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Discussion on the nature of knowledge and the way of knowing knowledge，The performance and change of the research process，Analyze the changes in the contextuality of beliefs，The philosophy of the nature of human knowledge and defense。Psychologists and educators are interested in the development of personal epistemology and personal epistemology。For example，What the individual knows about the knowledge of knowledge; how to hold the theory and belief about knowing the theory and beliefs; how to become thinking about these episodes、Influential factors of reasoning;。Personal episodes of the research of Jean PIAGET's episodes of episodes，Taking the epistemology of w.g.perry as the theoretical basis，and develop and surpass their epistemology。Its research objects are usually college students，And college students' learning and classroom teaching have become an important theoretical verification basis。This article revolves around the theoretical model of different personal epistemology，Discuss the concept of professional terms，and examine the problem of cognitive development and its same age、Education、Gender、Cultural relationship。

　　Main model of personal epistemology 

In the field of cognitive science，It is generally believed that the theoretical model of six personal epistemology is widely accepted by most cognitive scholars and philosophers。These six models are: intelligence and moral development model、Cognitive Reflection Model、Reflection and judgment model、Analysis and reasoning model、Epidemic and belief model、Women's knowing way model。These models have similar origins and development processes，They analyze and explain and establish the model of personal knowledge theory，Dedicated to solve the general problems of personal understanding and beliefs and development。These six models have the following main contents。

Models of Intelligence and Moral Development。This is the tradition of Perry along Piajie's cognitive development theory，Exploration of the formation and development of knowledge。The theme of Perry research is，Discuss the development of the ideological and morals of college students。For example，What are the changes in the ideological and morality of college students in the university，and the university's ideological and moral education for college students。

Cognition Reflection Model。This is the awareness theory created by M.B.baxter Magolda。bet365 live casino games The research purpose of the conceptual reflection model is，Pointing out the process of changing the faith of college students，Focus on the reflection behavior that appears in the process of knowledge。The core of its theoretical is，Rebellion of college students' reflection on knowledge theory and knowledge。Mazda uses college students and graduate students as research samples，The technical concept of the reflection degree (MER) proposed。

Reflection and judgment model。This is the theory created by P.M.King and R.F.kitchener。bet365 live casino games The research purpose of reflecting on the judgment model is，Comprehensive judgment of knowledge and cognition，and research focusing on changes in beliefs。The core question of its research is，How to understand knowledge "correct and error"，How to perceive and solve the problem of adverse structure，And provide defense argument for this。Its main content is，Study on a staged reflection around 7 different natures。

Research and reasoning model。This is the theory created by D.kuhn，She proposed the concept of thinking as a demonstration。bet365 live casino games The research purpose of the demonstration of the reasoning model is，Inquiry and demonstration thinking，Flows to understand why individuals have beliefs about knowledge。This model pays special attention to the perspective of epistemology，Research on conceptual argumentation with an informal reasoning method。Its main content is，Discuss the three categories of conceptual changes in belief: absoluteist、Multi -theoretical、Evaluation Theorist。

Epidemic and belief model。This is the theory created by M.Schommer。bet365 live casino games The research purpose of the model of conceptual and belief is，Following the understanding of understanding and faith affects understanding and academic achievements。Its main content is，A belief system consists of 5 independent dimensions: knowledge structure、Knowledge Determination、Knowledge source、Control of knowledge、The speed obtained by knowledge。

Women's knowing way model。This is the theory of the development theory of M.f.blenky's epistemology，His understanding of women's cognition and self -concepts，Proposal and demonstrate that women are different from men in terms of understanding methods。The main content of a woman's knowing method model is，Putting the way of understanding women's understanding and a set of epistemology of women's understanding and viewing the world。

The main theoretical model of personal conceptual theory is not their respective existence，There is great correlation between each model。They have something in common，But there are their own uniqueness。So，What is the knowledge concept of the main theoretical model of personal epistemology? How to discuss the belief you know?、Education、Gender、Cultural relationship; domain specialty and general domain nature; the relationship between understanding motivation and cognitive changes, etc.。

　　Concepts of professional terms 

Based on the above personal epistemology model，At present, there are still some problems in the construction of professional terms of research。Differences in the naming structure and conceptual structure，Sometimes it is unclear to what extent different researchers discuss the same field of understanding。There are three main problems related to the concept of construction: first, there are differences in the theoretical assumptions that reflect the theoretical assumptions of different nature in the name of the concept; In the model, the thinking theory thinking、The relationship between general thinking and reasoning has different views。Let's discuss these three questions in detail below。

