At the beginning of nj bet365 traditional culture，The relationship between heaven and man is the core issue that the sages thought about。In fact，Observations on “Heaven” and Nature，Not only of interest to thinkers，It is the basis of all material activities of ancient ancestors，From "astronomy" to "humanities"，Human civilization was also created with the construction of the relationship between heaven and man、Evolution。In what ways did astronomical knowledge and concepts influence the development of ancient nj bet365 civilization？What is the value of astronomical archaeological research？On related issues，Our reporter interviewed Feng Shi, a member of the nj bet365 Academy of Social Sciences。

　　Originated nj bet365 Neolithic Period

"China Social Sciences Journal": When can the development of ancient nj bet365 astronomy be traced back to?？What prompted our ancient ancestors to think and form astronomical knowledge？

nj bet365:Today’s archaeological data and astronomical archaeological research proves，At the latest in the middle of the fifth millennium BC，Ancient nj bet365 astronomy has formed a complete system。The original remains found on the Xishui Slope of Puyang, Henan, about 6,500 years ago，Completely demonstrates the astronomical observations of our ancestors and the astronomical views based on such observations、A series of rich connotations such as political views and religious views。Including the planning of space and time by the ancients through vertical metering，To Beidou、Observation of the Twenty-Eight Constellations and the Establishment of the Four Symbols System，The determination of the four qi and the corresponding cultural understanding，The original cosmology of a round sky and a square place，Early royal power and the primitive religious thought of equating ancestors with heaven，These knowledge systems and ideas are of great value in exploring the origins of ancient nj bet365 astronomy and even the origins of nj bet365 civilization。Obviously，Such a complete system cannot be completed in a short period of time，Should have experienced a long history of formation and development。This means that the origin of nj bet365 astronomy must be much earlier than this time。

Archaeological discoveries earlier or later than the remains of Xishuipao，It is also meaningful to solve the problem of the origin of nj bet365 astronomy。In the Neolithic Age 9000-8000 years ago，Our ancestors have learned how to regulate the climate，Created the first legal calendar system for later generations。In a thousand years later，People have mastered vertical surface measurement，And improve the knowledge system about space and time。The ancestors of the Hongshan Culture 5,500 years ago built circular mounds to worship the sky and square mounds to worship the earth，The design of the altar not only reflects the high achievements of the Central Mathematical Sciences，Even became the source of Yixue thought in the later generations。From then on until the establishment of the Xia Dynasty，The remains of ancient astronomy are extremely rich，Not only related observation instruments，And more systematically demonstrates the ancients’ understanding of the heavens、Worship of Beidou，And the traditional politics related to it、Sacrifice and religion。Astronomy is the source of traditional nj bet365 culture，Its origin actually marks the origin of civilization，The time of its origin far exceeds the concept of five thousand years of civilization history that we are accustomed to accepting。

Ancient people observed celestial phenomena，Except the sun, moon and stars、Beyond the clouds and rain，The most important observation object is of course the celestial body itself。Ancestors thought，The sky is at the top of the universe，And the shape is round，nj bet365 knowledge constitutes the main part of the ancient cosmology "Gaitian Theory"。However, in the eyes of the ancients，The sky is not an empty round body，The sun moves through the sky during the year，The summer solstice sun rises in the northeast and sinks into the northwest，The sun rises in the southeast and sinks into the southwest on the winter solstice，The sun rises due east and sets due west on the vernal and autumnal equinoxes。Therefore，The diurnal trajectory of the two solstices can plan three concentric circles in the sky，nj bet365 is the origin of the "three days" idea。The Hongshan Cultural Sacrifice Tianyuan Qiu in Niuheliang, Jianping, Liaoning, which dates back 5,500 years ago, shows a perfect three-round shape，Already have the "Three Days" Thought。nj bet365 concept can be traced back to the earlier Xishuipo era，In the evening, you will reach the circular mound of the Temple of Heaven in the Ming and Qing dynasties、The three-circle design of the Hall of Prayer for Good Harvest and the Altar of Prayer for Grain。Even the design of the jade jade as a ritual vessel for worshiping heaven is a reflection of the idea of ​​"three days"，The Neolithic Age jade in Lingjiatan, Hanshan, Anhui Province has the shape of "three days"。The ancients held that sacrifices must be like their kind，Sacrifice to heaven must be like heaven，The sky is three rings，So the circular mound and jade jade used to worship heaven must show the same appearance。These facts show，The ancients’ understanding of heaven was not only specific，And profound。

