"Essential Art for Qi Min" is the earliest existing book in my country、The most complete one including agriculture、Lin、MU、Deputy、Comprehensive agricultural book on fishing，According to legend, it was written by Jia Sixie, the governor of Gaoyang bet365 new customer offer Northern Wei Dynasty。It systematically summarizes the high-level agricultural science and technology bet365 new customer offer middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River before the Northern Wei Dynasty，Can be said to be the earliest bet365 new customer offer world、The most systematic and valuable agricultural scientific masterpiece。The importance of "Essentials for Elevating the People" mainly lies in two aspects，First of all, its rich agricultural scientific and technological knowledge benefits from the long-term social practice accumulation of our ancestors；The second is the material bet365 new customer offer "Chinese Character Cultural Circle" in ancient East Asia seen from the spread of its version、Cultural exchange。

　　Realistic accumulation of "Essentials for Elevating the bet365 new customer offer"

The main contents described in volumes 1 to 10 of the modern version of "Qimin Yaoshu"，Corresponding or similar content can be found bet365 new customer offer unearthed bamboo slips，Shows that Jia Sixie compiled this book with rich social reality、Literature accumulation as reference。

Transforming the natural environment and promoting agricultural production are inseparable，Especially the construction of water conservancy projects。The author of "Essentials for Elevating the People" emphasized the importance of water conservancy projects many times bet365 new customer offer "Preface"，As quoted from "Zhong Changzi" "Zheng Baicheng，There is no hungry year in Guanzhong"，The deeds of summoning trusted ministers to build water conservancy projects for the Nanyang Order: "Go to the water spring bet365 new customer offer county，Open communication，Dozens of places around the water gate，Irrigation with wide area。The people benefit，More than enough savings。”bet365 new customer offer Northwest Slips，There are many records of the construction of water conservancy and irrigation projects bet365 new customer offer Hexi area during the Han Dynasty，Such as Dunhuang Maquankou Weir、Juyanjunmatian Guanjing Canal、Hailian Canal outside Yumen Great Wall, etc.，In addition, there are irrigation channels named in order，For example, there is "Fifth Canal" bet365 new customer offer Juyan Han bamboo slips，There are also local "people's own Chuanqu" and "Second Zuoqu" bet365 new customer offer Han bamboo slips of Dunhuang Xuanquan、The second right inner channel”。Shuimen instant wood、Stone、The diversion gates between the main channel built with earth and each branch channel。The Diwan Han bamboo slips at the Jianshui Houguan site have records of "Youshuimen Fan Shishi"，Explanation: There are 14 sluice gates along a certain channel bet365 new customer offer Jianshuihouguan area，This shows the wide irrigation range of the canal。In addition to the irrigation canals distributed in various villages, the water conservancy projects in Hexi during the Han Dynasty，There are also deep wells dug。There are many records of "wells" in Dunhuang and Juyan Han bamboo slips。Zou Malou Wu Bamboo Slips "Zhuxiang Dry and Botang Farmland Acres Book" is the survey and statistics of Linxiang County (Marquis State) on the "dry and dry" farmland water conservancy projects within the territory。Looking from the irrigation area，These "waves" are mostly small irrigation projects；Judging from the "dry and dry" years，Most of these "waves" were built during the Eastern Han Dynasty。Those with "wave fields" exceeding 500 hectares have at least 3 townships，The entire Linxiang County exceeds thousands of hectares，It can also be seen that farmland water conservancy projects are developed in Changsha area。

