Gettier，1927-2021) In 1963, it published the famous three -page essay "Is the true letter from being defended?" "( (Is justified true belief Knowledge?）。At that time，He is teaching in the Department of Philosophy of the Department of Philosophy at Weinen State University, USA。I get a doctorate degree in philosophy at the school，Therefore, I know his name very early。Gecho is the existence of proud and proud of the school's philosophy department，The Wayne State University, who has taught for ten years (1957-1967), is probably the place where he is unforgettable。Later，Gechoh went to the Department of Philosophy of Ameme, University of Massachusetts University，Teaching and educating people，until retirement and death。

It is said that，The suggestion of Gaeel's writing for students is，The article "First of all, be clear and as short as possible"。His well -known papers have less than 1000 words in total，Perfect interpretation of his suggestion。Gechi only published two papers in his life，All completed at Weinen State University。Half of the papers is also written for lifelong teaching positions，The reason why it is only "half"，Because this article is used by "Critica" (Critica)，This fact really helped Gechoel get a lifelong teaching position，But the magazine lost the manuscript when it was recently published，Magazine, please send another copy for Geeier，But he did not leave a draft，This incident is gone，This article has never really published。People in the philosophical world like Bet365 app download to talk about Gechoa，In addition to his personality charm，An important reason is probably that he published so few papers、Such short，But the reputation you get is so great。Therefore，Gechoel has become a model of "not discuss heroes with the number of thesis and space"。

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Start from Plato，Western philosophers have a belief: knowledge is the true belief of being defended。Gechoa proves that this belief is wrong，The true faith of the defense cannot constitute the sufficient condition of knowledge。"Getel's Question" refers to: What exactly is the sufficient condition for constituting knowledge。To this day，The milestone, which was published by Getel, has passed for more than half a century，This article has become the source of inspiration for Western epistemology in more than half a century，People even tell the epistemology after the article published this article as "the theory of the Cougelore"。

1964，At that time, the expert in the field of epistemology, Roderick Chisholm, had an assessment of the situation of Western knowledge at that time。He believes that most of the problems of knowledge theory have been discussed in detail by Plato, Aristotle and ancient Greek suspects，We have reason to think that in the past 2000 years，I have not made any progress。But，A few months in the first few months of his evaluation，Gechi published that essay and changed this all。Many traditional episodes of episodes have gained vitality，Subsequent generations of philosophers began to re -examine the problems raised by Plato: "What is knowledge"。John Pollock believes，Gecho is a philosopher who "only change the direction of the development of epistemology"。Pulantinge bet365 Play online games thinks，Gamel's essay is "Godsend" (Godsend)，Because it changes the way we look at all things in the name of epistemology，It even believes that its argument brings the contemporary philosophy "Epistemology Renaissance"。

　　Getel's problem is widely explored

About how to evaluate the Gauri question，There are different opinions of philosophers、Opinions are different。David Lewis represents the views of many philosophers，The argumentation of the "Gechoa problem" in the field of philosophy has reached the degree to the most closest to proof (A Proof)，Philosophers rarely reach consensus on the Gaiser issue: knowledge does not mean the true belief of being defended。But，A few philosophers put forward different opinions。Pollock thinks，Although Getel changed his hands, he changed the direction of the development of the theory，But this change caused the focus of the research theory research to have a regrettable transfer，The central issue of epistemology should be a defense question that knows，How can it be possible to get a variety of knowledge，Analysis of the concept of knowledge。Stephen Stich thinks，Method errors in the research theory of obsessed with Getel's problem: I have made a wrong experience to have an error in some occasions in some occasions。

other，Getel presets people's reactions to his two countermeasures as his own response should be the same。For example，It is determined that the protagonist in the anti -case does not actually have knowledge。But the preset of this methodology was questioned by emerging experimental philosophy and caused a new wave of philosophical methodology。A survey of Stch in Stch show，"Western、Education、Industrialized、rich、Volkswagen'Bet365 app download s "investigator thinks，The protagonist in the counter -examples of Gamel has knowledge，instead of no knowledge recognized by professional philosophers。But similar studies in experimental philosophy were refuted by other philosophers。Some philosophers believe that the intuition of professional philosophers is more reliable than novice philosophy，Some believe that most of this type of philosophical intuition survey does not have the kind of repetitiveness required by the Institute of Science。

