Bet365 app download As an important area of ​​international relations，The standing out of international political economy，It is a major change based on the practice of international relations in the 1970s，and draw multi -dimensional nutrition from the understanding of world economic changes from different ideological and theories。In the process of exploring the interconnection of politics and economy，International Political Economics provides more explanations for a series of new international phenomena，As a result, I contributed to the development of international relations。This issue of "Academic Round Table"，Discussion on the theoretical development of international political economy，It is aimed at exploring the iterative innovation method of the beneficial knowledge system of Chinese and Western beneficial knowledge。

　　Theoretical innovation of international political economics and international relations

　　◇ Wang Zhengyi

International Political Economics was born in the 1970s，As an important branch of international relations research，In the development and deepening process of more than half a century，International political economics not only responds to the major changes in the emergence of international relations，And promoted theoretical innovation of international relations research。

　　The rise of international political economy and the construction of international relations theory

The 1930s，A major theoretical argument in the study of international relations，The two sides of the argument are the rise of the rise of classical realism and traditional idealism。But，In the late 1960s and early 1970s，Classical realism theory is challenged by a series of events in the reality of international relations，These incidents have challenged the post -war world economy led by the US hegemony and the corresponding international system。Corresponding international relations research also began to pay attention to the role of economic factors in international relations，International Political Economics is up。Around the "recession of hegemony" and world political and economic change，Whether it is a realist，Still liberal，Or Marxist，In the 1970s and 1980s, I added research on whether the US hegemony decline and the world economic change。Research on these major issues，Not only did it give birth to international political economy，Greed the vision of international relations research，also promoted the construction of international relations theory。

　　"Open Economic and Political Science" and deepen rationalism

Enter the 1990s，With the end of the Cold War，Although the argument of rationalism and constructivism in the international relations community，But in the context of economic globalization and world economic stability，Researchers will turn research to domestic politics，They are related to the correlation between "interests and systems" and "domestic and international"，Analysis tool through strengthening rationalism，Further deepen the relationship between politics and economy in the study of international relations，The American academic community even proposed the analysis framework of "Open Economic and Political Science" (OEP)，Efforts to make international political economy "scientific"。The deepening of rationalism is mainly reflected in four directional research issues。

First，Domestic political and national interest preferences。Different from the hypothetical assumptions of the "single" country in the 1970s and 1980s，Since the 1990s, the expansion of self -trade has expanded globally and accelerated by international capital flow，The two directional changes in the research related to the state: First, the country understands the country as a gathering of domestic behavior (individual、Industry or interest group) The institutional framework of interest preferences; the second is to discuss whether economic globalization changes and how to change the interest preferences of a country and institutional adjustment。

2，Equality in economic development。The 1970s-80s，The theory of attachment theory and the world system theory will mainly attribute the inequality of economic development to the world economic structure of capitalism (core and edge、North and South)，And believes that "non -equivalent exchange" is the main reason for economic development inequality。After entering the 1990s，With the globalization and the "marginal areas" in the past, it has become "emerging industrialized region" and "emerging economy"，Effects two more fundamental problems: First, does globalization bet365 Play online games lead to changes in the capitalist world economic structure itself? The second is what impact does democratization and domestic political reform have on economic development?

third，Regionalist comparison。The "regionalist" research in the 1960s and 1970s mainly focuses on regional organizations in the cooperation between regional organizations and the role of regional peace.。Different from this，After the 1990s，With the deepening of the European integration process and the acceleration of regionalization in Asia，Especially the expansion of ASEAN member states and a series of regional mechanisms based on the "ASEAN method"，Regionalist research is mainly focused on the following three issues: First, why is the country competing on the regional level? The status and role of the transnational flow of non -state elements in the process of regional cooperation?，Is the regional doctrine of globalization or a stumbling block?