Advances in planting methods are also an effective means to promote agricultural production，Like area planting method。District planting method is also called district field method，The characteristic is that crops are planted in strips or square plots，Comprehensive use of intensive farming bet365 new customer offer region、Reasonably dense planting、Isometric on-demand、Fertilization and irrigation、Strengthening management and other measures，Get high yield。About the origin of zone planting method，Some scholars believe that it developed from digging holes with Sichuan bet365 new customer offer early days of farming，Later, it was improved and summarized by Fan Shengzhi。Although "The Book of Pan Sheng" has been lost，This part of the content is preserved in "Essential Art of Qi Min"。Volume 1 of the current "Essentials of Qi Min" "Grain Planting No. 3" records in detail the size of each district of different farmers under the district planting method、Spacing and crop yield。Crops that specifically use the regional planting method include soybeans、Mai、melon、砠、Taro, etc.。Volume 2 "Soybeans No. 6" "Wheat No. 10" "Melons No. 14" "Gourds No. 15" "Yao No. 16"，They all mentioned "the method of planting soybeans in Pansheng area", "planting wheat in Pansheng area", "growing melons in Pansheng area", etc.。Shi Shenghan once researched the pronunciation and original meaning of the word "区"，I think this word should be pronounced as ou，Original meaning is hurdle。Depending on different crops，The width of the ridge、Different depths；When planting crops, fertilizer is usually applied at the bottom of the ridge，Then sow seeds。Mawangdui silk book "Fifty-two Prescriptions for Diseases": "1，■，Half a square foot，Elbow deep，Burn Chen Yu immediately，Make it half a foot thicker，Sprinkle it with fine wine，That is, one、Jujube Fourteen、■Zhiyu、The combination of pepper and one area，bet365 new customer offer midst of burning，Down through the tunnel。Already，WO。”Here “district” means “ridge”。What this treatment method and the area planting method have in common is that they both have to dig a hurdle，The bottom of the canyon should be spread with fertilizer or medicine in advance。Silk calligraphy and medicine，There is also a similar practice bet365 new customer offer medical slips of the Han Dynasty in Wuwei。Simplified Chinese medicine prescriptions are similar to regional planting methods，Zhang Lei calls this therapy "Kan Xun Method"。Learning from ancient Chinese agricultural production technology, the fumigation method，Not only reflects the close relationship between traditional medicine and agriculture，It is also an excellent example of social reality and documentation accumulation in "Essentials for Qi Min"。

　　bet365 new customer offer circulation and material and cultural exchange

"Records of "Essential Techniques for Qi Min"，Although it started in "Sui Shu·Jing Ji Zhi"，But the earliest engraving was published during the Tiansheng period of the Northern Song Dynasty (1023-1032)。This time it is published "There is a method of planting and raising livestock using essential techniques"，For a moment of good talk"，But it has become more difficult to engrave the original book。The 14th year of Shaoxing bet365 new customer offer Southern Song Dynasty (1144)，When Zhang Gong borrowed the "Chongwen Academy Edition" from the Tiansheng Period collected by Xiang Bogong and reengraved the "Longshu Edition"，Ge Youzhi once wrote a "Afterword" introducing the whole process of publishing，It says: "I want to look at the rare book (Chongwen Academy Edition) but I can't get it"，“This book is from the Chongwen College of Tiansheng Middle School，Not available unless you are an important member of the imperial court”。This shows that bet365 new customer offer early years of the Southern Song Dynasty，The Chongwen Academy version of "Essential Art for Qi Min" is rare。The "Long Shu Edition" engraved by Zhang Gong of the Southern Song Dynasty is also lost。The domestically circulated version of "Essential Techniques for Qi Min"，The "Huxiang Edition" carved by Ma Zhiqing in Huxiang bet365 new customer offer third year of Jiajing bet365 new customer offer Ming Dynasty (1524) has the greatest influence。The thirty-first year of Wanli (1603)，Hu Zhenheng's "Huxiang Edition" was reproduced bet365 new customer offer secret book，This is the "Secret Book of Letters"；Later Mao Jin purchased the original version of "Secret Book of Letters" from Hu Zhenheng，After a little correction，Compiled into "Secretary of Jintide" bet365 new customer offer third year of Chongzhen (1630)，It is the "Jin Tie Edition" of Chongzhen Mao bet365 new customer offer Ming Dynasty。These three Ming Dynasty engravings，Come from the "Huxiang original" series，As scholars say, "Huxiang version" was deleted、"Jin Tie Ben" has the wrong words and deletions，There are many disadvantages in making mistakes，But because of its great reputation、High printing quantity、Wide sales，Too many poisons。

