The 19th century was a period of collection of classical induction logic。I am，Bacon's "New Tools" written in Latin is translated into English，John Stuart Mill (John Stuart Mill) in 1843 provides a prerequisite for "unity" and four experimental methods for inductive reasoning (then derived into the "Muller Five Method")。From the perspective of the history of science，The development of induction logic in the 19th century also has two other clues: in the context of scientific professionalization，The scientist group has begun to reflect on the induction method based on the scientific practice of itself and history，Then emphasizes the role of subjectivity in the process of induction; in the trend of scientific popularization，Scientific popularity attempts to introduce the summary method to a wider group，As a result, a popular readings involved in inductive logic。

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19th Century，The rapid development of natural science，Its achievements include the law of electromagnetic induction and electromagnetic theory in physics、The law of thermodynamic energy conservation law and the law of energy dissipation is proposed，Establishment of atomicism and element cycle tables in chemistry，Discovery of the Astronomical Neptune，The theory of evolution of life science、cytology theory、Proposal of microbial theory, etc.。With professional enhancement，Scientific research shifted from an amateur hobby to professionalization，The essence and method of "science" has also become a problem that has just been called "scientist"。Different from philosophers，The viewpoint of scientific practitioners depends on the history of science and their own bet365 Play online games scientific practice。They gradually realized，Different disciplines in the field of natural science have their own cognitive characteristics，But different disciplines should follow the same method，Summary method。

In the scientist group，British astronomer John Frederick William Herschel) discussed the inductive logic earlier。John Herchel's father, Friedrich Wilhelm Herschel) is the famous astronomer，In 1781, I used my own telescope to discover the king star，It is also the founder of star astronomy、The first chairman of the Royal Society of British Astronomy。John Helite graduated from St. John College of Cambridge University，Continue the observation and research work of my father，Especially in 1834, I went to the corner of Good Hope for 4 years of astronomical observation。In the book "The Theory of Natural Philosophy" published in 1830，Bacon completed "Explain how Aristotle is wrong and why it is wrong according to the extensive and general principles; revealing the weakness of his philosophical methods，And there is a more powerful and better way to replace it. "。While inheriting the British empirical tradition，John Helite also emphasized the role of creative imagination。In his opinion，Whether it is from phenomenon to law，Still from law to theory，All applications from inductive forms，can also produce bold hypothesis。

John Herchel's friend William Whewell's (William WHEWELL) further breaks through the tradition of empiricalism。Hitwell graduated from Sanyi College of Cambridge University，In -depth research on the tide，In physics、astronomy、Published on geological science，"scientist" the word "scientist" is proposed by him。Around this theme，Heper published three volumes of "The History of inductive science" in 1837，Published two volumes of "Introduction Science Philosophy" in 1840。Heper's ideological characteristics，Try to reconcile empiricism and Bet365 app download priority。On the one hand，Hillwell affirmed the role of bacon thought in scientific development，Like Bacon, they all oppose understanding natural science as Aristotle -style interpretation，believes that "if a philosopher wants to choose a hero of a scientific method revolution，Francis Bacon should undoubtedly enjoy this honor "。On the other hand，Heper introduced Kant philosophy into experience theory，It is necessary to demonstrate how knowledge can be experience and inevitable。Heper particularly emphasized the motivation effect of the soul in the process of understanding，instead of passive recipients。Although his scientific methods are the same as Bacon, collect facts "prelude"，But the "induction" as the second step is not from special to general simple mechanical processes，And more emphasizes the creativity during induction。Heper uses "integration" to define thinking activities from empirical facts to general laws。In his opinion，"Integration" is to use the concept of a thin line to string the same facts of pearls。As shown，Tuguyou made a lot of observations, but may not have scientific discovery，and Capeller uses ellipse instead of the concept of this round to handle the experience materials of Timu，Therefore, the first rules of the Cairpler first changed the planet's orbit from the front circle to the ellipse。

Hillwell attaches great importance to the consistency of the theory and the history of science。He pointed out in his debate with Muller，Unless Mueller can make his induction method widely applicable to the history of science，We can better evaluate the value of its method。Mueller criticized the existence of logic in induction and reasoning，"Guess" that remains the rest is the need to follow the logical rules。But Hillwell does not agree with this blame，He claims that he is just opposed to mechanically handling experience and facts，But the process of choosing a suitable concept to bet365 best casino games integrate experience is still rational reasoning。Visible，Mueller and Heper both tried to defend the objectivity and possibility of knowledge through "induction"，But the two chose different ways。Mueller tries to remove the subjective ingredients in knowledge or minimize it，to ensure the objectivity of knowledge; but in Heper's view，The subjective ingredients are unspeakable in their understanding，Therefore, in order to realize the objectivity of knowledge，It must pay attention to the concept ingredients of knowledge。This also makes the two form a distinctive inductive logic theory。