The origin of astronomy，Derived from the needs of primitive agriculture。Precisely，Ancestors’ Observation of Astronomy，The purpose is to provide accurate time services for agricultural production，This is observation and timing。Obviously，Astronomy exists as the knowledge base for agricultural production，And eventually developed into a unique nj bet365 culture。

　　"China Social Sciences Journal": Except for archaeological evidence，What are the representative documents about early nj bet365 in ancient China？What significance does ancient mythology have for understanding early nj bet365？

nj bet365:The astronomical historical materials in traditional nj bet365 literature are rich and systematic，Especially for the study of early human astronomy，It is the only available material。Unearthed documents such as oracle bone inscriptions、Bronze inscriptions and slips、Silk book，Early classics documents such as "Yi", "Book", "Poetry", "Spring and Autumn", etc.，They all contain rich astronomical historical data。"Book of Rites·Monthly Order" is a systematic document on political orders and regulations，The official history books and other documents are also indispensable。These constitute a complete treasure trove of historical materials on ancient nj bet365 astronomy。

The history of any nation begins with mythology。Myths are not the works of our ancestors’ imaginations。"Huainanzi Tianwenxun" records the legend of Gonggong and Zhuanxu fighting for the emperor，His anger touches the mountain of impudence，To the Tianzhu fold，The sky tilts to the northwest。The astronomical explanation of "the sky tilts to the northwest" is that the true north celestial pole is not in the true north，But at the position of due north and west。Is nj bet365 myth describing a real celestial phenomenon？Calculation based on precession，We know，The declination circle in 5000 BC did tilt towards the northwest。Obviously，The ancients used myths to convey an understanding of astronomy。

"The Classic of Mountains and Seas", "Tianwen" and "Huainanzi·Benjingxun" contain the myth of the Ten Days and the legend of Hou Yi shooting the sun。The ancients believed，In the beginning there were ten suns，Turn on duty。The tenth day of Yao's reign，Everything is burnt，So Yao invited Hou Yi to shoot him down for nine days，Only one sun remains。If we return to the level of primitive thinking，These seemingly absurd contents may not be incomprehensible。For the primitive ancestors，Will they understand the seemingly simple truth that the sun rising today and the sun rising yesterday are actually the same sun？Obviously not，From the perspective of primitive thinking，The sun that people see every day should be new。The fact that there is only one sun in the sky can only be explored by the ancestors themselves，This understanding process must have gone through from one day to one sun，To ten suns，The development of another sun。The decimal idea of ​​nj bet365 arithmetic initially influenced their choice of ten suns，And thus developed the tradition of Ten Heavenly Stems。And people’s long-term solar observations will eventually enable them to understand the fact that there is only one sun，So we used the myth of shooting the sun to complete this leap in understanding。In fact，If you consider the solar halo and sun dog phenomenon，The imagination of ten days appearing simultaneously is by no means unfounded。

"The Classic of Mountains and Seas" records the myth of Kuafu chasing the sun，"The Classic of Mountains and Seas·The Great Wilderness Northern Classic" says that "Kuafu does not measure his capabilities，Want to chase the sunset”。This myth obviously reflects the historical facts of ancient people’s meter measurement。Ancient nj bet365 ancestors determined space and time by measuring images using standing tables，Experienced the transition from chasing the shadow of the sun to waiting for the shadow of the sun，This certainly reflects the progress of observation methods。This makes the word "chai" a traditional term for ancient photometry。The Warring States Bamboo Book "Bao Xun" collected by Tsinghua University contains the Jiawei Table and retests the Dizhong，That is, described with the word "chai"。Therefore，The myth of Kuafu chasing the sun actually reflects the original shadow-measuring activities before people mastered the sun-shadow survey。

