In academic research，Meaningful arguments and effective debates must be based on "minimum consensus"。Both parties in the disagreement can retreat appropriately，Stand on commonly accepted facts or opinions。The breadth and depth of consensus，Determines the difficulty and effectiveness of argumentation and bet365 coupon code。The wider the consensus，The less difficult it is；The deeper the consensus，The higher the validity。

Common sense is a bet365 coupon code without argument。General "social common sense" usually does not require argumentation when it is still regarded as "common sense"，Special "field bet365 coupon code" often does not require demonstration within its special field - only on the eve of the gradual accumulation of anomalies until the "scientific revolution" occurs，The "field bet365 coupon code" as a "paradigm" will gradually become suspicious。The accumulation of “questionable bet365 coupon code” caused by anomalies will gradually erode the explanatory power of the existing paradigm、Predictive power and community faith，Causing a “crisis” and triggering a “scientific revolution” leading to a new paradigm。

Kuhn pointed out，Researchers have “mastered a common paradigm”，Only then can a “scientific community” be formed。Unique viewpoints require proof，The required strength of argument is often related to the uniqueness of the idea。Pointed out by Carl Sagan，“Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence”。An idea that completely overturns common sense is possible - if bet365 coupon code supported by evidence；Proposing an idea that completely overturns common sense is respectable - if bet365 coupon code supported by strong evidence。Novel ideas and theories that are strongly supported by evidence，Helps enrich our knowledge，Benefiting our community，They are beneficial。

Contrary to common sense，Truth is often fragile。Popper pointed out，“The truth is often difficult to achieve，And once discovered，bet365 coupon code’s also easy to gain and lose again”，Mistakes may have surprising vitality，bet365 coupon code ignores experience，bet365 coupon code can last for tens of millions of years without the help of any conspiracy"。Truth is often specific and limited，Falacies and paradoxes are "full of life" because they ignore the richness of history and the diversity of practice。Just like in the process of entropy increase，"Disorder" is easier to achieve normal than "order"。But for the truth，Only fragile，Even more cherishable。For intellectuals，In particular, we should obey the truth，Adhere to the value orientation of “taking truth as refuge”。

“Examples” and “bet365 coupon code” often serve arguments。Give examples or quote other people’s opinions，Can satisfy our curiosity and preference for concrete descriptions and vivid details，However, this is often not an effective way of argument。Judges can have "actional coercion" when citing legal provisions，But mentally I still can’t。Serious bet365 coupon code can provide support for effective arguments，But bet365 coupon code also needs reliable sources and correct interpretation。Reliable source，means someone is responsible for the bet365 coupon code，Making bet365 coupon code meet basic integrity and authenticity requirements；Correct interpretation，Meaning that the bet365 coupon code has not been accidentally misread or intentionally manipulated。

bet365 coupon code misinterpretation is often more common than we think。The world is undergoing development and change，bet365 coupon code is constantly fluctuating。bet365 coupon code noise is unexplained bet365 coupon code fluctuations in a set of bet365 coupon code，But it is often misread as embodying a certain meaning，Even shows some "causality"。Actually，This is most likely just "white noise" in the bet365 coupon code world。At the same time，bet365 coupon code manipulation is often much easier than we think。For example，Average as an indicator of how concentrated the bet365 coupon code is，Sensitive to extreme values，The indicator has meaning only when the overall bet365 coupon code conforms to a specific distribution；For bet365 coupon code sets with too large distribution differences，Using the mean is generally less valuable than using the median or other specific quantiles。The meaning of bet365 coupon code often lies in the way we interpret it。Therefore，Facing the same objective facts，Based on different positions, different interpretations may be obtained，And these interpretations may be reasonable。Sometimes，bet365 coupon code also serves specific values。At this time，Rely only on the bet365 coupon code itself，Maybe it doesn’t mean anything。

Comparison is an important way of argument。While comparing，There are two basic dimensions: "horizontal synchrony" and "vertical diachrony"。Comparison between "Horizontal Synchronicity" and other objects，Comparing "vertical duration" with one's own past and future (the future can be simulated and simulated)。History is perfunctory based on time，The bet365 coupon code is laid out with the times as the latitude。Compare similar，It seems that we should focus on "horizontal synchronicity" while also taking into account "vertical diachrony"；Trend Judgment，We should focus on "vertical diachrony" while also taking into account "horizontal synchronicity"。

