Overview of "Das Kapital",Although Marx did not directly use the term "bet365 Play online games",But "bet365 Play online games" is often referred to by specific expressions such as "revolution in labor instruments" and "dramatic improvements in machines",And review bet365 Play online games from multiple perspectives。Among them,The natural ecological dimension is an important dimension for Marx to evaluate scientific and bet365 Play online games。New Era,Deeply explore the scientific and bet365 Play online games discussion of the natural ecological dimension in "Das Kapital",It is the proper meaning of promoting green bet365 Play online games。
bet365 Play online games with intermediary attributes
From the perspective of the relationship between man and nature,When people use bet365 Play online games to put a human imprint on the outside world,The external nature also gives people the "essence of nature"。In this process,bet365 Play online games serves as a special intermediary to carry out natural substances between humans and nature、Two-way transmission of factors such as the subject’s will,Promote the humanization of nature and the naturalization of people。
Scientific and bet365 Play online games in the humanization of nature。Natural humanization refers to,People use specific tools in practice,Transform nature according to your own purposes,The process of imprinting the external world with human activities。In the process of humanization of nature,Man and nature present an objectified relationship and a subject-object relationship。So,We should explain bet365 Play online games in the context of these two relationships。One,bet365 Play online games in the objectified relationship between man and nature。In practice,Man uses bet365 Play online games as a means to transform nature。While examining agricultural production in England,Marx pointed out,Farmers aim to obtain abundant agricultural products,"Build a huge drainage project,Adopting new methods of raising livestock and artificially growing feed,Application Fertilizer Spreader,A new way to treat clay,Use more mineral fertilizers,Adopt steam engines and various other new working machines, etc.”。Works as human practice,This kind of nature that embodies human will,It is the condensation of human essence,It is the reappearance of human beings。In this process,bet365 Play online games is the intermediary that connects the subject’s will with the outside world。Part 2,Scientific and bet365 Play online games in the subject-object relationship between man and nature。In practical activities,bet365 Play online games in the form of intermediaries,Transmit the power of the subject to the outside world。When examining soil economic fertility,Marx pointed out,The degree of utilization of natural fertility depends on the development level of agricultural science and technology,Including the degree of development of chemistry and machinery in agriculture。Adopt new chemical or mechanical methods,Remove obstacles that are not conducive to soil income,It can improve the economic fertility of the soil。Under the active transformation of agricultural science and technology innovation,Soil reveals traces of people’s practice and subjective abilities。In this process,bet365 Play online games is the way for man to transform nature。
Scientific and bet365 Play online games in human naturalization。The naturalization of people refers to,People are affected by external nature in practice,Under the constraints of natural laws and the influence of practical activities,The process of transforming “the entire richness of nature’s essence” into subject abilities。In the process of naturalization of human beings,Scientific and bet365 Play online games promotes human beings’ own natural expression of “the essence of nature”。One,On the extension of human labor organs。In the early stages of production development,People discovered the original form of labor instruments in nature,i.e. external natural items。Like stones、Wood, shells, etc. have been processed by humans,Once played the role of labor materials。Subject to the function and quantity of people’s natural production tools,People use processed natural objects to act on other objects。After processing and transformation,Natural objects as the original means of labor extend human limbs、Organs,Enlarged human limbs、Function of organs。Part 2,On the Development of Human Thought and Cognition。Humans belong to and exist in nature,And scientific and bet365 Play online games promotes the internalization of natural connotations into people's thoughts and understanding。In Marx’s discussion of scientific and bet365 Play online games,The influence of nature on human thoughts and understanding,Concentrated in the field of natural science。People take the natural world as their research object,Using the materialized results of bet365 Play online games as research tools,Laws of Nature、Natural phenomena are mapped in the human mind。
bet365 Play online games under instrumental rationality
In industrial production,bet365 Play online games and its application have brought abundant material wealth。Based on “awareness and conscious pursuit of the efficiency advantages of technical models”,Instrumental rationality prevails in the world。People try to use bet365 Play online games to deepen their control over the natural world,This leads to "cracks" in the material transformation between man and nature,That is, there is a deviation in people’s demands and returns from nature。
Agricultural bet365 Play online games of instrumental rationalism。In studying capitalist agricultural production,Marx analyzed the industrialization of agricultural technology that replaced manual labor with machine labor。Due to the booming industrial revolution,Agricultural technology continues to change and become increasingly industrialized,This is reflected in the steamization and mechanization of agricultural production materials。Industrialization of agricultural technology improves agricultural productivity,Human beings can obtain more natural objects faster。In view of the infinite pursuit of profits,proprietors are increasingly using agricultural machinery,Continuously broaden the boundaries of the use of nature。Therefore,Marx emphasized,“The more we take large industry as the basis for our development,The faster this destruction process is”。In addition,Marx discussed the "large-scale soil improvement measures" that destroyed the ecological balance。In terms of irrigation,Profit-seekers vigorously “dig drainage channels, irrigation channels, etc.” to irrigate the soil,The abuse of this method increases soil moisture content at the same time,But it can easily lead to the loss of nutrients in the soil。In terms of fertility,People explore the reaction mechanism between chemicals and soil particles,Further developed chemical fertilizers。The limited use of chemical fertilizers is a suitable move to improve soil fertility,The unlimited use of chemical fertilizers based on the pursuit of profit will destroy the land's ability to regenerate。
