Scientific development is closely related to scientific value orientation，Value Observation to affect the development of science，Affecting scientific forms and characteristics。It can be said to some extent，Scientific value orientation problem，Is the relationship between truth and use。The 19th century was a century that scientifically achieved great integration and forming a complete system，The century of science。In this century，Classic Physics、Biology、Chemistry and other branches are gradually developing and mature，Experience Science Development into theoretical Science,Formed unprecedented reliable and strict natural knowledge system in human history。

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Before 16th century，Science is usually a cognitive activity that a few natural philosophers explore natural truth。Its value orientation is a single pursuit of truth，The source of power is people's deep care of nature。Science is created by those who are pursuing truth and full of knowledge of knowledge，Its value orientation is not used，but pursue truth。

In the end of the West，Some natural philosophers have begun to know nature through new methods。Descartes is the pioneer of the system of mechanical natural concept，Known as the pioneer of modern philosophy。He proposed the basic argument of the natural concept of mechanical nature，I believe that the same material and exercise is full of the same material and exercise，and proposed the principle of conservation of sports。At the Renaissance，Descartes' thoughts have made important contributions to scientific discovery。Descartes' mechanical theory thoughts deeply，Western scientists know the world along this idea for more than 200 years，Especially Newton's theory and the three laws have achieved great success，Mechanical Theory is even more popular for ideology。bet365 live casino games With the development of science，The field of understanding explained by religion in the past gradually separated from religion，formed an increasingly expanding field of science、The area ruled by religious thoughts that are gradually narrowed。

Science was born in the process of pursuing truth，Curiosity for nature constantly produces scientific discovery。During the age of science has not yet become a leading technology invention，Scientific value orientation is also a single，This is the stage of science seeking truth。

　　The clue to scientific

around 16th century，Textile、Clock Manufacturing、mill、dye、Metallurgical、Brew、Printing and other technologies have appeared in the West，and have a certain development。But these are still empirical technology，People don’t know the scientific principles behind them。At that time，Those who are pursuing the truth and the pursuit of practical results are usually two groups with rare intersections，Production dependence on technology and technology is far more dependent on science。

In the second half of the 17th century，People have increasing confidence in experimental methods，At the same time，Experimental methods have begun to appear in the useful impact of the technical field。As Sprut said，"The experimental atmosphere spread so quickly，So all the laboratory staff are busy devoting themselves to experiments，The desire for honor，To become a well -known inventor、Explore the yearning of the family，Everyone，Even the chemists who are indifferent to fame and fortune are surging "。

After the 18th century，Some new technologies that are different from the past in the West。Scientists except research theory，Also actively participate in military、Sea Transport、Research on problems in industry and agriculture。During this period，Scientific research work is mainly borne by scientists，and the technology is by craftsmen、Technicians and engineers bear。It is from this century，Engineering technology gradually transformed from pure empiricalism Bet365 lotto review towards the direction of fully mathematical and applied science，Science also begins to turn to human services。

Science is a historical and developed on the basis of social practice、Social and Thinking and its objective development law。18th century，Natural Sciences while collecting materials at different categories，shows the clue of serving social development。Scientific value orientation began to grow in the 18th century，Going in the 18th century is just a kind of advocacy and effort。

　　Scientific value orientation

Before the 19th century，Engineers who solve practical problems for engineering practice，It is difficult to solve actual technical problems with scientific theory。For a long time，Structural theory cannot directly meet the requirements of engineering practice。For example，British engineer George Stephenson has to use the experience method of trial and error to design connecting the British Bridge of Angelsi and Wales。Trial and error method is to make a model first，Test，Strengthen the unqualified place，Then test，Until the more economical and satisfactory result。In people who do not have enough static load、Dynamic load、Wind load and temperature changes in the relevant knowledge of stress in each part of the bridge，can only be designed by trial and error over time。

The scientific revolution and technological revolution of the 19th century brought the second industrial revolution。Electric、electric light、Telegraph、Phone、The emergence of electrical appliances and other electrical appliances，Deeply changed people’s production lifestyle。The technical invention at this time is often produced under the guidance of scientific principles。Review the process and internal mechanism of this series of technological revolution，We can see，After the 19th century, such a process was gradually generated: scientific discovery caused technical invention，Technical invention caused the industrial revolution。Science has become the source of this series of chain changes。

As the effectiveness of the society with science bet365 live casino games is getting greater and greater，A new type of scientific research team has appeared，They use new scientific discoveries and new scientific theories to meet social needs。19th Century，Science is still in organic materials、The stage of comprehensive materials。But at the same time，Science has gradually become the guidance principle of technical invention，Technical invention is becoming more and more inseparable from scientific guidance，and science began to become an important driving force for social development。People have more and more scientific knowledge，At the same time, facing live engineering practice，Gradually conduct scientific research to solve the practical problems raised in engineering practice。Value orientation of scientific research，Starting obviously utilitarian color。

