In scientific practice，E ratio as a vivid method is particularly worthy of attention。Actually，Scientists have noticed the role of analogy in scientific practice。In the 1930s，John Herschel (John Herschel) The book "A Preliminary Discourse on the Study of Nature Philosophy" emphasized the role of analogy in science。He pointed out，When encountering an unspeakable phenomenon，People often look for similar phenomena，Analogy between such as electric and magnetic、E ratio between light and sound。James Clerk Maxwell has also made it clear，E ratio can help scientists understand different phenomena。The status of analogy in scientific practice cannot be underestimated，Scientists use analogy to deepen cognition、Promotion Discovery、output knowledge。Today, the development of artificial intelligence is in full swing，The analogy is getting more and more important。Different from calculation and interpretation，Activity is a way of thinking that is commonly used by human beings but it is difficult to imitate artificial intelligence。Douglas Hofstadter even claims，Analog ability is the core of human cognition。Inquiry The attribute characteristics and operating mechanisms of the analogy，It is an important part of the scientific practice in the era of artificial intelligence。Therefore，Analyze the basic nature of the analogy from complicated scientific practice，Clarify the functions and characters of the class ratio in scientific practice，It has important significance。

　　Bet365 app download  

E ratio usually refers to comparison between two different types of similarity。Actually，The specific relationship between the analogy and the class，Comparison between bet365 live casino games classes is not the relationship between things can directly appear，Therefore，The analogy has both objective and subjective dual features。That is to say，The relationship between the multi -phenomena faced by scientists，is the basis for the existence of analogy。At the same time，Activity of analogy、Communication and understanding，It is inseparable from scientists、The intentional activity of the recipient。

Generally speaking，The more similar，The stronger the analogy; the less similar，Based on similar。Based on similar，Mary Hesse (Mary Hesse) conducted a detailed logical analysis of the concept of analogy，Division of material ratio and formal analogy。Material ratio is a comparison between two things or analogs with some common observation characteristics。For example，Analogy between Earth and the Moon，Can be based on a large volume、opaque、Receive the sensible nature of the light and heat of the sun。A formal ratio refers to the same or similar relationship between the relationship between certain elements in one field and the relationship between the corresponding elements in other fields。For example，The relationship between the relationship between the fin and the fish is the same as the relationship between the wings and the bird，The analogy between the two relationships cannot be observed directly，But it can still be found that the wings and fins have similarity in function，enable birds and fish to move。Forms are more complex and abstract，Need scientists to play subjective energy，can these functions、Mechanism, etc. The relationship that cannot be directly felt abstract，and flexibly applied to scientific practice。From the perspective of demonstration，Forms are not as powerful as material -based ratio; but in terms of importance，Because the similarity of formal analogies cannot be obtained directly through observation or experiments，bet365 best casino games Only to reflect the inspiration and openness of scientific practice。

The analogy in scientific practice also has mapping。Entry based on cognitive psychology，Dedre Gentner built a complete analog framework: an analogy as a structural mapping。The analogy is a mapping from the source domain to the target domain。Source domain is the knowledge source of the target domain to be explained，The predicate of the source domain "pass" to the target domain。This type of comparison structure presents actual reasoning activities and possible reasoning。From the perspective of the mapping structure，The analog relationship is divided into attribute mapping、Relations mapping and system mapping。Attribute mapping refers to the direct attribute mapping relationship between the elements of the source domain and the element of the target domain，It indicates that the target domain may have elements with the same or similar attributes in the source domain。Relationship mapping refers to the，The predicate between the elements in the source domain is related to the mapping relationship between the predicate relationship between the elements in the target domain。The formal analogy mentioned above，Reflected in the mapping structure is a relationship mapping。Therefore，Relations mapping is more complicated and rich than attribute mapping。You need to analyze the relationship between the elements in the source domain，can further reveal the similarities between the elemental relationship and the elemental relationship in the target domain in the source domain。Construction related to the choice involved in the subject，But it is not casual，We can still distinguish what is good analogy。System mapping can be used as one of the criteria for judging the quality of the analogy mapping。System mapping is a synthesis of attribute mapping and relationship mapping。Genter pointed out，"The quality of the analogy depends on the correlation of the analogy predicate words，Form a complete bet365 Play online games knowledge system "。The Lumosford model of the solar system and atom is a typical example: distance from the sun to the planet or from the atomic nuclear to electron、Attraction between the two，The quality of the sun and the planet or the degree of charging of atomic nuclear and electronics，Each group of elements is related，Some of these elements will affect other elements，So they are in the same system。

