Since the rise of modern science，Scientism has become an important way of thinking for humans to explore the unknown world，brings mankind more levels of understanding of nature、A deeper understanding of the nature and a more comprehensive transformation based on human needs，Gradually bring mankind into modern industrial civilization、Information Civilization。However，Scientism brings social progress，It also brings about the unrealistic elevation of human’s self-status in the relationship with nature。Human beings based on their own needs and profit motives，While understanding and transforming the world in the process of constant "disenchantment"，It also brings about a serious existential crisis: uncontrolled demands on the natural and social environment where human beings live，Aggravating the living difficulties of modern people。simultaneously，In the process of exploring scientific knowledge，Supporters of certain theoretical paradigms are prone to absolutizing the scientific theories they believe in，Absolutely deny other competing theories when facing the unknown world。This article takes two competing theories about the origin bet365 sign up offer, "superstring theory" and "singularity theory" as examples，Explain the theory selection process of different scientific communities in explaining the world，What plays a leading role is the attitude of the scientific community towards the unknown world。Facing the unknown world and the boundaries of human knowledge，We need to have a sense of awe: awe of nature and life，Seeking knowledge breakthroughs and innovations in humility，This is the rigorous scientific truth-seeking attitude。

　Singularity bet365 sign up offer

Singularity theory in modern cosmology，Origined from the idea that the universe originated from a dense "origin" and the Big Bang model proposed by Georges Lemaitre in 1927。Afterwards，A series of relevant scientific discoveries have been widely accepted by the scientific community，Such as the phenomenon of cosmic red shift、Residual background radiation from the Big Bang、3K helium abundance, etc.，The Big Bang model is gradually confirmed。“Singularity Theory” believes，The universe originated from the explosion of an infinitely small "singularity" about 13.8 billion years ago。In the "singularity" state，Space-time does not exist yet。After 1/1043 seconds after the explosion，The temperature bet365 sign up offer is as high as 1032K，Density up to 1093kg/m3。Quantum effects of quantum and gravity begin to emerge。Planck time is the shortest time interval unit，Also the earliest moment in time。In the subsequent expansion process，The universe continues to cool down。1/1035 seconds after the birth bet365 sign up offer，The unified force bet365 sign up offer is divided，Gravity is separated and huge energy is released，Causes the universe to expand exponentially，Inflated 1078 times in 1/1032 seconds。Then，The inflation bet365 sign up offer has calmed down again，The first batch of matter particles (quarks are gradually formed after cooling、Electronic、Photon、Neutrino and antimatter twin)。Later，The universe continues to cool，Formation of protons and neutrons、The basic elements and stable atoms bet365 sign up offer。

1935，Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar found the mechanism for the emergence of "singularity"。If a huge star exhausts its own fuel，Due to the inability to balance its own gravity，Matter will collapse inwards，Resulting in the collapse of space and time，Provides theoretical support for the existence of "singularity"。1965，Proved in theory by Roger Penrose，Super massive stars will collapse under their own gravity after burning out，The surface area will eventually shrink to zero，The "singularity" will appear，This theory is called "Penrose's theorem"。Hawking pointed out，Under the constraints of "Penrose's theorem"，The universe will eventually collapse into a "singularity"，This also means，Time must have a beginning in the universe，There must be an end，Or there is both a beginning and an end。But Hawking is unwilling to admit that the universe had an initial beginning，I would rather believe that the universe exists eternally without beginning or end。This fundamental belief in the origin of the physical world is not just a scientific question，It is closely related to Hawking’s values。To find a theory of the origin bet365 sign up offer that supports your own values，Hawking and his scientific community began to search for a more complete theory to explain nature。

　　Superstring bet365 sign up offer

1984,Michael Green and John Schwarz proposed an alternative to “singularity theory”—“superstring theory”。Green wrote in the book "The Strings bet365 sign up offer"，“String theory is a modification of the standard model bet365 sign up offer，Give the universe a minimum size in a way that is still unclear，The universe was at the beginning，All spaces in string theory are completely symmetric，All curled up into a multi-dimensional Planck-scale small universe... All the basic particles bet365 sign up offer are vibrating closed strings"。The advantage of "superstring theory" is that it combines general relativity with quantum mechanics and its supersymmetric structure，Answered original questions about the most basic material structures and forces in nature。