Fourth，International system and international negotiation。In the 1970s and 1980s，International Political Economics also studies international system，But the question that the researchers care about are，If the US hegemony declines，Is international cooperation still possible。After entering the 1990s，With the introduction of game theory as an analysis tool，The design of the international system becomes the primary topic。There are two main problems associated with this: one is in international negotiations，How to meet the goals of member states through international system design。Another category is the distribution of international cooperation，How the international system affects the process of bargaining the bargain and results of the bargaining of cooperation。

　　New trends in the study of global political and economic reform and international relations

In reflection on global political and economic changes caused by the 2008 global financial crisis，Some new development trends have appeared in the study of international relations。These trends are about the setting of international relations research issues，It also touches the selection of theoretical paradigms and research methods，It also involves the construction of an academic community。

First，Call for the return of macro -macro issues on research issues。The importance of regaining cognitive analysis，Emphasize concept、The role of culture and knowledge in interest cognition and institutional construction。This is mainly reflected in the academic controversy within the American school，Especially the criticism of "problem -oriented" emphasized by "open economic and political science"。This trend is reflected in the older generation of scholars such as Robert Kiohan、Peter Kaszustein and others criticized "open economic and political science"，It is also reflected in the specific research agenda engaged in the new generation of scholars。This emphasis on concepts and culture，It is also reflected in the specific research agenda engaged in the new generation of scholars。

2，Trees in the theoretical paradigm。The importance of the value judgment of the value，Emphasize the purpose of theory，This trend is reflected in the criticism and reflection of "open economic and political science" in the American academic community，It is also reflected in the revival of British school and critical theory。"Open Economic and Political Science" assumes that political structure and economic and social structure are neutral，Therefore, it is advocated to seek cause and effect and confirm or falsify from the experience。Assumptions from "Open Economic and Political Science"，Both the theory of critical and the British school emphasize the importance of value judgment。So，The theory is not to simply understand the world's cooperation and conflict，Instead, it is necessary to reveal which of those who claim to be objective analysis and judgment.。

third，Emphasize diversifiedism in research methods。Re -evaluate the role of historical analysis and institutional analysis，Emphasize standardized analysis and empirical analysis，This trend is reflected in the study of the new generation scholars who inherit the analysis of Marxist analysis and insist on critical theory，It is also reflected in the study of the new generation of "British School"。Critical theory opposes the personalism -based rational behavior model，Promote specific analysis and construction of a single event according to different philosophical premises and assumptions。The British school emphasizes the path through institutional analysis and historical analysis，Study on systemic changes or social development。

In short，Around the decline of the US hegemony and the change of global political economy，A new round of theoretical debate has Bet365 lotto review emerged in international relations。It is in this context，Folding China、Intermediate routes and even practicalism came into being，Scholars are getting more and more realized，International Political Economics as a knowledge community，It is neither American -style，Not British -style，but global，The research of international relations has entered a new process of diversified development。Only communicate with each other、Learn，In order to truly promote the innovation of international political economy and theory of international relations。

　　(The author is a professor at the School of International Relations of Peking University)

　　International Political Economics is "finding international politics"

　　◇ Field

In recent years，International Political Economics began to "find international politics"，In international power、The core issues of international relations with international order and international order are proposed new insights，So I made new contributions to the development of international relations。

Theory of international political economics and international power。International power is one of the basic categories of international relations theory，It is the core category of the theory of realism international relations。A representative theory of early international political economy，Robert Gil Ping's hegemony stability theory is to distribute international power as an independent variable，Use the degree of opening of the international economic system as a variable。

The relationship between international power is defined，Another Blazers of International Political Economics Susan Strangqi is at the forefront of the times。She divides the power in international political economy into contact and structural power，But due to the lack of operating definition，Strangqi's above concept has long been "applauded"。With the reflection on "open economic and political science"，International political economics has made new progress in the investigation and analysis of international power。

The diversification of international political economy based on its situation enriches the form of international power，For example，currency power、Market Power、rating power, etc.。The more mature measurement methods in related disciplines in economics，International Political Economics reveals the international power of the multinational economic network or provides the media，For example, the structural power obtained by the state in the global and regional value chain。With the formation of global or regional production networks，The central node with a dense connection in the production network will use the structure as a medium to indirectly act on a specific behavior to achieve a goal that changes its behavior。Under the analysis framework of input and output, the position of the country in the global or regional value chain based on the analysis framework of input and output，Not only can it explain the source of international power，and can show the basic features of the global or regional pattern。

