership and a series of regional mechanisms based on the "ASEAN Way"，Research on regionalism mainly focuses on the following three issues: First, why countries compete to cooperate at the regional level？The second is the status and role of transnational flows of non-state elements bet365 bonus code 2023 process of regional cooperation？The third is the relationship between regionalism and globalization，Is regionalism a stepping stone or a stumbling block to globalization？

　Fourth，International Institutions and International Negotiations。In the 1970s and 1980s，bet365 bonus code 2023 also studies international institutions，But the issue that researchers are concerned about is，If American hegemony declines，Is international cooperation still possible。After entering the 1990s，With the introduction of game theory as an analytical tool，The design of international institutions has become the primary issue。There are two main types of issues related to this: one is in international negotiations，How to meet the goals of member states through international institutional design。The other type is the distribution of international cooperation，How international institutions affect the bargaining process and outcomes of cooperation benefits。

　　New trends in research on global political and economic changes and bet365 bonus code 2023 relations

Reflecting on the global political and economic changes triggered by the 2008 global financial crisis，There are some new development trends in bet365 bonus code 2023 relations research。These trends are related to the setting of research topics in bet365 bonus code 2023 relations，Also touches on the choice of theoretical paradigm and research methods，It also involves the construction of academic community。

First，Calling for the return of macro issues on research issues。Reviving the importance of cognitive analysis，Emphasis on concept、The role of culture and knowledge in interest recognition and system construction。This is mainly reflected in the academic debate within the American school，Especially the criticism of the “problem-oriented approach” emphasized by “open bet365 bonus code 2023 politics”。This trend is reflected in older generation scholars such as Robert Keohane、In the criticism of "open bet365 bonus code 2023 politics" by Peter Katzenstein and others，Also reflected in the specific research agenda pursued by the new generation of scholars。This emphasis on ideas and culture，In fact, it once again emphasizes the complementarity of rationalism and constructivism。

Second，Tend towards eclecticism in theoretical paradigm。Revisiting the importance of value judgment，Emphasis on the purpose of theory，This trend is reflected in the criticism and reflection of "open economic politics" in American academic circles，Also reflected in the revival of the British School and critical theory。“Open Economic Politics” assumes that bet365 bonus code 2023 structure and economic and social structure are neutral，Thus it advocates seeking causal relationships and empirically confirming or falsifying。Different from the assumptions of "open economic politics"，Both critical theory and the British School emphasize the importance of value judgment。So，Theory is not simply about understanding cooperation and conflict in the world，But to reveal whose interests those purportedly objective analytical judgments actually reflect。

　Third，Emphasis on pluralism in research methods。Re-evaluating the role of historical and institutional analysis，Emphasis on both normative analysis and empirical analysis，This trend is reflected bet365 bonus code 2023 research of the new generation of scholars who inherit Marxist analysis and adhere to critical theory，Also reflected bet365 bonus code 2023 research of the new generation of "British School"。Critical theory is methodologically opposed to the rational actor model based on individualism，Advocates specific analysis and construction of individual events based on different philosophical premises and assumptions。The British school emphasizes the path through institutional analysis and historical analysis，Research on systemic changes or social development。

In short，Revolving around the decline of U.S. hegemony and changes in the global political economy，A new round of theoretical debate has emerged in international relations。It is in this context，eclecticism、The middle path and even pragmatism emerge as the times require，Scholars are increasingly aware that，International political economy as an intellectual community，Neither American，Not British either，But global，International relations research enters a new process of diversified development。Only mutual communication、Reference，Only in this way can we truly promote the innovation of bet365 bonus code 2023 and international relations theory。

　　(The author is a professor at the School of bet365 bonus code 2023 Relations, Peking University)

　　bet365 bonus code 2023 is "recovering international politics"

　　◇田野

In recent years，bet365 bonus code 2023 begins to “recover international politics”，In international power、Provides new insights into the core issues of international relations such as international system and international order，Thus making new contributions to the development of international relations theory。

International Political Economy and International Power Theory。International power is one of the basic categories of international relations theory，It is also the core category of realist international relations theory。As a representative theory of early bet365 bonus code 2023，Robert Gilpin’s hegemonic stability theory takes international power distribution as an independent variable，Take the openness of the international economic system as the dependent variable。

On the relational definition of international power，Another pioneer of bet365 bonus code 2023, Susan Strange, was at the forefront of the times。She divides power in international political economy into relational power and structural power，But due to lack of operational definition，Strange’s above-mentioned concept has been “applauded but not popular” for a long time。With reflections on “open economic politics”，bet365 bonus code 2023 has made new progress in the examination and analysis of international power。