Industrial scientific and bet365 Play online games of instrumental rationalism。Except agriculture,Industry also “provides various means of impoverishing the land”。In capitalist production,bet365 Play online games and its application for seeking unlimited profits,Leading to serious ecological and environmental problems。One,In terms of raw material utilization,“The machine directly causes the increase of raw materials,For example, the cotton gin increased cotton production”。Raw materials refer to labor objects that are separated from the land and then filtered by labor,In the final analysis, it comes from nature。The development of proliferative production makes the upgrading of machines necessary,This results in more and more natural substances being extracted from nature。Expansion of grabbing natural materials,And disproportionately return matter to nature,The rupture of material transformation between man and nature。Part 2,In terms of waste emissions。Application of bet365 Play online games in industrial production,Inevitably produce a large amount of production "excrement",These "excrements" are discharged directly into nature without treatment,Destroying the natural environment。At the same time,Application of bet365 Play online games and development of large industry,Attracting a large number of people to move to cities。People discharge the "excreta" of daily life into nature regardless of nature's digestive capacity,Having brought severe environmental pressure to the city。
bet365 Play online games under ecological rationality
Marx recognized the causes of scientific and bet365 Play online games of ecological problems under the prevalence of instrumental rationality,Also proposes scientific and bet365 Play online games paths to solve ecological problems from the perspective of ecological rationality。Among them,Ecological rationality is actually what Marx pointed out,“By consuming the least amount of power,To carry out this material transformation under conditions most worthy of and most suitable to their human nature”。
Transforming agricultural technology,Develop ecological agriculture。In response to the uncontrolled plundering of land in the capitalist mode of production,Marx emphasized the need to transform agricultural technology based on the value of respecting nature,Promote ecological development of agriculture。Reform measures for agricultural production,Contains innovative connotations of agricultural technology。One,Implement rotation system。Rotate different crops,Reasonable and balanced use of land,Unify land use and nurturing land。Part 2,Reform farming arrangements。"Convert fallow land to sowing pasture;Growing sugar beets on a large scale”,Convert sandy land and wasteland to growing wheat。Part 3,Apply organic fertilizer。In agricultural utilization of consumer excreta,Human feces and consumer residues can be applied to the land。In essence,These agricultural bet365 Play online games changes expounded by Marx are agricultural bet365 Play online games innovations influenced by ecological rationality。
Improve bet365 Play online games technology and bet365 Play online games materials,Reduce waste generation。Marx proposed two methods for reducing waste。One,Improve bet365 Play online games process。The bet365 Play online games process represents the process of processing raw materials in industrial bet365 Play online games、Methods and rules, etc.,Excellent workmanship can ensure product quality。Progress in technology often improves bet365 Play online games efficiency,Reduce waste generation。For example,In the flax processing industry,When sophisticated methods such as water staining and mechanical carding were invented to process linen,The waste will be reduced a lot。Part 2,Improve bet365 Play online games materials。Marx pointed out,The generation of scrap is mainly affected by the machines in the bet365 Play online games process、The influence of the quality of tools and the quality of raw materials。On the one hand,The conversion rate of raw materials into waste and the machines used in bet365 Play online games、The quality of tools is negatively correlated。On the other hand,The amount of raw materials converted into waste is also negatively related to the quality of the raw materials。The quality of raw materials is mainly affected by the technical level of related industries。Anyway,Maximize the use of raw materials,Reduce waste generation,It is necessary to improve bet365 Play online games materials。
Promote scientific progress and machine improvement,Realize "excrement" reuse。In people’s bet365 Play online games and life,The bet365 Play online games of "excrement" is inevitable。But Marx believed,These "excrements" have a certain bet365 Play online games value,Can be transformed into new bet365 Play online games factors。To this,Marx pointed out,We can improve the method、Improving machinery and other ways,Discover the useful properties of "excreta" and reuse them。One,Progress of science。The development of science can discover new useful substances and new uses of known substances,And provide new ways to reuse waste。Here,Reused waste does not only refer to waste from this industry,Often also includes waste materials from other industries。Part 2,Machine improvements。By improving the machine,Process previously useless substances into new bet365 Play online games factors,And make new use of it。Anyway,Rely on new discoveries in science and new improvements in machines,You can turn waste into treasure。
In the era when Marx lived,Although ecological and environmental problems have not yet fully emerged,But Marx was proactively aware of this serious problem,And pointed out the different ecological implications of scientific and bet365 Play online games under two rational forms。Visible from,bet365 Play online games under the guidance of ecological rationality is a feasible solution to ecological problems。Today’s world,A new round of technological revolution is accelerating its evolution,bet365 Play online games operating under ecological rationality,Is to improve the ecological environment、A realistic path to the grand goal of building a beautiful China。We must vigorously promote green bet365 Play online games,Realizing harmonious coexistence between man and nature。
(This article is a phased result of the National Social Science Fund’s major project “Research on the Philosophy of bet365 Play online games and the Practical Logic of China’s Independent Innovation” (19ZDA040)
(Author’s unit: School of Marxism, Qufu Normal University)
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