International Political Economics and International System Theory。As one of the pioneers of international political economy，Robert Kouhan proposed the theory of new freedom institutionalism。New Free Institutionalism focuses on the international system，This has made up for this lack of traditional liberal theory。In this case，The development of international political economy has promoted the molding of liberal international relations，This is also the most prominent contribution of international political economy to the theory of mainstream international relations。

Under the guidance of Kiohan，New Free Institutionalism based on the perspective of information -based perspective demonstrating the role of the international system in reducing transaction costs，But ignored the more core allocation issues in political life。Stephen Clasna found this problem very early，He emphasized that the distribution of power between the country has affected the generation and nature of the international system，It has influenced the country’s repayment in international cooperation。

In any political system，Power allocation is one of the basic functions of the system。The international system is no exception，It sets privileges for some countries and places other countries in obedience，About the International Monetary Fund Organization、The study of the international economic system and other international economic systems has been fully displayed.。This "power gap" already exists even before a country joins the international system。For example, when the national preferences are inconsistent，The profitability can still achieve more than its initial state through the creation of the international system without cooperation.，If the failure person does not join the international system, it will lead，so that the failure person has to be involved in this international system。bet365 Play online games These studies in international political economy have found that it is conducive to displaying the "power face" of the international system。

Distribution effect based on the international system，The big country can use the international system as a tool for its strategic competition，International system competition has become a new stage for competition in great powers。Competitive multilateralism and real institutionalism in international political economy are based on international institutional competition as research objects。Competitive multilateralism is the state when the state is not satisfied with the existing multilateral system，Decisions to transfer attention to other multilateral systems or establish a new multilateral system。Realism institutionalism proposes that international system competition is both power competition between institutional leading countries，It is also the ability to compete for the ability of the leading country to provide public products，It is still the rational competition of the international system itself。

Theory of international political economics and international order。Compared with international power and endless international system，The international order is in a relatively stable state within a long historical stage，Often only during its crisis and the transition period, it will cause concentrated attention from international relations scholars。Before the crisis and transformation,，Only a few scholars can see the international order. This is a more macro problem，Robert Cosks is one of them。As one of the early pioneers of international political economy，Cowks explains production relationships based on historical materialism、Class Relationship、History Group、The relationship between the national form and the world order。In his opinion，The structure of the world order is determined by the form of the state and production，But after the establishment of the world order, it will provide favorable conditions for the development of a certain country and production forms after the establishment of the world order。

Cowker's "critical theory" keeps distance from the dominant world order and ask where this order comes from，Obviously "problem solving theory" that regards the existing order as a given "problem solution theory" is obviously different。but but，Facing the profound crisis of liberal international order dominated today's world，Open Economic and Political Science is not indifferent。Ronald Rogovsky, who had laid the foundation for the open economic and political science, recently proposed，Starting from the global distribution effect to study the threat facing liberal international order。

Given that the crisis of liberal international order is now concentrated as the rise of the wave of globalization，International political economy has a significant subject advantage in analyzing the root cause of this crisis。Under open economic conditions，Puzzle elements owner becomes a profitable person for globalization，The scarcity factor owner becomes a loser of globalization。In a developed country，The high -tech industry and financial capital and high -skilled workers supporting free trade and welcome immigrants，Low -skilled workers who are the owner of the scarce factor support trade protection and opposition to immigration。Gathering due to the factors in a specific area，Manufacturing Belt、Far away from the suburbs and urban voters with smaller population size in the central urban area will throw the votes to the populist party or candidate in the election，This has set off a wave of globalization。The above study of international political economy reveals the micro mechanism of the maintenance and turbulence of liberal international order。

