Since the Qing Dynasty，"Tao Shuo", "Jingdezhen Ceramic Records" and other monographs on ceramic craftsmanship have appeared one after another。These monographs record the most complete bet365 promo codes and development history，It is a basic book for understanding Chinese ceramic culture，For those who are passionate about Chinese porcelain making、Europeans who collect and study are attractive。

　1856，French sinologist Rulian (1797-1873) published the French translation of "Jingdezhen Ceramics Record" "The History and Production of Chinese Ceramics"，This is the first foreign translation of Chinese bet365 promo codes literature，The only authoritative translation that European scholars could refer to when studying Chinese ceramics。1910，Years in China、Bishley (1844-1908), a British doctor who has long been dedicated to the collection and research of ceramics, published the English translation of "Tao Shuo"，is a translation of pioneering bet365 promo codes literature in the English-speaking world，Comparable to the Rulian Dharma translation。

"Tao Shuo" was written in 1774，"Jingdezhen Taolu" was published in 1815。In other words，The book was published later but was translated and disseminated first。This is closely related to the characteristics bet365 promo codes two books and the translation intentions bet365 promo codes two translators。

"Tao Shuo" was written by Zhu Yan in the Qing Dynasty，It is the first comprehensive record bet365 promo codes origin of Chinese ceramic manufacturing、Monographs on the development history and famous kiln utensils。Six volumes bet365 promo codes original book，Including today、Speaking of ancient times、Four parts of explanation and speaker。The chapter "Speaking bet365 promo codes present" describes the general situation of Jingdezhen kiln，Also quotes the 20 complete contents of Tang Ying's "Illustrations on Ceramics" to explain the specific process of Jingdezhen's porcelain making process。The authors bet365 promo codes remaining three articles "have seen things with their own eyes"，Refer to old news”，Use the typical utensils of each kiln as the main basis，Describe the origin and development of ceramics。"Jingdezhen Taolu" in ten volumes，Written by Ram Pu in the Qing Dynasty、Supplementary edition by his protégé Zheng Tinggui，"Examine the opinions of many experts，Realistically test the current system”，Comprehensive and systematic discussion bet365 promo codes development history of Jingdezhen porcelain industry，The porcelain production process is described in detail，With illustrations that vividly illustrate the process，Put at the beginning of each volume (Volume 1，"Picture description")。Therefore，"Tao Shuo" which was published earlier，"Jingdezhen Ceramics Record" is more in line with the needs of Europeans who are exploring the essentials of Chinese porcelain making technology。Although as early as the early 18th century，French missionary Yin Hongxu passed on Jingdezhen ceramic production techniques to France twice，But Chinese literature organizes ceramic crafts more appropriately and systematically，It is also urgently needed by the industry in France and even Europe。

Under the supervision of Abelman, director bet365 promo codes Royal Ceramics Factory of Sèvres，Rulian began compiling "Jingdezhen Taolu" in 1851。Rulian focuses on ceramic production technology，Only content closely related to ceramic production technology will be retained and reedited，In addition, refer to documents such as "Tao Shuo" and "Fuliang County Chronicles"。Rulian attached fourteen pictures at the back bet365 promo codes book，Redrawn to imitate the illustrations in the "Illustrations" section bet365 promo codes original book，But far more exquisite and appropriate。One，The painting and production are far superior to the original engraving；Part 2，Due to the binding characteristics bet365 promo codes original book and the matching of pictures and text in the original book，Fold the entire picture in half and bind it into front and back pages，Divided into half and half to present，The translation is still complete。These images，Coordinate with Chapter 5 in the book，Vividly explain the process flow of ceramic production in the form of a combination of pictures and text。

Different from Rulian，Bu Shili always emphasized the importance of porcelain samples for ceramic research，The classics that sort out the development history of Chinese ceramics with utensils as the center are completely consistent with its research concepts。Bu Shili, who has read ancient books, is well aware bet365 promo codes authoritative status of "Tao Shuo" recognized by Chinese connoisseurs，For the convenience of your own research，He started translating very early and completed it in 1891，But not until 1910，Two years after the death of Bushi，The translation was published with the expectation bet365 promo codes academic community。Two translations published half a century apart，Each has its own advantages，Complement each other，Both are important reference books for Western ceramic scholars to understand Chinese ceramics。

Rulian’s respected status in the European sinology community is indisputable，But translating Chinese ceramic literature，It’s a big challenge for him。He admits in the preface that he lacks expertise in ceramics，Ceramic production cannot be guaranteed、Material、Shape、Completely accurate translations of related terms such as decoration and glaze。Indeed it is，He translated Qingqi as "vases bleus" in his book，Will Holly、Pink Green、天青、The word "green" in glaze colors such as Huiqing is also translated as "bleu", which is blue，But celadon glaze is not a single cyan color，Often green、Green、The collective name for the three blue colors，Holly、Pink blue and sky blue are also different varieties of green glaze，Huiqing is a kind of blue and white porcelain pigment。To this，Bu Shili, who is familiar with Rulian’s translation, also bluntly said that it is difficult to distinguish cyan，But Rulian’s one-size-fits-all approach needs to be corrected。Fukaisen, a later ceramicist, pointed out the problem: if all the utensils he released were witnessed，Even if the meaning bet365 promo codes word Qing is ambiguous，The translation should not be so ambiguous as this”。The experience and understanding of ceramics，Bu Shili is far beyond the reach of Rulian。

