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gunpowder，It is very important for human civilization。Marx gave it a lofty praise: "Broke the Cavaliers class!" But in a strict sense，Not gunpowder，but gunpowder weapons (firearms)。Because the performance of the firearms is too dazzling，Long -term covering the light of gunpowder，so that some people regard the appearance of firearms as the invention of gunpowder。Cao Huanwen takes the lead in the name of the name "gunpowder"，"Fire，Chemicals also，Yiyan Destroy also "。Therefore "gunpowder"，"Destroyer Medicine" also，Both can heal the disease，Destruction again，"There must be a major truth in the middle"。

"gunpowder" is the "partial" phrase，The central word is "medicine"，"Fire" is just modified。Gario medicine first is medicine，It is a cure for the disease and saves people rather than destroy the killing。So，Grenatt students are not for firearms to act as a burning agent，Non-Western so-called "Gun-Powder"; at the same time，Grenatt students are not the "fireworks" and "fire-work" (fire-work "for the festivals。gunpowder，In essence, it should be called "Fire-Drug or its origin Huo-Yao)bet365 best casino games 。Explore the origin of gunpowder from the invention of firearms，The research paradigm of "bundling" of gunpowder and firearms，itself is the cause and effect，It is a misunderstanding of the history of gunpowder history for hundreds of years。Since the gunpowder is a "medicine" that can get angry，So what kind of "medicine" is this?

Nitigo，It is the most important and special ingredient in the gun of gunpowder，The medieval Arabs call it "China Snow"，The only pioneer in the history of Japanese gunpowder, Nishimatsu, the only one was to the invention of gunpowder to China for its nitrogen in China。Cao Huanwen discovered，"medicine" that can get angry，Non-Chinese "Fire-Drug" is not available，and homologous with medicine，"The same as the medical side is the same，Material form，Nothing "。So he informed the world: "The gunpowder was invented by the ancient Chinese alchemists!" Subsequently，Feng Jiasheng found the Tang Dynasty formula of gunpowder，That is, "Fushi Sulfur" in "Tao Tibet"，This is a prescription in the 8th century，The so -called "evidence" of the 13th century invented by Europeans，At this point, China has just become the birth country of gunpowder。To cure the disease、The "medicine" made of longevity can be made "fire" explosion，This should be in the expectation of the Taoist Bet365 lotto review Yin and Yang theory，The tragedy of destroying the furnace is unexpected。So，A job of Taoism for thousands of years，It is to reduce and even eliminate the explosiveness and destructiveness of the elixir，This also proves the facts of the iron of gunpowder from reverse force。

The focus of the term "gunpowder" from the transformation from "fire (fire)" to "(Dan) medicine"，I first learned that this "gun-poper) is not the" Fire-Drug "，Since then。This is a fundamental conversion of research paradigm of gunpowder history，The result of its revolutionary is the "recognition ancestor to return to the ancestors" for gunpowder，The honor of the invention of the gunpowder is finally returned to China。Famous syndrome can be the original clear source of the belonging to the invention of gunpowder，But if there is no regular insight in historical evolution，It is bound to only get the section rather than the overall cognition。

Since the gunshot is the crystallization of alchemy，So when is the most likely invention age? Cao Huanwen thinks，It is "Fire" (alchemy) and "pharmaceutical" (pharmaceutical) at the same time.。With longevity and not old、refers to the pursuit of alchemy to promote the progress of pharmaceutical chemistry，"Forcing gunpowder can produce technically!" This inference，Compared to Feng Jiasheng later、Wang Ling, Li Joseph and Bet365 lotto review others' "Tang Dynasty Invention Theory" in front of at least 300 years。Half a century later，Simulation experiments from Wang Quick and others，Especially the original gunpowder formula found by Rong Zhiyi，The age of the invention of Chinese gunpowder in invention in China is fixed in the two Jin。

With this premise，The relationship between gunpowder and firearms is also one through all。As Cao Huanwen pointed out，When the Taoist alchemy is invented by the Taoist alchemy in the Wei and Jin dynasties，Gario medicine began to spread in the world during the Northern and Southern Dynasties，Sui is when folk gunpowder miscellaneous dramas prevail，Then there is Emperor's "Flowers Seven Branch Open"，The gunpowder was successfully applied to the firearm during the Song Dynasty，Thunderbolt、Zhen Tian Lei、Wurm、Fire and other gunpowder weapons are endless。So，The invention of gunpowder first and its folk miscellaneous drama，From folk miscellaneous drama to military applications。In other words，​​The trajectory of history is from "(fire)" to "fire (device)" instead of the opposite。other，Fireware, especially the invention of tube firearms in the early Southern Song Dynasty，The firearm that has been proved to cause the ambiguity of the invention of gunpowder for a long time is also invented by China。

gunpowder is the income bet365 Play online games of Taoist alchemy，But the question is，This is the discovery of "accident"，Is it the result of "intentional"? As mentioned earlier，Nitrogen is the key component in gunpowder to。The reason why gunpowder can get angry，It is because the nitrated gratitude can play a special self -supply oxygen effect in a closed space。As a natural strong oxidant，The nitrogen and the sulfur that restores to form a perfect "yin and yang" match。In ancient China, the nitrite of oxidant nitrite was defined as "Zhiyin"，Take its meaning of "quietness"; and treat the sulfur sulfur as "Zhiyang"，Take the meaning of "movement by doing"。This has undoubtedly risen to yin and yang conversion、The height of the philosophical theory of combination。Xunzi Yun: "The heavens and the earth are together with all things，change from yin and yang and change。"Gario medicine，This perfect artificial creation of yin and yang，Isn't it the goal of "using destiny" that Xunzi expected?

"Tiantong Kaiwu" is explained in the "yin and yang" as follows: "All nitrogen、Sulfur as the main，A supplement。Nitrile to Yin，Sulfur to Yang，Yin and Yang Shin object meets in gaps，It is also，Character，Soul is scattered and spoiled! "To avoid explosion，Eastern Jin Gehong has consciously separated nitrics and sulfur。Five Dynasties Tan Qiao not only uses bet365 best casino games "Dynamic and Static Follow，So turn fire "to explain the fire of gunpowder，And think that by knowing "yin and yang" and then calling "yin and yang" humans can obtain the power of controlling nature，Even "Sun and Moon can do it"，"Heaven and earth can repeat"。This is the vivid philosophy expression of Taoism's view of nature，This is the vivid philosophy expression of Taoism's view of nature。

We agree with Li Joseph’s mention，That is the diversity of cultural diversity and the commonality of science。gunpowder is not a pure technology invention of a craftsman，Among them, the "scientific" elements of ancient Chinese forms such as yin and yang theory and its methodology。In other words，gunpowder is not a "experience" summary of the "experience" discovered by Taoists，Inventory of the "active" invention with theoretical root and methodology standards。In fact，There are few pure technology in ancient China，Technology ("use") is often based on science ("making destiny") as a lead，The two are so difficult to divide and meet each other，More "technology in science" and "science in technology"。

　(Author Unit: Institute of Science and Technology History of Science and Technology of Shanxi University; School of Humanities at Donghua University)