　　Dual value orientation of science and truth and use

From Einstein's view，The people living in the scientific "temple" are different。Some people think that science can give them the intelligent pleasure beyond ordinary people，Science is their special entertainment，They seek lively experience and ambition to satisfy the satisfaction; some people dedicate their brain products to the "altar"，For purely utilitarian purpose。

In the late 19th century，Scientists have clearly divided into two types，One is a true type，One is the type of use。Science is also divided into two types: theoretical science and applied science。Of course，There are also many scientists who are between the two，Even like Siemens、Gram in theory、Application and business people。More and more scientists appeared in the late 19th century，They are not looking up at the starry sky、Natural philosophers who do not care about things on earth，Instead, you can absorb the wisdom of the "Star Guanzu" into your own thoughts，Apply these wisdom crystals into research，And these studies have strong application value。

The characteristics of progress made in the 19th century，It is based on observation and existing theories to establish bet365 live casino games formulas that meet the actual formula，The theory not only explains the facts observed，And provides a certain foundation for inferring or summarizing universal laws。

Take fluid mechanics as an example。In the 19th century，The topic of "water in exercise" has aroused the interests of many talented experimenters and mathematicians。Generally speaking，Researchers were often satisfied with research without friction、Unsure ideal fluid，But this kind of math model is limited in actual problems。and the 19th century in the field of fluid mechanics, Renault, the first professor of engineering professor at Owens College，Do not care why water flows from high places to low places，Instead of rubbing the relevant problems in the design of the pipeline and the design of the channel，and the shape and size of the cross -section，and put this study into a series of experiments。Renault's research results tell people，Sometimes the resistance seems to be increased as the speed increases.，In other cases，The resistance is almost proportional to the square。The exercise in the previous case is layer flow，The law of resistance of the latter is only applicable to turbulent movement。

In the study of the subtle structure of the organic body，Many most important structural details are invisible in organic bodies in natural state，But use appropriate dyes，You can reveal it。other，It can also reveal the physiological changes through dyeing。For example，1879，German biologist Fleming puts silk and granular tissue in the nucleus，Dye red through dyes and observe，I found that these things are usually scattered in the nucleus，When the cell is divided，Disposable chromosomes are concentrated into strips of a certain number and a certain shape，When the division is completed，Strip -like objects are loose and loose，So the theory of genetic genes on chromosomes was born。

Science is the knowledge system of theoretical form，Technology is application theoretical knowledge to solve practical problems。Renault、Fleming is not Bet365 lotto review a pure theoretical scientist，They all use scientific theory or serve the problem of solving reality。Fleming is not a pure theoretical scientist，As Melz said，"The purpose of them to engage in natural research is to describe and depict objects around us，better observe and understand them。They come from the purest love for nature，With the great dedication and the hardships without paying，Perform the mystery of natural things。Following this，Application natural knowledge，wish to make it useful for actual purposes，In turn, it played a great role in science "。​​More and more people appear more and more，It is inseparable from the social environment that depends on the social service with the society more and more。

Theoretical science is the basis of application science，The development of application science also has an important nourishing role in theoretical science。The scientific community of the 19th century，Seeking truth and promotion。to the end of the 19th century，Scientific knowledge has begun to play a huge social role，This role became more and more after that，Not only people’s production lifestyles are affected by it，And people’s various ideas have also been largely affected by scientific development。

Since the 19th century，The value of science is mainly based on seeking truth，Gradually evolved into the main use。This is due。Seeking truth, although it is still the source of scientific development，But due to the rapid development of industrial society，Especially from science from personal freedom research to the stage of the country's appearance，The value orientation of scientific profits is more and more manifested in the whole society。But，From the perspective of the birth and development of science，The nature of its nature is not for，The driving force for its development is no utilitarian color for truth。Just develop to a certain stage，Some scientists are dedicated to the basic principles obtained by seeking truth from seeking truth.，Only to make the application science，The bet365 Play online games current scientific and technological civilization of human society is mainly the results of these applied sciences for social。but，To enable science for a long time，The source of power for truth。Historically inspect the relationship between scientific value orientation and scientific development、Comprehensive analysis，helps deepen people's understanding of scientific purpose and value issues，Then the correct scientific values ​​are formed。

　　(This article is the "Research on Modern Social Technicalization" (16AZX007) in the National Social Science Fund key project)

(Author Unit: Xinxiang College Marxist Academy)