Ancient myths allow today’s people to look at early civilizations nj bet365 another angle。We should peel off the cloak of myth with an inclusive attitude，Uncover the historical truth。

　　Establishing the cosmic view nj bet365 unity of man and nature

"China Social Sciences Journal": What are the characteristics and achievements of nj bet365 astronomy in its early days？

nj bet365:The ancients looked at the sky，The fundamental purpose is to contain all things on earth，Respecting heaven must be close to earth，How to get time from heaven，It is possible to obtain materials only nj bet365 local area，So when observing the sky, you must also observe the earth。In fact，The ancients’ understanding of heaven and earth was completed as early as five thousand years ago。

The nj bet365 ancestors upheld the epistemology of studying things to gain knowledge，There are no forbidden areas for observing and exploring nature。They only need to care about how to obtain the truth through observation and analysis of nature，Finally form an objective knowledge system。This enabled them to achieve extensive achievements in both science and civilization。For example, systematic observation records of strange celestial phenomena such as solar and lunar eclipses，Becoming a major feature of nj bet365 astronomy。This is due to the cognitive tradition of nj bet365 culture with the original intention of seeking the truth。

In the history of human civilization，The early formation of the nj bet365 astronomical system is unparalleled。The ancestors paid great attention to astronomical issues，Involving almost all areas of this subject。Not only that，Distinguishing the relationship between heaven and man is an important issue that they have been thinking about from the beginning。This not only led to the creation of unique astronomy in ancient China，It also produced unique nj bet365 traditional culture。

For the formation of early knowledge system，The first thing people need to complete is the planning of space and time，The understanding of the relationship between time and space even forms the cognitive basis of traditional nj bet365 culture。The precision of space and time depends on the precision of observation methods，From the climatology method to the climatology method，fully reflects the extraordinary wisdom of the ancients。In terms of observation system，The ancients valued the celestial equator and the North Pole，And established the corresponding Beidou and Twenty-eight Star Official Systems。Thinking about cosmology is also meaningful。These explorations laid the foundation for the development of nj bet365 astronomy。

　　"China Social Sciences Journal": The relationship between heaven and man is the core issue of Confucian and Taoist philosophy。What impact does ancient astronomy have on classical philosophy and nj bet365 culture？

nj bet365:The impact of nj bet365 on humanities is multifaceted。The concept of Yin Yang and Five Elements embodies the unique wisdom of our ancestors in understanding nature，These ideological systems before Confucianism and Taoism not only originate from nj bet365，And the speculation was completed at least in the Shang and Zhou dynasties，With rich expression forms。The ancients’ speculation on Yin and Yang can even be traced back to 8,000 years ago。

The core of Confucian philosophy lies in morality，The core of morality is integrity。The concept of integrity originated from the ancients’ control of time。Thousands of years of time measurement enabled our ancestors to understand，The coming of cold and the coming of summer、Preface to the Spring and Autumn Dynasties，Time is honest but not deceiving。The summer solstice is the longest day of the year，If you measure the image from a standing table，The surface shadow at noon that day is the shortest，A hundred years like nj bet365，unchanged for thousands of years，So the ancients came up with the idea of ​​"the most faithful faith comes in time"，Thoughts that will come but not end”，And nj bet365 gave rise to the concept of integrity。“Taking faith as virtue” has become the core connotation of the view of literature and morality in the three generations，Confucian philosophy inherits nj bet365 idea，Make it the foundation of self-cultivation。The highest morality in Confucian philosophy is moderation。The concept in also originates from the vertical surface measurement。The ancients set an example，First, you need to stand the table vertically on a horizontal ground，To correct whether the table is vertical，The ancients wanted to hang eight ropes from the top of the table，Place the eight ropes on the four positive and four dimensions of the table，When all eight ropes are attached to the surface，The table is vertical。nj bet365 state means that the table is not tilted to either east, west, north or south，It’s just right，So "中" has its basic meaning - Zhongzheng。nj bet365 concept was later developed into the Doctrine of the Mean by Confucian philosophy，It is used to describe Yin and Yang，The idea of ​​neutralization emerged again。