As far as the first question is concerned，Each model describes the construct with different names，Different theoretical assumptions about the nature and function of the construction of the body。The focus of the researchers is different when describing the constructive body。For example，Cognitive development structure; a set of beliefs that affect the cognitive process、Attitude or assumption; the cognitive process itself。The development of epistemology means，These concepts become structural integration、Component of the development process of logical serialization -Cognitive development structure of the epistemology and fake setting。Although epistemology has different elements，But the cognitive structure in these models means，The elements of the philosophy are unspeal or orthodox dimensions。At the same time，Cognitive theory standards (or terms of attitude preferred) and the terms used in conceptual belief are not staged or hierarchical，Different beliefs or attitudes can be crossed，This shows the changes in individual cognition -these changes do not have the structure of the same stage。other，bet365 live casino games Attitude and belief can refer to opinions or not confirmed，This is not a reasonable cognitive structure。There is another conceptualization of this construction，The style of epistemology，Construction of the characteristics of the class，Individual differences on conceptual beliefs。

As far as the second question is concerned，This content involves the content of personal epistemology and beliefs。Among them, the place that has not yet been clear is，About Learning、Belief of Intelligence and Teaching，Whether it should be regarded as an important factor in epistemology and beliefs。As far as the concept of knowledge and the philosophical treatment and psychological treatment of this field，They do not obviously involve knowledge and the nature of knowledge。The field of epistemology and belief should be limited to individual beliefs on knowledge，and belief in reasoning and defense process of knowledge。When Perry understands the students' views on diversified beliefs，It is mentioned that the conceptual theory as a part of the "intellectual and moral development" plan，I believe that this includes the experience of students。Different opinions have different opinions due to a part of the concept of concept，It is not clear whether the relevant learning should be learned、The beliefs of intelligence and teaching are deemed to be the core component of epistemology and beliefs。On the one hand，These models do not clearly deal with the nature of knowledge or clarify how to define and prove knowledge，Because many philosophy and psychology researchers have defined this field。In terms of conceptual clarity，The field of conceptual belief should be limited to personal beliefs on knowledge，and the reasoning and defense process of knowledge。On the other hand，It is the issue of how the belief of individuals in learning and teaching。In terms of psychological reality of personal beliefs，About Learning、The belief of teaching and knowledge may be intertwined。

For the third question，This involves building a conceptual hypothesis in the confusion，Differences between the general thinking and reasoning process (such as argumentation ability and inductive reasoning)。Thinking and reasoning process (such as various forms of argument)，and reasoning on the problem of poor structural issues，Leading the Constitutional Assumption。Study them together is meaningful，But they can also be separated in concept。In fact，By distinguishing and distinguishing egoism、Thinking and reasoning process，and the nature of these constructs and the relationship between them，It can make the confusion be clarified to a certain extent。Cognitive thinking is regarded as a cognitive process (such as cognitive cognition、Cognitive reflection or simplicity as a way of knowing)，How to think about the process of thinking about the process。Different models include the nature of knowing，The nature of knowing involves belief in the source of knowledge (from the process of believing that experts provide knowledge and self -construction)。other，Knowing the nature also involves evidence and knowledge defense process。These processes are usually considered to be a cognitive process that is better than simple induction or general critical thinking。Katchi pointed out，Cognitive cognition should be distinguished from other cognition (such as Yuan cognition)。Cognitive cognition is a third -order monitoring of the nature of the problem，is a high -level process that can guide cognition。How to use more specific、Special inductive reasoning for comparison，How to generate knowledge about knowledge? What is the difference between defense thinking and general thinking?，Further exploration in the future。

Analysis of the above bet365 Play online games three issues based on the concept of concept of conceptual and belief，It can be said，The content of the Constitutional Constitution should be limited to the nature of the individual's knowledge and the belief of knowing the process。About Learning、The beliefs of intelligence and teaching are associated with conceptual beliefs，General thinking and reasoning process are also related to epistemology。This definition of the Constitution Construction，If you adopt a more overall and comprehensive definition，will bring more clarity to the research and theoretical modeling of this field，This helps people understand the construction and function of conceptual beliefs。

　　Construction of knowledge and theoretical 

According to the form of epistemology or constructing，Individual beliefs on knowledge and knowing the process，It can be regarded as the basis of personal epistemology。The conceptual changes in this kind of construction are consistent with the research of mental theory，It indicates that the knowledge of the individual in a certain field is organized by the theoretical structure in science。For example，In the conceptual change literature，This construction will be the Theory of Personal Cognitive Theory of Persistence and Epis.，Can transition into a general stage model。This type of model does not allow messengers to build changes in the middle stage，That is the problem of horizontal stagnation。This indicates，Epidemia, beliefs and epistemology can be the cross dimension，No need to integrate to constitute a more comprehensive and extensive construction model。and whether the understanding of beliefs and conceptual thinking on individual holding can build the theory question，It needs to be inspected in experience。but but，Wellman (H. M. Wellman) pointed out，Knowledge can be used as theory，and there are three standards。