Innovation of international political economics theory of international relations。Compared to international security issues that are regarded as "high politics"，International economic issues regarded as "low politics" are later included in the discipline framework of international relations。But this does not mean that international political economics can only accept international relations based on international security research。International political economy based on its own research field can make unique contributions to the development of international relations theory。In international power theoretical，International political economy has largely got rid of the Waltz -style "power is the strength"，provides different types of types in international power and corresponding empirical foundation。In the theory of international system，International political economy provides ideological source and reality support for exploring information and power distribution and international system competition in the international system。Theoretically in international order，International political economy is produced Bet365 app download in the international order of liberalism、Arrangements of exchange and distribution and its consequences provide logical demonstration and experience test。

From the development process of 50 years of international political economy，The relationship between the theory of international political economics and the theory of international relations can be divided into three stages: "integrating international politics", "deviation from international politics" and "recovering international politics"。Early international political economics that "integrates international politics" focuses on the power of the international system、System and order and other macro problems，open economic and political science that "deviates from international politics" emphasizes domestic micro -foundation of foreign economic policies。In recent years，International Political Economics in international power、Research progress in the international system and international order shows，"Retrieve International Politics" international political economics is both the length of the two，Explore macro problems on the basis of micro。In the future, international political economics will make more progress in the exploration of micro and macro interactions，will make greater contributions to the development of international relations theory。

　　(The author is a professor at the School of International Relations of Renmin University of China)

　　New expansion of the issue of international political economics research in the new era

　　◇ Xu Xiujun

Now，The world has entered a big change、New historical era of large adjustment，International practice presents many new changes and features，New factors that affect and restrict the relationship between international political economic development and international interaction are constantly emerging，provides a new practical foundation and important opportunity for the theoretical development and innovation of international political economy。

　　New Change of the International System: Diversity of theoretical discourse

Current，The international political and economic system is much more complicated than the bipolar pattern of the discipline of international political and economic disciplines and the "one super -strong" pattern in the early days of the Cold War.。As one of the key variables of the century -old change bureau，International forces represented by economic strength presents new features。At the same time，Economic globalization encounters reverse flow that makes the world market face a new round of reconstruction。These changes not only profoundly changed the basis of international political and economic interaction，It also promoted the international market system operation mode、Diversity of economic development models and international relations models in different countries。Over the past few decades，Developing countries are increasingly participating in international economic activities on the basis of realizing domestic political stability and economic development，and become the protagonist in the world market，The center of the world market -profound changes in the edge structure，Fundamental changes in some areas。This makes it based on the concept of Western market economy、Western perspective、Western centralist international political economy theory formed by Western practice is gradually micro，It is increasingly difficult to provide a reasonable explanation for the huge changes in international political and economic relations。This means that we need to promote the theoretical innovation of international political economics in the process of more concerned about the domestic development and international interaction practice of developing countries，From a more extensive global perspective, promote the diversification of the discourse of international political economy theory。Especially the integration of Chinese concepts and the interpretation of Chinese experience will be the academic growth point and theoretical innovation point of contemporary international political economy。

　　New exploration of core issues: Netfrontation of national and market interaction

Observing and analyzing the phenomenon of international relations from the perspective of national and market interaction is the tradition of international political economy，Exploring the interactive logic between the country and the market is the core task of international political economy theory。Since the establishment of the modern international system，The interactive relationship between the sovereign state and the world market constitutes the main content of the international political and economic system。For the past hundreds of years，What people see is，Sovereignty State opened up the world market，The world market can strengthen the power of the leading country，The two have gradually formed an interaction、Strengthening each other、Contradictions that restrict each other。but，In the face of frequent launch of developed countries、Disglement、Sanctions and other chaos，For a long time, the Western academic community has more and more deserted by the two's too narrow positioning when examining the interaction between the country and the market，Due to the two -way interaction between the country and the market, Bet365 app download it has developed towards a more complex network -oriented direction。