The Mandate of Heaven is a political concept developed based on observing phenomena and timing。The ancients believed，“He who knows the land is wise，Those who know heaven are saints”。The saint can only award the farming season by observing the phenomena，In order to establish its dominance in the clan。Therefore，For agricultural society，Knowledge of astronomy and calendar is of primary significance，Who can grant time to the people，Who is qualified to be the leader of the people，nj bet365 is the basis of royal power。The Analects of Confucius·Yao said that Yao and Shun abdicated and said: "The calendar of heaven is in your bow，Allow it to be included。"nj bet365 is what we are talking about。From the perspective of clan members who are ignorant of astronomy，The reason why saints can tell the time accurately and lead to a prosperous life，That’s because he understands God’s will，Can communicate with heaven，Then his power must of course come from the gift of heaven，So the concept of destiny of divine right of kings was developed。nj bet365 concept has become a legitimation symbol for people to successfully cultivate virtue and ultimately enjoy royal power in the three generations of politics。Confucian philosophy inherits nj bet365 idea。

The speculative system of Taoist philosophy is simply constructed with the help of astronomical research。It can be said，Simple astronomical research is actually the predecessor of its philosophical research。Laozi advocates governing by doing nothing，However, all people see is “you”，So if you want to clarify "inaction"，The "none" problem must be solved first。nj bet365 work was achieved by Laozi through his exploration of the origin of the universe，He enabled people to deduce step by step the "nothing" before the formation of heaven and earth from the familiar "being"，Finally established "all things are born from existence"，The understanding of "being is born from nothing"。The "nothing" before nj bet365 "you" is "Tao"，Han Feizi calls it Xuanxu。To do things with "Tao" is to do things with "Nothing"，nj bet365 is governance by doing nothing，That is, the "virtue" advocated by Laozi。Obviously，The "Tao" of Laozi's philosophy is actually based on the study of astronomy as the basis for speculation，Even the title is borrowed from Tiandao。

In addition to its influence on classical philosophy，Traditional astronomy’s view of ancient time and space、Political Views、Religious Views、Sacrifice View、The influence of regulations, systems and scientific outlook is also direct and profound，These thoughts ultimately constitute the unique cosmology of the unity of nature and man，Become the core of nj bet365 culture。

　　Different nj bet365 traditions between China and the West

"China Social Sciences Journal": The history of astronomy in China and the West shows，What are the differences between nj bet365 and Western civilizations in epistemology and other knowledge systems？

nj bet365:nj bet365 people uphold the principle of studying things to gain knowledge，The best thing is to study things，That is, people’s observation and analysis of nature。People can only objectively analyze all things in nature，Only in order to form your own knowledge system，This is the study of things to achieve knowledge。This kind of analysis of nature does not presuppose，It is objective and materialistic。Therefore，nj bet365 culture is a culture that pursues truth。

Western epistemology seeks knowledge for the sake of knowledge。Seeking knowledge does not mean seeking truth，Does knowledge come from nature or nj bet365 mind，The results are completely different。

　　"China Social Sciences Journal": Western science advocates "disenchantment"，Did ancient nj bet365 astronomy also go through this process？

nj bet365:Disenchantment is a concept in Western scientific philosophy，Not very applicable to nj bet365 culture，At least this is not our basic attitude towards traditional culture。I don’t think disenchantment reflects the progress of civilization，Because nj bet365 culture aims at pursuing truth，The understanding of the ancients may be deviated from the truth，But this is fake, not charm。