As early as the Heian period in Japan，When Fujiwara Sashi compiled the "Nihon Kokumi Zai Bibliography" for the Imperial Household's collection of Chinese books during the Kanpei period (889-897)，That is, there is a manuscript of "Qi Min Yao Shu" (Tang manuscript)。The only remaining fragment of the "Chongbunyuan Edition" currently bet365 new customer offer Kyoto Museum, Japan，Originally collected by Takayamaji Temple in Kyoto，So it is also called the Gaoshan Temple Collection。Yang Shoujing, bibliographer of the Qing Dynasty edition，Obtained a photocopy of the fragments of the manuscript collected by Koyama Temple。Luo Zhenyu, who is committed to collecting versions of "Essential Art for Qi Min", learned about it，After various searches, I was able to photocopy the copy from the collection of Gaoshan Temple，Included in "Jishi'an Series"。Outside the collection of Takayama Temple，around 1274，Hojo once organized a large number of scholars to copy classics in his territory, Musashi Province Kanazawa (now Kanazawa District, Yokohama City)。At that time, Hojo borrowed the manuscript from Takayama Temple through the famous monk Ogawa Monk and transcribed it，This is why the copy of "Essential Art for Elevating the People" collected in Gaoshan Temple survived into the world。Because it was collected in "Kanazawa Bunko"，So called "Kanazawa Ben"，The posture is the same as the one collected in Takayama Temple，Basically preserved the appearance of the Northern Song Dynasty edition (only the third volume is missing，Save nine volumes and 22 reels)。1950，Mr. Takeichi Nishiyama donated a photocopy of this book to the Chinese Academy of Sciences、Collected by Beijing Agricultural University and other institutions。From this，Basically complete、The systematic Northern Song Dynasty engraving of "Qi Min Yao Shu" has finally returned to its homeland。

The influence of "Essential Art of Qi Min" in Japan，Already beyond the academic field，And it has become a Yuan Dian that guides people’s daily food culture，From this, "Jia Xue", an ancient and new knowledge, was born。As early as the first half of the 20th century，Shinoda Tong has studied pickling、Start with fermented foods，Find the original source of "Sushi", a traditional Japanese delicacy, in "Qi Min Yao Shu"。The "Essential Art of Qi Min" itself has great influence on the materials in ancient East Asia、Cultural exchanges are also significantly reflected。The use of cattle is extensively recorded bet365 new customer offer book、Cooking methods of sheep and its by-products as food ingredients，The method of making cheese is actually making yogurt，It is the secondary processing of milk。Of course，The ethnic minorities who entered the hinterland of the Central Plains also began to be affected by the cooking methods of the Han people。bet365 new customer offer process of making various meat foods such as "making sheep's trotter method", "sheep knot method", "steaming sheep method", "steaming gizzard method", "steaming goose method", "steaming duck method" etc.，All use green onions、Ginger removes mutton，This is not only a major change bet365 new customer offer dietary structure of northern ethnic minorities，It also shows the customary exchange between ethnic minorities and Han people through food。Volume 10 of "Essentials of Qi Min" also includes food culture exchanges between the Central Plains and Northeast China。"Grains, Fruits, and Cabbage Are Not Products of China" quoted "Wuwan" from "Book of Wei"，The land is suitable for the east wall...it can be used to make liquor"。It can be seen from this，The author of "Essential Techniques for Elevating the People"，Reflects the development of agricultural science and technology bet365 new customer offer entire East Asia，bet365 new customer offer process of its writing and spreading to the "Chinese character cultural circle"，It will inevitably have a profound and lasting impact on agriculture and social life in various regions of East Asia。

　　(This article is a phased result bet365 new customer offer National Social Science Fund’s major project “Research on the Formation of Unearthed Bamboo Bamboo Documents and Ancient Books” (19ZDA250)

(The author is an associate researcher at the Collaborative Research and Innovation Platform bet365 new customer offer “Ancient Writings and Chinese Civilization Inheritance and Development Project” at the Institute of Ancient History, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)