So，Is there any possibility of answering the question? Some philosophers think that the Gaelier problem can have a clear、Answers that can be obtained at hand，Some directly give the answer -these answers include causal theory、The negative theory、Reliableism、Theory of virtue epistemology, etc.。My doctoral dissertation tutor Bruce Russell gives the answer to: the true belief of knowledge that is wrong to be defended by accident，This answer has certain representativeness in the current answer。But philosophers have not reached a consensus on whether these answers have successfully resolved the Gaelier problem。Some simply think that the problem of the Gaiser is unsolved，Others think that the Gaiser problem is simply a fake problem: because it may depend on a wrong concept analysis ideal，or depend on a modal error，or an unnecessary philosophical game。Timothy Williamson believes，The task of seeking the explanation of knowledge restoration theory is doomed to be successful，It is recommended not to pursue unnecessary answers or analysis of knowledge concepts。He even thinks，The silent state of the progress of epistemology (lull) is due to the short essay of Gechiole。Despite the continuous controversy，bet365 live casino games People still make a high degree of evaluation of Getel: The continuous argument caused by his short essay shows that it is comparable to the philosophical classic in the history of philosophy，The problem he raised is enough to become one of the fundamental problems of philosophy。

　　Gaelier's problem is far -reaching

The reason why the problem of the Gechoier has such a huge impact on contemporary Western understanding，An important reason is that it pokes the pain point of human knowledge in a sense: even if the belief of knowledge -level defense may be wrong。Almost all knowledge about the world is reasonable knowledge，Even if you know it, you can get it through reasoning。According to the point of view of direct realism，Our perception knowledge or perception of belief is also directly defended through the impression of perception or memory of non -faith。But，Inference or defense in this reasoning knowledge is difficult to be perfect，As long as one of them is wrong，So even if the faith happens to be true，We can’t assert that we really have knowledge。The counter -example of Gechoa further indicates，Even if there is no obvious problem in the reasoning process (such as，The reasoning process is effective，Evidence or reason as a premise is generally sufficient，, etc.)，But we may still believe in a wrong (fake) conclusion (such as，"Jones owns a Ford car" in the counter example of Gamel)。That is to say，A wrong belief can also get knowledge level defense，This view is called misunderstanding about reasoning knowledge。

The preset misunderstandings preset by the counter -examples of Gaeelle raised us a question: If the belief of the knowledge level defense may be wrong，And we cannot leave our defense and reasoning bet365 best casino games to directly understand the world (this is the basic preset of the Cartesian evil demon argumentation and the brain thought experiments in the cylinder)，So，How can we and how can we gain real knowledge? The continuous analysis of the concept of knowledge caused by the Gaeier problem has told us to some extent，Knowledge is actually the true belief that its defense is finally denied。According to the understanding of "knowledge"，A lot of intuition or daily examples tell us，At least sometimes we can gain such knowledge。For example，I was defended at this moment I believe I am writing an article to commemorate Gamel，I have full reason to believe that my belief is not denied in the final sense，Therefore, I know that I am writing an article commemorating Gechoel。

Therefore，We can get knowledge without doubt，What is doubtful is just under other more complicated or unexpected and accidental conditions，How can we know that our belief defense is not denied，and haven't been denied in the final sense? Maybe in most cases，The defense of our faith is the defense of the initial (Prima Facie) meaning，I haven't found the defense of the overwhelming reason for the defense，Therefore，Our knowledge or "know" is the initial sense of knowledge or "know"。

Due to a large number of daily examples, tell us，We can get the knowledge that is final defense or unsuccessful，Therefore，We believe，Although the defense of our belief in many cases is only in the initial sense，But they are the bridge that leads to the final defense，Bridge that leads to the knowledge that gets the final defense。Therefore，Knowledge is still the true belief of being defended，Just we need to add certain limited conditions in front of "defense"，such Bet365 lotto review as "non -accident", "anti -luck", "unrealized", etc.。

　(This article is the "Research on the History of Western Centennial Yuan Ethics" (19ZDA036) in the National Social Science Foundation's major project)

(Author Unit: Department of Philosophy and Moral Education of Nanjing Normal University)