　　Popularized as an induction method for scientific methods

Victorian Era in the United Kingdom is both an era of professional scientists，It is also the era of scientific popularization。Through newspapers、Textbook、Encyclopedia and other prints，and Lecture、Exhibition、Demonstration、Coffee House、Club and other activities，Scientists、Writer、Religious groups and other parties are trying to introduce the easy -to -understand scientific knowledge to various social groups。In this process，Scientific methods the same as scientific knowledge，It is also considered to be the public to understand and practice。

Established in 1826 The British "Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge，SDUK) is one of the representatives and pioneers of the scientific popularization of this period。The association aims to provide public publicly with the public with "Practical Knowledge Library" and "Fun Knowledge Library"。In the "Practical Knowledge Library"，There is "Bacon" New Tools (New Methods of Scientific Research) "published in 1827。Compared with the original Bacon text，A major feature of this book is that the introduction of scientific historical matters such as New Tools after the "New Tools" is introduced to prove the effectiveness of the bacon method，And more emphasizes the role of experiments and observations。Bet365 lotto review Although the "Practical Knowledge Communication Association" adheres to the publication without party factions and religions，But the book is still the same as the natural sciences of the same time with the color of natural theology。In fact，The author of the book, John Hoppus, not only served as a professor of the logic and spiritual philosophy of the University of London for a long time，At the same time, it is also a pastor。

1970s，The founder of the scientific journal "Nature" Daniel Macmillan organized a series of scientific textbooks "Scientific Enlightenment"。McMaren hired the top scholars of various disciplines at that time as the author，Biologist Huxley、Chemist Henry Enfield Roscoe、Physicist Balfour Stewart co -editor -in -chief，and wrote an independent book "Introduction" by Huxley。"Logic" in this set of textbooks from logicists、Economist William Stanley Jevons，It aims to guide people to conduct reliable reasoning in daily life。The book introduces the inductive logic and interpretation logic in detail，It is believed that the inductive logic is related to the "What can we use through the way of reasoning，Get the natural law from observed facts and matters "。From the eyes of Jefang，The induction in scientific discovery is divided into four steps: preliminary observation、Put forward assumptions、Interpretation of assumptions、The deductive conclusion will repeatedly test it in the facts。That is to say，Although the logic includes two types: interpretation logic and inductive logic，But the inductive reasoning as a scientific method contains interpretation reasoning。"Logic" sold 8000 volumes within 6 months of publication，Make Jefang very satisfied。In addition，"Introduction", "Natural Geography" and "Botanical" in the "Scientific Enlightenment" series of "Scientific Enlightenment" series have all discussed the induction method，and "Logic" also quoted scientific bet365 live casino games historical matters in the albums such as "Chemistry" and "Astronomy"。

　　Classical induction logic spreads in China

early 19th century，Open again with the end of the Ming and early Qing dynasties of the Western learning，The latest achievements of inductive logic can be spread in China。The content of the translation of "New Tools" and "Logic System" and other inductive logic classics，The publications in the above two clues cannot be ignored，Even due to its practicality、Popularity and easier to be understood。

Start，Chinese literati is in contact with John Herchel、The inductive thoughts of scientists such as Hillwell。For example, "Tan Tian" in 1859 was proposed on the basis of its "Outline of Astronomy"，Astronomical observation due to the instrument itself、external environment、Human operation and other reasons will cause errors，Therefore, "look at first，Create method with the number of income，The device that looks at the test of the law，Seeking to make mistakes and correction。Cycle Inspection，The difference is easy to go "。

Later，Direct translation of scientific methods and inductive logic appears。Serialized in 1876-1877 "The Phase of Puzzle" translated the first volume of "New Tools" into Chinese，Published in 1888 under the name "Gezhi New Machine"; "The New Law of Gezhi" introduced Hopas's "New Tools (New Methods of Scientific Research)" as the bottom book. The content of the volume，serialized in 1877 "Jizhi Compilation"、1878 "Gazette of the State"。Since then，The Chinese translation of the "Scientific Enlightenment" series is published in 1886，Among them, the Chinese translation "Different Academic Enlightenment" of the "Logic" album will be logic、Destination、induction and other terms are translated as "discern", "religious objects", "物"，Provided a set of relatively complete logical academic Chinese translation。The "Confucian Instructions" in 1898 is based on Mueller's "Logic System" and Kong De's "Empirical Philosophy bet365 live casino games Course"。The above publications are mainly by William Muirhead、Joseph Edkins、John Fryer and other Westerners dominated by Westerners。

Enter the 20th century，Yan Fu used Mueller's "Logic System" and Jefangz "Logic" as the original translation of "Mueller Famous", "Famous Scholarship"，Zhang Junxuan and Wang Guowei have translated "Jefang Sisi Law" and "Differential"，The pioneer of becoming an inductive logic of Chinese intellectuals。

　　(Author Unit: Institute of Contemporary China, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)