International political economy has enriched the forms of international power based on the diversity of its situations，For example，Currency Power、Market Power、Rating power, etc.。By using relatively mature measurement methods in economics and other related disciplines，bet365 bonus code 2023 reveals the international power fostered or provided by transnational economic networks，For example, the structural power that countries gain in global and regional value chains。With the formation of global or regional production networks，Central nodes with denser connections in the production network will use the structure as a medium to indirectly affect specific actors to achieve the goal of changing their behavior。Examine the country’s position in the global or regional value chain based on relevant data under the input-output analysis framework，Not only can it explain the source of a specific country’s international power，And can display the basic characteristics of global or regional patterns。

International Political Economy and International Institutional Theory。As one of the pioneers of bet365 bonus code 2023，Robert Keohane proposed the theory of neoliberal institutionalism。Neoliberal institutionalism focuses on international institutions，Thus making up for this lack of traditional liberal theory。For that matter，The development of bet365 bonus code 2023 promoted the formation of liberal international relations theory，This is also the most outstanding contribution of bet365 bonus code 2023 to mainstream international relations theory。

Under the leadership of Keohane，Neoliberal institutionalism demonstrates the role of bet365 bonus code 2023 institutions in reducing transaction costs from an information perspective，But it ignores the more core distribution issue in political life。Stephen Krasner discovered this problem early，He emphasized that the distribution of power among states affects the emergence and nature of bet365 bonus code 2023 institutions，In turn, it affects the country’s rewards in bet365 bonus code 2023 cooperation。

In any political system，Power distribution is one of the basic functions of the system。The international system is no exception，It creates privileges for some countries and places others in a subordinate position，About the International Monetary Fund、Research on international economic systems such as the World Bank has fully demonstrated this。This “power gap” exists even before a country joins the international system。For example, when national preferences are inconsistent，The winners can still achieve greater rewards through the creation of international institutions compared to their initial status even if the losers do not cooperate，The loser’s failure to join the international system will result in smaller rewards compared to its initial position，So that the loser has to get involved in this international system。These research findings of bet365 bonus code 2023 are helpful in showing the "face of power" of the international system。

Distribution effects based on international institutions，Great powers can use international institutions as a tool for their strategic competition，International institutional competition has become a new stage for great power competition。Competitive multilateralism and real institutionalism in bet365 bonus code 2023 both take international institutional competition as their research objects。Competitive multilateralism is when countries are dissatisfied with the existing multilateral system，Shift attention to other multilateral systems or decisions to establish new multilateral systems。Realistic institutionalism proposes that international institutional competition is both a power competition among system-leading countries，It is also competition in the ability of leading countries to provide public goods，It is still a competition for the structural rationality of the international system itself。

International Political Economy and International Order Theory。Compared with the ever-changing international power and endless international systems，The international order has been relatively stable over a long historical period，It often attracts the concentrated attention of international relations scholars during its crisis and transformation period。Before crisis and transformation，Only a few scholars can see through the larger macro issue of international order，Robert Cox is one of them。As one of the early pioneers of bet365 bonus code 2023，Cox explains production relations based on the principles of historical materialism、Class relations、History Group、The relationship between state form and world order。In his opinion，The structure of the world order is determined by the state and the form of production，But the establishment of the world order will in turn provide favorable conditions for the development of certain countries and forms of production。

Cox’s “critical theory” distances itself from the dominant world order and asks where it comes from，Obviously it is very different from the "problem-solving theory" of open economic politics that takes the existing order as a given。However，Facing the profound crisis of the liberal bet365 bonus code 2023 order that dominates the world today，Open economic politics is not indifferent。Ronald Rogowski, who laid the foundation for open economic politics, recently proposed，Study the threats facing the liberal bet365 bonus code 2023 order from the perspective of the distribution effects of globalization。

In view of the fact that the current crisis of the liberal international order is concentrated in the rise of the anti-globalization wave，bet365 bonus code 2023 has significant disciplinary advantages in analyzing the root causes of this crisis。Under open economic conditions，Owners of abundant factors become the beneficiaries of globalization，Owners of scarce factors become losers in globalization。In developed countries，As owners of abundant factors, high-tech industries and financial capital and high-skilled workers support free trade and welcome immigrants，Low-skilled workers as owners of scarce factors support trade protection and oppose immigration。Due to the agglomeration of features in a specific area，Manufacturing Belt、Voters in suburbs and cities with smaller populations far from central cities will vote for populist parties or candidates in elections，Thus set off a wave of anti-globalization。The above-mentioned research on bet365 bonus code 2023 reveals the micro-mechanism of the maintenance and turmoil of the liberal international order。