A truly excellent civilization should be inclusive，rather than exclusive，Tolerance is the only way to be profound。Human’s understanding of nature is very limited。Different historical periods，Due to different levels of people’s understanding，There must be differences in the definition of charm。If we attribute all things that we cannot understand temporarily to charm，nj bet365 epistemology is obviously narrow。Facing traditional culture，We first need to have a pious heart，For ancient civilizations，The important thing is to brush away the dust of history，Reveal the truth。The original meaning of "charm" is the essence of old things。When we don’t know right from wrong，The result of disenchantment may be to remove the essence。

Human civilization is not limited to so-called science，And philosophy、Art and Religion。The world is colorful，If you are extremely exclusive，Remove all the so-called "charm" that you don't understand，We are getting further and further away from the truth。Obviously，Science is not the only way to understand the world，We must have an open mind，Accept different ways of understanding the world，Harmonious but different，nj bet365 is exactly the characteristic of China’s excellent traditional culture。

Reviewing the history of human science and civilization，There are too many such examples。Western science despises or even denies experience，Superstition Instrument，This greatly limits the understanding of the objective world。I don’t know，Instruments are also made by people based on their experience and cognitive level。Human beings deny their own observations and blindly follow instruments，Seemingly objective，In fact, it is a sign of lack of wisdom。For example, Western science has long denied the "pulse" of traditional nj bet365 medicine，The reason is that the instrument cannot detect it。However, today they have measured the pulse with improved instruments，So I have to admit this fact。The nj bet365 knew pulse three thousand years ago，Treat diseases effectively，Protect the health of nj bet365 people。Isn’t the theory and experience that has been repeatedly proven by facts for thousands of years not as valuable as a new instrument？Civilization should not have hegemony，Science should not have hegemony either。In fact，What is science，This is a question that needs reflection。

　　Try to be as versatile as possible nj bet365 basis of specialization

"China Social Sciences Journal": The study of ancient nj bet365 is relatively "unpopular"。What is the value and significance of its research？

nj bet365:Academic value cannot be measured by hot or cold terms，Academic right and wrong cannot be judged by consensus。The reason why ancient astronomy became a secret science，Not because of its low value，But it’s difficult。In fact, in a sense，The harder it is，The academic value will be higher。The study of ancient astronomy is a useful key to exploring traditional nj bet365 culture，Should be valued and promoted。From the perspective of cultural origin，Can clarify academic rights and wrongs。From the perspective of regaining one’s own civilization，Can enhance cultural self-confidence and even national self-confidence。What’s more meaningful is，The core idea of ​​ancient nj bet365 culture is the unity of nature and man，This is a very excellent concept。Studying the relationship between heaven and man can not only help us fundamentally understand nj bet365 culture，And it can provide thoughts for the development of human civilization。Many knowledgeable people in the West have realized this，The nj bet365 philosophy of the unity of nature and man provides valuable inspiration for human development。Human beings’ understanding of nature is very limited，When we cannot fully understand nature，The best way is to follow nature，Instead of conquering nature。

Engaged in historical research，It is tantamount to competing with the ancients for intelligence。Therefore，The most important task in studying history is to enrich your own knowledge as much as possible。Today we are influenced by Western academics，The more disciplines are divided, the more detailed they become，But from the perspective of nj bet365 historical tradition，A classic historical book that covers everything。If we limit our knowledge to a small range，No overall situation in mind，It is impossible to do good historical research。To study the history of astronomy, we must first understand China’s own astronomical tradition。Books like "Historical Records·Tianguan Shu"，Many people took refuge there，Abandon reading，But you must be willing to learn，This effort must be made。In addition to knowledge, we must pay attention to historical materials，Can’t be satisfied with second-hand materials。Archaeology、philology、The material of paleography is very rich，Every subject is a specialty，Also need to work hard，These are the academic qualities that must be possessed in historical research。Of course，Broadcom and specialization have always been issues discussed by scholars，We must try to be as versatile as possible on the basis of specialization，This is how to solve the problem。