In academic research，meaningful demonstrations and effective arguments must be based on "minimum consensus"。Different sides can retreat through proper backward，Stand to the facts or perspectives accepted together。The breadth and depth of consensus，The difficulty and validity of argumentation and debate determines the difficulty and argument。The broader consensus，The smaller the difficulty; the deeper the consensus，The higher the validity, the higher the validity。

Common sense is a consensus without argument。General "social common sense" is usually regarded as "common sense" that is usually not required，Special "domain consensus" often does not need to be demonstrated within its special field -only the eve of the abnormal accumulation of the "scientific revolution"，The "field consensus" as a "paradigm" will gradually become suspicious。The accumulation of "consensus and suspicious" caused by abnormalities will gradually erode the existing paradigm explanation、Forecasting power and the belief of the community，Learn "crisis" and trigger the "scientific revolution" and then move towards a new paradigm。

Kun pointed out，Researchers due to "Master the common paradigm"，Only to form a "scientific community"。Unique views need to be demonstrated，The required argument intensity is bet365 live casino games often related to the uniqueness of the point of view。Carl Sagan pointed out，"Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence"。A view of a complete subversive common sense is possible -if it gets the support of evidence; it is worthy of respect for a complete disruptive common sense -if it gets strong evidence support。Novel perspectives and doctrines that have been strongly supported by evidence，helps to enrich our cognition，benefit our community，They are beneficial。

opposite to common sense，Truth is often fragile。Poper pointed out，"Truth is often difficult to reach，and once found，It is also easy to get back and lose "，error "may have amazing vitality，It ignores experience，You can continue for thousands of years without the help of any conspiracy "。Truth is often specific and limited，fallacy and paradoxes are "vibrant" because of ignoring the richness and diversity of practices of history。Just like during the increasing entropy，"disorder" is easier to reach general than "orderly"。But for truth，More cherished，More cherished。For intellectuals，In particular, it should be taken to the truth，Adhere to the value orientation of "converting truth as conversion"。

"Example" and "Data" also often serves demonstration。Take an example or quote the point of view of others，Can satisfy our curiosity and preference for specific descriptions and vivid details，However, this is often not an effective way of demonstration。Attorney can quote the "forced force in action"，But I still can't think about Bet365 app download it。Data can provide support for effective demonstrations，But the data also requires reliable source and correct interpretation。Reliable source，It means that someone is responsible for the data，Make the data meet the basic integrity and authentic requirements; correctly interpret，It means that the data is not unintentional or intentionally manipulated。

Data misunderstandings are often more common than we think。The world is in development and changes，Data is in continuous fluctuations。Data noise is a data fluctuation that cannot be explained in a set of data，But it is often misunderstood as a sense of meaning，Even showing some kind of "causality"。Actually，This is likely to be just the "white noise" of the data world。At the same time，Data manipulation is often much easier than we think。For example，average as an indicator for the degree of indicator data set，sensitive to extreme values，Only in the case of the overall data is in line with specific distribution, it has index significance; for data sets with too large distribution differences，The average number of uses usually does not use median or other specific segments.。The significance of the data is often in the way we interpret。From this，Facing the same objective facts，Based on different positions, it may be possible to get a large interpretation of the difference，And these interpretations may be reasonable。Sometimes，Data will also serve specific values。At this time，Rely only by the data itself，May not explain anything。

Bet365 app download Comparison is an important way of demonstration。When comparing comparison，There are two basic dimensions: "horizontal time" and "vertical time"。"Horizontal Time" compared with other objects，"Vertical Duration" is compared with its own past and future (the future can be simulated and simulated)。History takes time as perfunctory，Consensus takes the times as weir paver。Same comparison，It seems that it should be based on "horizontal time" as the main "vertical time"; trend judgment，It should be based on "vertical duration" as the main "horizontal time"。

In academic research，The argument is designed to obtain consensus mutual argument。The argument generally assumes that an unspecified object or reader，and arguments often expand around specific views or specific opponents。Debate needs to respect the opponent，Follow the logic rules，Its goal is to get new consensus。Beginning with consensus，Entry in understanding，Finally a new consensus -this is the meaning of the argument。Debate is good for promoting the formation of consensus and new knowledge。In history，Zhu Xi and Lu Jiuyuan have launched a fierce debate on the door diameter of "respecting virtue" and "Daowen Xue"。"Boyong is about Yuan Yao for this episode，Zheng is academic similarities。"on the" Goose Lake Conference "，The two parties also argued for three days on this topic，"Zhu Yilu's teachings are too simple，Lu Yizhu's teachings as a biit "，At that time, the host Lu Zuqian "will be attributed to one"、Expectation of consensus。bet365 Play online games But the two parties deepened the understanding of the advantages and disadvantages of each other in the continuous argument and subsequent communication，and on the "Nangkang Collection" after six years，Zhu Xi invited Lu Jiuyuan to preach the theory of Confucianism at the Bailudong Academy he hosted by him，and appreciate it for its "division of righteousness"。This is an example of "arguing and promoting consensus" in Chinese history。

When we argue with historical figures in the current academic research，Then you need to enter their era、Situation and life reality，Need to return to the historical scene -read their works，Deepen their lives，I realize their feelings。The difference in different times is huge，Even the real understanding of the times is valuable and scarce。Qian Daxin thinks，The principle of academic argument is "removing suspicion，Nai can firmly believe it; refer to its flaw，Yi to see its beauty。Picking rules，The bandit is the predecessor，Real after enlightenment "。In the process of arguing with the historical predecessors and the contemporaries，To "criticize" correctly，Appreciation, explanation and negative defense。Chen Yinque thinks，"Anyone who is in ancient Chinese philosophy，The doctrine of the ancients，The sympathy that should be understood，Fang to write "。Qian Mu proposes，"For history，Especially the history of the country，There must be a kind of respect for tenderness，Faid understanding "。Their consensus is: treat objectively，True bet365 Play online games understanding -the foundation of beneficial theory is effective understanding。

Criticism in the academic field，It should be based on solid understanding and interpretation。So，Only to develop a useful dialogue with historical figures and contemporaries。Actually，This is also the basic criterion for humanistic academic criticism。Understanding includes many levels。For example，The content of Fu Weixun's creative interpretation of thought mainly contains the following five levels。One is "real"，That is, what did the original author or the original text actually say。The second is "meaning"，What does the original author mean。Third is "Confunction"，That is what the original author may say。Fourth is "Doo"，What should the original author say。Five is "necessarily"，What must the original author now say，or what should I say as a "creator interpreter"。

Sometimes，There are big differences in cognition and other parties on the argument，The process of argument is also the process of gradually developing deep values ​​and value conflict。The values ​​of the systemic ideas are difficult to change from the outside; real changes often originate from the inner。The argument needs to be empathy at the same time，Also need to think independently。"Independent Thinking" is the foundation of "Become a Master"，It is also the value of academic debate。"Academic Development，Existing its independence "，It is the claim of Wang Guowei; "the spirit of independence，Thought of bet365 Play online games freedom "，Is Chen Yinque's adherence。Spiritual Independence、Freedom of thought，It is an important basis for academic argument and argument，It is a very important spiritual guidance for scholars。

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