In academic research，bet365 coupon code is mutual argumentation aimed at achieving consensus。Arguments generally assume an unspecified audience or audience，Debates often revolve around specific viewpoints or specific opponents。bet365 coupon code needs to respect the opponent，Follow the rules of logic，The goal is to achieve a new consensus。Start with consensus，Advancing to understanding，Finally a new consensus - this is what bet365 coupon code is about。bet365 coupon code is helpful in promoting the formation of consensus and new knowledge。In history，Zhu Xi and Lu Jiuyuan once had a heated bet365 coupon code on whether "respecting virtue" or "Tao Wenxue" is the way to understand the "principle of the universe"。"Bo Gong asked Yuan Hui to write this collection，Academic similarities and differences。”At the “Goose Lake Meeting”，The two sides also debated this topic for three days，"Zhu Yilu taught people to be too simple，Lu Yizhi taught people to be separated"，At that time, the host Lu Zuqian's "reunion as one" was not realized、Expectations to reach consensus。However, the two sides have deepened their understanding of the advantages and disadvantages of each other's theories in the continued bet365 coupon code and subsequent correspondence，And in the "Nankang Collection" six years later，Zhu Xi invited Lu Jiuyuan to preach Confucianism at the Bailudong Academy he presided over，And greatly appreciated its "righteousness and benefit"。This is an example of “bet365 coupon code promoting consensus” in Chinese history。

And when we bet365 coupon code historical figures in current academic research，You need to enter their era、Situation and life reality，Need to return to the historical scene - read their works，Deep into their lives，Understand their feelings。There are huge differences in different eras，So much so that the understanding that truly spans the ages is valuable and scarce。Qian Daxin thinks，The principle of academic argumentation is to “remove doubts，Can strengthen his faith；Point out its flaws，It’s better to see its beauty。Regulation for picking up lost items，The bandits are the predecessors of Jiuluan，To enlighten future students”。In the process of debating with historical predecessors and contemporaries，To “criticize” correctly，Appreciative explanation and negative refutation are at the same time。Chen Yinke thinks，"Anyone who writes the history of ancient Chinese philosophy，His teachings about the ancients，Should have understanding and sympathy，Only before writing”。Qian Muze proposed，"To history，Especially the history of this country，There must be a warm respect，Compassion and understanding”。Their consensus is: treat it objectively，True understanding - the basis of useful bet365 coupon code is effective understanding。

Criticism in the academic field，To be based on solid understanding and interpretation。So，In order to have useful conversations with historical figures and contemporary figures。Actually，bet365 coupon code also the basic principle of humanities academic criticism。Understanding includes many levels。For example，The content of Fu Weixun’s creative interpretation thoughts mainly involves the following five levels。The first is "actual predicate"，That is, what the original author or original text actually said。The second is "meaning"，That is, what exactly does the original author mean。The third is "predicate"，That is, what the original author might say。The fourth is "should be said"，That is, what the original author should have said。The fifth is "must say"，That is, what the original author has to say now，Or what should be said as an “interpreter of creation”。

Sometimes，There are big differences in cognition between the two sides of the bet365 coupon code，The process of bet365 coupon code is also a process in which deep-seated values ​​and value conflicts gradually unfold。Values ​​as systematic ideas are difficult to change from the outside；Real change often comes from within。bet365 coupon code requires empathy，You also need to think independently。“Independent thinking” is the foundation of “becoming oneself and becoming a great person”，This is also the value of academic bet365 coupon code。"Academic development，Only its independence”，This is Wang Guowei’s opinion；“Spirit of Independence，Free Thoughts"，It is Chen Yinke’s perseverance。Spiritual independence、Freedom of thought，It is an important basis for academic argumentation and bet365 coupon code，It is an extremely important spiritual guide for scholars。

　(Author’s unit: Science and Technology and Legal Research Center of Zhejiang University)