"Superstring theory" believes，Strings are the most basic structure bet365 sign up offer，Can explain the universe at the most microscopic level，The "unity of an infinitesimal point of nothingness and infinite energy" in the "Singularity Theory" cannot be explained rationally。Actually，The development of science and philosophy has a high degree of internal unity，It is the result of internally consistent human rationality studying different research objects based on different methodologies。“The philosophicalization of science and the scientificization of philosophy” may become the way to integrate and develop science and philosophy in the future。According to "Singularity Theory"，We can divide the space-time of the overall evolution bet365 sign up offer into two stages: the quantum space-time stage after the Planck era and the "space-time" stage before the Planck era。The "space-time" before Planck's era is an analogy，Because at this stage，The "singularity" realizes its own "unfolding" and "movement" from the beginning of the evolution bet365 sign up offer to the Planck era，Proceeding in some space-time-like manner。Obviously，The space and time of these two stages are of different nature。The concept of human beings、Thinking Framework、Cognitive experiences are all summary and thinking in quantum time and space，I have never seen the evolution of matter in "space-time" before Planck's time。But we cannot deny the "singularity theory"，Because there is no experience、Incomprehensible does not mean objective non-existence。If because of human life、Limited knowledge and rationality，Just deny the existence outside the boundaries，This is not the rational and rigorous attitude that scientific exploration should adopt。

The scientific community that supports “superstring theory” has put forward serious criticisms of the completeness of the Big Bang standard universe model。One，The Standard Model cannot explain the origin of gravity，Cannot include gravity。Part 2，The Standard Model cannot describe and explain the mass of elementary particles、The particularity of constant parameters such as electric charge and cosmological constant。So，In the opinion of scientists who hold the view of "superstring theory"，The "singularity theory" seems to have been eliminated。But look at it from another angle，Some of these challenges are difficulties faced by “superstring theory” itself，Some can be explained by changing thinking from different stages of movement in the evolution bet365 sign up offer。The dispute between two theories about the origin bet365 sign up offer，Probably not just a scientific question，And more of a philosophical question，People need to change their traditional thinking framework and attitude towards the world。

　Humility and mental bet365 sign up offer

Based on Thomas Samuel Kuhn’s theory of scientific revolution，In the study of normal science，Scientists will work in well-defined areas stipulated by a certain norm，Solve a large number of real-life problems through conventional and skillfully used theories，This can lead to the mistaken belief that the theory one adheres to or uses has truth in explaining the world。Even if there are individual abnormalities，It will not affect the basic beliefs of a certain scientific community。In the process，The collective psychology bet365 sign up offer scientific community gradually developed a dogmatic view of truth，The attitude towards the boundaries of knowledge and the unknown world is gradually becoming closed。Only when unusual cases are considered particularly serious，Challenging the basic principles bet365 sign up offer original norms，At the same time, emerging theories "stubbornly" refuse to succumb to normal science and continue to work hard to eliminate anomalies，Only the scientific community will rethink the possibility of new theories。A community that has long been content with the existing scientific paradigm，It is easy to form closed "lazy thinking" and "complacent attitude"。In Kuhn’s view，When the original scientific community finally has to abandon the old paradigm and choose a new paradigm，It seems that he has experienced a "conversion" behavior that changes the basic beliefs bet365 sign up offer soul，This is a mental revolution。

From the perspective of the history of science and technology，There are numerous examples of humble attitudes that help push the boundaries of human knowledge。From Ptolemy’s “geocentric theory” that governs the human cognitive system，To the "heliocentric theory" of the Copernican revolution，Modern cosmology observes that the solar system is at the edge bet365 sign up offer and denies the "geocentric theory" and "heliocentric theory"；From Newton’s view of absolute space and time，To Einstein’s theory of relativity in space and time，Back to quantum space-time theory；There has been an endless debate over the nature of "wave nature" and "particle nature" of light，Hundreds of years later, the scientific community generally accepted the "wave-particle duality" of the nature of light...in the battle between relativity and quantum mechanics，Einstein firmly believed in the certainty bet365 sign up offer，Thought “God does not play dice”，And reject quantum mechanics that embraces uncertainty，But the last two schools have to put down the arrogant attitude of being the spokesperson of absolute truth by supporting their school with "a lot" of scientific evidence，Start to understand nature from the perspective of the other school，Give up your identity as the spokesperson of truth，Modestly admit the limited rationality of relativity and quantum mechanics in their respective fields。

Human beings have “preconceived ideas” when facing the real physical world、Strong logical thinking framework and basic beliefs of “either/or”，Breaked through by bet365 sign up offer discoveries again and again。When bet365 sign up offer theories face the boundaries of human knowledge，We need the humble truth-seeking attitude and philosophical thinking of “knowing our ignorance” to make breakthroughs and innovations。Nature reminds humans again and again，A humble attitude and an open mind are the magic weapons for understanding the unknown world，Only in this way can we truly bring about great progress in the field of human knowledge。

　　(This article is a major project bet365 sign up offer National Social Science Fund "History of Information Philosophy、Current situation and future” (18ZDA027) phased results)

(Author’s unit: bet365 sign up offer of Marxism, Xi’an Shiyou University)