The first standard，It is necessary to have a certain integration between the concept and concept of building the theory。One end of the continuous body is independent facts and concepts that lack contact，The other end is the formal theory that makes these concepts and concepts integrate (such as scientific theory with theorem and principles)。Because the knowledge is close to this continuous theory,，So the concept and concept are more closely linked，and individual concepts need to define and determine the relationship with other concepts and concepts in this field。Research on the study of conceptual beliefs and conceptual thinking before the Vogman survey，Individual beliefs on knowledge and path of thinking about knowledge，Interconnected in a complicated and integrated manner。Different aspects of the nature of knowledge and belief in thinking process，is interconnected in the theoretical way。Of course，We do not advocate that individuals have the theory of formalized epistemology like professional philosophers，But the individual's concept of knowledge is close to the theoretical end of the continuous body，Not just an independent knowledge unit without contact。

Standard，There is a distinction between some entities and processes in this field.，The theory helps to specify what is in this field，How to categorize objects in this field。Different epistemology models，It seems that they are distinguished between the nature of knowledge and the process of knowing the process。other，These models also distinguish the certainty and source of knowledge。This distinction seems to be important for individual thinking。For example，If individuals make a specific position on the definition of knowledge (that is, absoluteism and relativism)，Then the individual will perceive and think about its experience in some way。This will support this concept: bet365 best casino games the individual's epistemology can be played as the theory of guiding its thinking (as in the case of other theoretical -driven scientific thinking)。

Article 3 Standard，The concept of providing a causal interpretation framework for the theory involves the theory。For example，Individual in biology、"Simple" theory in the field of physics and psychology，These theories include various causal interpretations of phenomena in various fields。but but，We don’t know if the contextuality is the same。Although，All aspects of the nature of knowledge，can all play a role in knowing the constraints and restrictions of the process。For example，If you believe that knowledge is absolute，So the source of knowledge will often be an authoritative figure。This is not an obvious example of the causal interpretation framework，More empirical research verification and verification The statement of epistemology can be regarded as theoretical statement。Although the first two standards can be applied to as a theoretical epistemology，But is the causal interpretation framework standard also applicable，It's still unclear。but but，Using individual theory of knowledge and thinking process，The conceptualization of ideas and conceptual thinking about epistemology，It will help clarify and build the concept of epistemology。

　Question of cognitive development 

The issue of cognitive development is an important topic of personal epistemology。Personal epistemology is the expansion work on the basis of the cognitive development research of Piajie and Perry。Cognitive Development Models of Personal Cognitive Theory，Affected by Piajie's cognitive development theory。Piajie thinks，Cognitive Development experience perception exercise stage、Pre -computing stage、Specific operational stage、Formation of the operation stage。Different cognitive stages are developing in order。Cognitive ability obtained by children in the previous stage，It is also prepared for the next stage to get cognitive。Some cognitive scholars agree with Piajie's theory，But many scholars have denied it，and proposed the non -stage theory of cognitive development。This has formed a controversy between the phased and non -phase of cognitive development。

Many studies on epistemology and beliefs point out，Epidemic and belief is in the development of children towards adults，There is a certain progress，Especially for those who receive college education。Gold and Kiscuch pointed out the change of recognition in all stages in this development process，and built a reflection judgment model，Phase theory of the process of understanding。There are also some scholars who do not accept the phased theory of the process of recognition，No "stage" concept，Instead, use the concepts of "position" and "viewpoint"。These models all indicate，perspective on knowledge，Location of absoluteism，changed to the position of relativism，Then it changed to the position of positive meaning builders。

D.Dannefer believes，Various cognitive development theories may fall into the trap of the individual's repayment theory，The phenomenon of society and moderate as the root cause of the individual。Although Piajie's theory and most of the conceptual development plans inferred here are assumed that some interactive theory model，But the research on epistemology has always regarded them as the construction of individual cognition。So，Need to examine the context of the theory of the theory。other，Cross -cultural research that is necessary to conduct the development of theory theory。