The innovation of bet365 bonus code 2023 in international relations theory。Relative to international security issues that are regarded as "high politics"，International economic issues regarded as “low politics” were later incorporated into the disciplinary framework of international relations。But this does not mean that bet365 bonus code 2023 can only accept international relations theories established based on international security studies。bet365 bonus code 2023 can make unique contributions to the development of international relations theory based on its own research field。In the theory of international power，bet365 bonus code 2023 has largely broken away from the Waltz-like stereotype of "power is strength"，Provides typification and corresponding empirical basis in different situations for the relationality of international power。In the theory of international institutions，bet365 bonus code 2023 provides an ideological source and practical support for discussing the distribution of information and power in international systems and the competition between international systems。In the theory of international order，International political economy is produced in the liberal international order、Arrangements of exchange and distribution and their consequences provide logical arguments and empirical tests。

From the 50-year development history of bet365 bonus code 2023，The relationship between bet365 bonus code 2023 and international relations theory can be divided into three stages: "integration into international politics", "deviation from international politics" and "recovering international politics"。Early international political economy “integrated into international politics” focused on the power of the international system、Macro issues such as system and order，The open economic politics that “deviates from international politics” emphasizes the domestic micro-foundation of foreign economic policy。In recent years，International Political Economy in International Power、Research progress on international systems and international order shows，The international political economy of “Recovering International Politics” has the best of both worlds，Exploring macro issues on a micro basis。In the future, if bet365 bonus code 2023 can make more progress in exploring micro- and macro-interactions，will make greater contributions to the development of international relations theory。

　　(The author is a professor at the School of bet365 bonus code 2023 Relations, Renmin University of China)

　　New expansion of research topics on bet365 bonus code 2023 in the new era

　　◇bet365 bonus code 2023

Now，The world has entered a great change、A new historical era of major adjustments，International practice has shown many new changes and characteristics，New factors that influence and restrict international political and economic development and international interactive relations are constantly emerging，Provides a new practical foundation and important opportunity for the theoretical development and innovation of bet365 bonus code 2023。

　　New changes in the bet365 bonus code 2023 system: diversification of theoretical discourse

Current，The international political and economic system is much more complex than the bipolar pattern when the discipline of bet365 bonus code 2023 was formed and the "one superpower, many powers" pattern at the end of the Cold War。As one of the key variables in the century-old changes，The international balance of power represented by economic strength presents new characteristics。At the same time，Economic globalization encounters countercurrents and the world market faces a new round of restructuring。These changes have not only profoundly changed the basis of international political and economic interaction，Also promotes the operation model of the international market system、Diversification of economic development models and international relations models of various countries。over the past few decades，Developing countries are increasingly participating in international economic activities on the basis of achieving domestic political stability and economic development，And become the protagonist in the world market，Profound changes in the center-periphery structure of the world market，Fundamental changes have even occurred in some areas。This makes it based on the Western market economy concept、Western Perspective、The Western-centric bet365 bonus code 2023 theoretical paradigm formed by Western practice is gradually declining，It is increasingly difficult to provide reasonable explanations for the huge changes in international political and economic relations。This means that we need to promote theoretical innovation in bet365 bonus code 2023 while paying more attention to the domestic development and international interaction practices of developing countries，Promote the diversification of theoretical discourse on bet365 bonus code 2023 from a broader global perspective。In particular, the integration of Chinese ideas and the interpretation of Chinese experience will be the academic growth point and theoretical innovation point of contemporary bet365 bonus code 2023。

　　bet365 bonus code 2023 exploration of core issues: Networking of interaction between the state and the market

It is the tradition of bet365 bonus code 2023 to observe and analyze international relations phenomena from the perspective of interaction between countries and markets，Exploring the interactive logic between states and markets is the core task of bet365 bonus code 2023 theory。Since the establishment of the modern international system，The interactive relationship between sovereign states and the world market constitutes the main content of the international political and economic system。Over the past hundreds of years，What people see is，Sovereign countries have opened up the world market，World markets can strengthen the power of dominant countries，The two also gradually formed an interaction、Mutual reinforcement、A contradictory unity that restricts each other。But，Faced with the frequent decoupling introduced by developed countries、Stop supply、Sanctions and other chaos，For a long time, when Western academic circles examined the interactive relationship between the state and the market, their overly narrow positioning was increasingly divorced from the reality of today's world，Because the two-way interaction between the state and the market has developed towards a more complex network。