Analysis of the similarity of analogy or mapping，It is impossible to avoid conspicuous factors。As Gil said，Modeling is not a dual clause or semantic relationship between the model and the world，Instead, it is included in the purpose of scientists、Activity relationship of conspicuous factors such as intention。Analogy is the same。On the one hand，The analogy is closely related to the purpose and intention of scientists，and need to be based on the professional knowledge of scientists、Scientific experience, etc. to propose a suitable analogy。On the other hand，The analogy of scientists also needs to be a scientific peer、Educated person、Scientific enthusiasts and others accept and understand，This process is full of verbal factors。Others need to find and analyze evidence in combination with context，Understand the purpose and intention of scientists using analogy。Therefore，Whether it is generated or understanding analogy，All are done in the cognitive context，It is closely related to the factors of the case，It is a complex intention process。The understander only combines the context and is equivalent to the cognitive level of scientists，Only to make a correct understanding of analogy。

　　Activity and role of analogy: Scientific discovery and scientific interpretation 

Scientific discovery and scientific interpretation are the two themes of scientific practice activities，Activities play an important role in these two aspects。

From the perspective of the dimension discovered by scientific，Scientists Bet365 app download usually build models and study through the model of models with the world，and the model is not directly equivalent to its research object itself，Similar and differences between the model and the research object。I can clearly see similarity and differences through analogy，It is not yet possible to determine whether it is similar or difference，It is worth paying more attention。Those aspects often become a breakthrough point for new discovery，Research on them is likely to generate new understanding。Hesse refers to the common point of known as a frontal analogy，Known differences are called negative class ratio，All those attributes that have not yet established common or differentiated are called neutral analogy。The neutral analogy usually indicates that it is suitable for further research。Hesse Example，When we use a billiard model to study gas dynamics，Call the nature of the nature of the billiards rather than the molecular nature as a negative class ratio，"If the gas is like a billiard collection，In addition to the known negative class ratio，According to the understanding of billiards，We can make new predictions on molecular movements "。Even if the prediction is wrong，It will also increase knowledge。Therefore，analogy is inspiring。

From the dimension of scientific interpretation，Activities help use the relatively familiar content to explain the relatively unfamiliar objects。As Ernest Nagel pointed out，"Activities help to assimilate new things into old things，and prevent the premise of novel interpretability becoming completely strange "。That is to say，Explanation of new things，It can be completed with the analogy of it with the old things。In the case of comparison，Explanation of using analogy is reasonable。If there is similarity between the two phenomena，and one of the phenomena related scientific principles are known，Then you can bet365 live casino games explore and explain the phenomenon to be studied based on these principles。This helps to promote our understanding and mastery of new objects and related concepts，It may even promote theoretical development。For example，The interpretation of light waves and sound waves compares the water wave model，The explanation of the atom composition compares the solar system，Interpretation of nuclear fission compare the liquid droplet split model。

In short，The analogy in scientific practice has similarity、mapping and conscience。As for which similarity、Map play function，The purpose of the scientist、Intention and other subject elements are closely related，Need scientists mobilize subjective initiative and professional judgment。E ratio is conveyed、Accepting and understanding，It is also inseparable from the factors of the language。Only the recipient understands the intention of scientists and has certain cognitive ability，Only to make a precise understanding of analogy。Elasticity penetrates in similarity and mapping，Exting analogy into a vivid and effective scientific practice method，Make it play a unique role in scientific discovery and scientific interpretation，At the same time, it also fully shows the creativity of scientific practice。It is worth noting that，With digital technology、Development of artificial intelligence，The scope of scientific practice is continuously expanded、Methods constantly updated，Comprehensive research on analogy、Application research should also be continuously deepened。Take artificial intelligence as an example，The development of artificial intelligence in recent years has been promoted by deep neural network，The deep neural network itself is an analogy of layered tissue to the human brain。Melanie Mitchell found，"The most advanced neural network today is very good at handling certain types of tasks，But it is difficult for them to transfer the knowledge learned in A in A to the situation B -the essence bet365 Play online games of analog thinking "。This means，The research on the mechanism of analogy still needs to be promoted，The combination of analogy and artificial intelligence autonomous learning is still to be strengthened，E ratio studies still have quite broad space。

　　(this article is the special funding funding project of Central University of Central University Central University in Central South China University 

(Author Unit: Marxism College of Central South University of Economics and Law)