From the perspective of introverted dimensions，The heterogeneity characteristics of the national subject and the market entity are more obvious，and the role of different subjects is more balanced。At the national level，Countries with different political systems and values ​​systems gradually walk at the forefront of international economic games，and determine the future trend of the world market and economic globalization; countries with the same political system and values ​​system，Its foreign economic policies and activities are often different from the different domestic political trends。At the market level，With the global industrial chain、Formation of the supply chain and value chain，The highly interdependent relationship between the global economy makes it more and more difficult to achieve the leading and control of the world market。After the new crown pneumonia epidemic，A new phenomenon is，The right to speak in the international economy of those countries with key primary products and intermediate products have been significantly improved。This reflects the complex and interdependent relationship between the mutual restrictions of various countries，Multi -level of the country and the market、Multi -dimensional interactive relationship。

From the perspective of external dimensions，The interactive relationship between the sovereign state and the world market is also increasingly beyond political and economic categories，Based on generalized security considerations, increasingly embedded the country's foreign economic policies and activities。In recent years，In many issues areas，Some western powers have used international economic relations as a tool to seek their own interests and force other countries to bear more obligations，Will the global industrial chain、Supply chain and value chain security and weapons，The normal interactive relationship between the sovereign state and the world market is seriously hindered and interfered for，International coordination and cooperation is difficult，Economic globalization has fragmented、Regionalization、Trend of localization。At the same time，The contradiction between the principles of sovereignty and the market principle is increasingly intensified，And more prominent in the competition relationship between major countries around the world or between national groups。Driven by the generalized national security interests，The interaction between the country and the market gradually expands to other fields，Forming the international and domestic level politics、Economy、Society、Safety and other factors are intricately connected。

　　New expansion in the issue of topics: Digitalization of international economy and politics

In recent years，The "Fourth Industrial Revolution" marked by emerging technology flourish，Lead human society into the digital age，and profoundly changed the organizational form of national politics and economy，Revisible for the global political and economic structure，It also has a profound impact on the evolution of the global competitive pattern。This not only provides a new scene for the interactive model of the country and the market，More international political and economic theoretical innovation provides completely different practical conditions and foundations in the past。

From the perspective of economic dimension，Digital technology progress and its widespread application have greatly expanded the topic areas of international political economy research。Especially in the global digital industry、Digital trade、Digital currency finance and digital sustainable development，The interaction between the state and the market is facing a more complex situation。On the one hand，Traditional topics areas accelerated digitalization，Born a new industry、New business and new mode，Created a new driving force，It also puts forward higher requirements for international coordination and cooperation。On the other hand，Data itself has become a element that needs to be optimized at the domestic and international level，and will profoundly change the objects and ways of the international political and economic game。

From the perspective of political dimension，Digital technology expands the political space of domestic social entities，expanded the political participation of ordinary citizens and social groups，and have become more direct to the country's foreign economic policy and activities、Fast and extensive influence。On the one hand，The progress of digital technology has greatly expanded the channels for people to obtain information，Promoting the spread of various values ​​and ideological consciousness，greatly improved personal、Class、The sense of rights of the group。In this background，narrow nationalism and populism quickly spread，bet365 Play online games and trade、Finance、Protective and intertwined fusion in various fields such as industry，Treating friction in the world market、dispute or even chaos。On the other hand，The rise of network politics makes the political expression of any subject more direct and equal，Change the national decision -making mode，It has also weakened the government's power to decide foreign affairs，So as to put forward higher requirements for the modernization of the national governance system and governance capabilities。At the international level，With the communication of the network platform，problems in many economic fields have gradually evolved into freedom、Democratic、Controversy of the values ​​of human rights，Normal international economic exchanges are wrapped in various forms of politicalization as one of the main characteristics of today's world。

In short，The "Fourth Industrial Revolution" led by digital technology has become a reorganized global factor resource、Rebelling the global economic structure、Key forces to change the global competitive pattern，The development of digital technology has greatly changed the content and approach of international political and economic interaction，It also changed the basic logic of the country's interaction with the market。So，Understand the practice of the country's participation in international economic activities，It will definitely become a new growth point for international political economy theory。

　　(This article is the National Social Science Foundation's major project "China Actively Participate in the Reform and Innovation Research on Global Digital Economic Governance System" (21ZDA096)

(The author is a professor at the School of International Political Economics and Economics of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences，director、Researcher)