From the inward dimension，The heterogeneous characteristics of state entities and market entities are more obvious，And the roles played by different subjects are also more balanced。At the national level，Countries with different political systems and value systems are gradually moving to the forefront of bet365 bonus code 2023 economic games，And determines the future direction of the world market and economic globalization；Countries with the same political system and value system，Their foreign economic policies and activities are often very different due to different domestic political trends。At the market level，With the global industrial chain、The formation of supply chain and value chain，The highly interdependent relationship between the global economy makes it increasingly difficult for developed economies to achieve dominance and control of the world market。After the outbreak of COVID-19，A new phenomenon is，Countries with key primary products and intermediate goods have a significantly increased say in the bet365 bonus code 2023 economy。This is reflected in the complex interdependence between countries that restrict each other，Multiple levels of countries and markets、Multi-dimensional interactive relationship。

From the outward dimension，The interactive relationship between sovereign states and the world market is increasingly beyond the scope of politics and economics，Generalized security considerations are increasingly embedded in the country’s foreign economic policies and activities。In recent years，In many issue areas，Some Western powers use bet365 bonus code 2023 economic relations as a tool to pursue their own interests and force other countries to assume more obligations，Converting the global industrial chain、Securitizing and weaponizing supply and value chains，The normal interactive relationship between sovereign countries and the world market has suffered serious obstacles and interference，bet365 bonus code 2023 coordination and cooperation are difficult，Economic globalization has become fragmented、Regionalization、Localization trend。At the same time，The contradiction and opposition between the principle of sovereignty and the principle of market is increasing day by day，And it becomes more prominent in the competitive and cooperative relationship between major global powers or groups of countries。Driven by generalized national security interests，The interaction between the state and the market gradually expands to other fields，The formation of bet365 bonus code 2023 and domestic politics、Economy、Society、The intricate connection between safety and other factors。

　　New expansion of the topic area: Digitization of bet365 bonus code 2023 economics and politics

In recent years，The “Fourth Industrial Revolution” marked by emerging technologies is booming，Leading human society into the digital age，And profoundly changed the organizational form of national politics and economy，Promoted the reshaping of the global political and economic structure，It has also had a profound impact on the evolution of the global competitive landscape。This not only provides a new scenario for the interaction model between the country and the market，It also provides completely different practical conditions and foundation for theoretical innovation in bet365 bonus code 2023。

From an economic perspective，The advancement of digital technology and its widespread application have greatly expanded the topic areas of bet365 bonus code 2023 research。Especially in the global digital industry、Digital Trade、Digital currency finance and digital sustainable development and other fields，The interaction between the state and the market is facing a more complex situation。On the one hand，Accelerate digitalization in traditional issue areas，It has given birth to new industries、New business formats and new models，Created new development momentum，It also puts forward higher requirements for international coordination and cooperation。On the other hand，Data itself has become an element that needs to be optimally deployed at the domestic and international levels，It will profoundly change the objects and methods of international political and economic games。

From a political perspective，Digital technology expands the political space of domestic social subjects，Expanding the political participation of ordinary citizens and social groups，And has a more direct impact on the country’s foreign economic policies and activities、Quick and wide impact。On the one hand，The advancement of digital technology has greatly expanded people’s channels for obtaining information，Promotes the spread of various values ​​and ideologies，Significantly improved personal performance、Class、Group’s awareness of rights。In this context，Narrow nationalism and populism are spreading rapidly，Union and trade、Finance、The interweaving and integration of protectionism in various fields such as industry，Causing friction in the world market、Disputes and even chaos。On the other hand，The rise of network politics makes the political expression of any subject more direct and equal，Changed the national decision-making model，It also weakens the government’s power to decide on external affairs，Thus putting forward higher requirements for the modernization of the national governance system and governance capabilities。At the bet365 bonus code 2023 level，Propagation through online platforms，Problems in many economic fields gradually evolve into freedom、Democracy、Controversy over human rights and other values，Normal bet365 bonus code 2023 economic exchanges have been coerced by various forms of politicization, which has become one of the main features of today's world。

In short，The "Fourth Industrial Revolution" led by digital technology has become a factor in reorganizing global resources、Reshaping the global economic structure、The key force changing the global competitive landscape，The development of digital technology has greatly changed the content and approach of international political and economic interaction，It has also changed the basic logic of the interaction between the state and the market。Therefore，Understanding the practice of countries participating in international economic activities in the digital era，Will definitely become a new growth point in bet365 bonus code 2023 theory。

　　(This article is a phased result of the National Social Science Fund’s major project “Research on China’s Active Participation in the Reform and Innovation of the Global Digital bet365 bonus code 2023 Governance System” (21ZDA096)

(The author is a professor at the School of bet365 bonus code 2023, University of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences，Director of the International Political Economy Research Office of the Institute of World Economics and Politics, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences、Researcher)