As far as the relationship between the development and cognitive development of epistemology，There are also some problems。For example，The moral development plan of Corberg (L. Kohlberg)，Assume that bet365 best casino games the corresponding relationship between ethical judgment and knowledge judgment。Each stage of its moral judgment，Parallel、The stage of the same structure in Piajie。Although this one -to -one correspondence between cognitive development and the development of epistemology is unlikely，But for some types of epistemology, it is possible，The premise of certain intelligence and knowledge is necessary (but not sufficient)。For example，Inspiration according to Piajie's stage，Individuals may be difficult to use the terms of constructive to look at knowledge，and some abstract form reasoning is necessary for high -level assumptions about knowledge。other，The stage of high -level thinking in the late and adulthood of adolescents that transcended formal operations is credible。Dialectical thinking can provide more sufficient conditions for the high -level process of the conceptual and belief of relativity。In future research，You need to determine the development stage of these higher intelligence，and the relationship between them and the theory of epistemology。

　　Affairs of Age, Education, Gender and Culture 

Age and Education is closely related to the development of cognitive development，But we still don't know what stage the process that understands in the theory of epistemology starts。Some studies have shown that it was the period before college education，There are also a few studies pointed out that before high school。Most students of the first -year college，During the school before the university,，Unlikely to be a dualist。A credible explanation is，This development is regression。Some researchers guess，Students at the university stage are mainly at a lower level of epistemology，At this time, the entire development level will appear in the entire development level -when the individual is in a new environment，They may return to more secure、Location that has been established。

Except Piajie's research on children's epistemology，Children's understanding and beliefs rarely receive attention。Ken's research shows，Identification of adolescence before adolescence is difficult。This indicates，Research on the category of the individual's response on the defense of truth，Need a cognitive development research plan，Study the transformation of children from early absoluteism to accepting subjectiveism。D. E. Montgomery's assumption is，Children have beliefs about knowing and knowledge，and these beliefs are part of the theory of mental theory -research on children's beliefs，Study on the Development of Volkswagen Popularization。From the perspective of psychological theory research，Studies on the changes in personal world view of children when children are 3-4 years old，The initial stage of the early youth and the initial epistemology reasoning is consistent。The Development of the Belief of Knowledge after graduation of college students，or in the social and cultural background of the development of contextuality and belief outside the classroom teaching，It is necessary to further study in the future。

The impact of gender on personal epistemology is a topic that scholars are concerned。Early Perry research involved only men，Later, some researchers raised questions about his single gender research objects。Bellenky's research proposes women's knowing way model，Later, I found the gender association mode。But some researchers discovered，There is no gender difference or the result is uncertain。but but，There is a physical and psychological difference between men and women，This is the congenital difference of the cognitive mode，The two are likely to have differences in the process of cognitive beliefs and cognitive acceptance。So，Women of Belenky know that the model model also gets Bet365 app download support from many people。In short，To explore the potential possible gender association mode，We also need to do more research。

other，The literature of cross -cultural research currently of personal epistemology is relatively rare。Cross -cultural studies can highlight other dimensions of the construction of conceptual beliefs，This is also meaningful for creativity and scientific discovery。So，Cross -cultural research of personal epistemology is also a development direction in the future。

Personal epistemology is associated with traditional epistemology。It revolves around knowledge and nature、Whether knowledge is certain、What kind of way do you know、What is the process of knowing、What methods do you can get "Know"、How does the conviction change、Do you have a series of questions such as the change process of recognition，The main theory of personal epistemology is formed。The main model of personal cognitive theory tends to the research tradition of Piajie's cognitive development stage theory。The stage of these models or default personal cognitive development，That is, there are some fundamental differences in children or adults at different growth stages，And assume that the cognitive development stage is universal (applicable to the influence of a variety of different environments and culture)。Actually，The prejudice of this research is that it is a bit out of reality (although it is difficult to study multiple adolescent samples to collect different environments)。On the contrary，Cognitive scientists often think，Different development periods of personal understanding are not qualitative changes，should be regarded as a process of obtaining cognitive development as a variety of capabilities。For example，Performance Differential、Concentration of attention、Memory ability、Psychological connection、Knowledge and strategy, etc.。Personal conceptual development model usually involves these aspects less，Studies in these aspects should be strengthened in future research。In short，The development model of personal epistemology is a method used to explain various cognitive phenomena，can verify the relevant experimental assumptions，Have an important place in the field of cognition。

　(This article is the major project of the National Social Science Foundation "Research on the Construction of Localization of Chinese Logic Terities and the Construction of Chinese Logic Learning System" (21&ZD065) Staged results) 

(Author Unit: Tsinghua University Economic Management Shenzhen Research Institute (Innovation Management Research Institute))