Translated with Rulian, focusing on ceramic crafts、Simplify complex content、Emphasis on the difference in accurate expression of professional and technical terms，To facilitate readers to understand the original meaning bet365 promo codes text more directly，Bu Shili basically adheres to accurate literal translation in the translation of specific content。Bu Shili also continued the original method in dividing volumes and chapters，This processing method not only maintains the integrity bet365 promo codes translation content，Also made important contributions to the establishment of classification standards for Chinese porcelain by Western academic circles。

Except for the "Speaking of Today" chapter in Volume 1，The remaining five volumes bet365 promo codes original book all reflect the obvious idea of ​​classifying porcelain。The "Speaking of Ancient Times" in Volume 2 traces ceramic production back to the Shennong period，And focus on describing the general situation of famous kilns in various places during the Tang, Song and Yuan Dynasties。The "Explanation" of Volume 3 introduces the naming and development of Jingdezhen Guanyao in the Ming Dynasty、Utensils and production techniques。The "Speaking of Utensils" chapter in Volumes 4 to 6 uses typical utensils to describe the characteristics bet365 promo codes Yu utensils from the Tang Dynasty to the Ming utensils。The year number in the book、Dynasty、Origin and glaze color、Decoration techniques and other methods to distinguish porcelain have long been recognized standards in China，But it was still a novelty for Europeans who were keen on buying and collecting Chinese porcelain at that time、Practical expertise。

Bullock added his own first-hand information obtained in China to the translation，It also makes the translation content more vivid and easier to understand。The ancient kiln research part of Volume 2 "Talking About the Ancients"，The original book introduces Junzhou kilns，Borrowed from the text "Tongya" written by Fang Yizhi in the late Ming Dynasty，“There are five colors in Junzhou，Kiln changes happen from time to time，Baoguo Temple Guanyin，Kiln changes”。Bu Shili added annotation here，Combined with my own experience in Beijing，Detailed description bet365 promo codes characteristics bet365 promo codes artifacts bet365 promo codes Guanyin Buddha statue stored in Baoguo Temple in Beijing。In addition，Bu Shili also added 21 pieces of porcelain for supplementary explanation，18 of them are excerpted from "Atlas of Famous Porcelain in the Past Dynasties"，Song Ru Kiln Guanyin Zun、Three pieces, including the Song Dynasty Ding kiln vase and the Qing Qianlong blue and white Tang Ying style candlestick, were taken from his private collection。Bu Shili originally planned to add corresponding pictures，But since the above pictures all appeared in previously published works，So we only list the specific images in the book and point out the location bet365 promo codes specific images "see a certain page of a certain book"，The "Atlas of Famous Porcelain bet365 promo codes Past Dynasties" was mainly designed by him。

Bushley’s translation of ceramic literature，Compared to "Tao Shuo"，The excavation bet365 promo codes "Atlas of Famous Porcelain in the Past Dynasties" written under the auspices of Xiang Yuanbian、Promotion、Translation and publishing (1908)，He has gained the attention and respect bet365 promo codes Western ceramic academic community。The book "Collection of Ancient Artifacts"，Love photo type”，Is an image processing of ceramic types and classifications，In European and American circles、The industry is spreading like wildfire，Long-lasting influence。1931，Guo Baochang、Fukaisen is back again，After revision, it will be released in the form of Chinese and English bilingual versions with a heavy investment，Regaining the attention of academic circles，Introducing the international Sinology community、Heavyweight scholars in the field of porcelain such as Pelliot、David and others examine it，And finally implement the essence of "forgery under false pretense"。But its intuitive form of picture and text comparison，Chinese porcelain type、Description of glaze color、Classification，On the subsequent understanding and research of Chinese porcelain by European and American circles，The impact cannot be underestimated。

Overall，Bu Shili’s translation is not simply a paraphrase of bet365 promo codes literature，From screening script、Write the preface、Additional annotations and then to the translated text，All of them are integrated with his years of connoisseurship and collection experience in China，Therefore, it has become the most academically valuable and inspiring reference book after the Rulian translation。Bu Shili’s Research on bet365 promo codes Ceramics，From document translation and dissemination to writing，Focus on using images to highlight the theme，Based on the academic achievements and methodology (documents) of China’s own ceramics，Influenced Western researchers for a long time，His work has become a model for subsequent similar publications。

Attention to Chinese bet365 promo codes literature from Rulian to Bu Shili，There is a change from focusing on manufacturing technology to focusing on bet365 promo codes types and types as a carrier of art and culture，That is, the change from technical borrowing to cultural aesthetics，And the text uses images to highlight its meaning。The translation，It has an important influence on subsequent Western research on the history of Chinese bet365 promo codes art。

(Author’s unit: School of Humanities and Media, Ningbo University)