About learning、Beliefs about intelligence and teaching are related to bet365 offers，General thinking and reasoning processes are also related to epistemological thinking。As for this definition of epistemological construction，If a more comprehensive definition is adopted，Will bring more clarity to research and theoretical modeling in this area，Thus helping people understand the construction and function of bet365 offers。

Personal epistemology discusses the nature of knowledge and the way of knowing，Study the performance and changes of the cognitive process，Analyze changes in bet365 offers，Is the philosophical field about the nature and justification of human knowledge。Psychologists and educationists are interested in the development of personal epistemology and personal bet365 offers。For example，What is the process of individuals knowing knowledge；How individuals hold theories and beliefs about knowing；How these epistemological premises become thinking、Components and influencing factors of reasoning；etc.。Personal epistemology follows the research tradition of Jean Piaget’s epistemology，With Perry (W.G.Perry)’s epistemology as the theoretical basis，And develop and transcend their epistemology。The research subjects are usually college students，The learning and classroom teaching of college students have become an important basis for theoretical verification。This article revolves around theoretical models of different personal epistemologies，Discuss conceptual issues related to professional terminology，And examine the issues of cognitive development stages and their age groups、Education、Gender、Cultural relationship。

　　Main models of bet365 offers

In the field of cognitive science，It is generally believed that there are six theoretical models of personal epistemology that are widely accepted by most cognitive scientists and philosophers。These six models are: intellectual and moral development models、Epistemological reflection model、Reflective Judgment Model、Argument reasoning model、Epistemological belief model、Women’s model of knowing。These models have similar origins and development processes，They analyze, explain and model around personal epistemological issues，Works on general issues of personal bet365 offers and development。These six models have the following main contents。

Model of Intellectual and Moral Development。This is Perry in the tradition of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development，Exploration of the formation and development of bet365 offers。Perry’s research topic is，Discuss the ideological and moral development of college students。For example，What kind of ideological and moral changes have occurred to college students during their studies at university，As well as issues such as the ideological and moral education of university students。

bet365 offers reflection model。This is Magoda (M.B.Cognitive theory created by Baxter Magolda。The research purpose of the bet365 offers reflection model is，Point out the changing process of college students’ cognitive beliefs，And focus on the reflective behavior that occurs in the process of understanding。The core of its theory is，Demonstrating college students’ reflections on epistemology and known knowledge。Magoda used college students and graduate students as research samples，Proposed the technical concept of reflective measurement (MER)。

Reflective Judgment Model。This is gold (P.M.King) and Kichechi (R.F.Kitchener) created the cognitive theory。The research purpose of the reflective judgment model is，Comprehensive judgment on knowledge and cognition，And research focusing on changes in cognitive bet365 offers。The core issue of its research is，How to understand “right and wrong” knowledge，And how to perceive and solve poorly structured problems，And provide defensive arguments for this。The main content is，Research on 7 stages of reflection with different natures。

Argument reasoning model。This is Kuhn (D.Kuhn)’s cognitive theory，She proposed the concept of thinking as argumentative reasoning。The research purpose of argument reasoning model is，Exploring argumentation thinking，Strive to understand why individuals develop beliefs about knowledge。This model focuses specifically on epistemological perspectives，It is the study of reasoning about epistemic arguments using informal reasoning methods。The main content is，Exploring Three Categories of Changes in bet365 offers: Absolutists、Pluralist、Evaluationist。

Epistemological belief model。This is Stromo (M.Cognitive theory created by Schommer。The research purpose of the epistemological belief model is，Focus on how bet365 offers affect understanding and academic achievement。The main content is，A belief system consists of 5 independent dimensions: knowledge structure、Knowledge certainty、Knowledge source、Control of knowledge acquisition、The speed of acquiring knowledge。

Women’s way of knowing model。This is Berenji (M.F.Belenky’s theory of bet365 offers belief development，He conducts cross-research on women’s way of understanding and self-concept，Propose and demonstrate that women are different from men in their way of knowing。The main content of the model of women’s ways of knowing is，Propose women’s way of knowing and a set of bet365 offers perspectives for women to understand and view the world。

The main theoretical models of personal epistemology do not exist in isolation，There is a great correlation between the various models。They have something in common，But they also have their own uniqueness。Then，What is the concept of bet365 offers in the main theoretical model of personal epistemology？How to discuss the belief of knowing？How to understand the nature of bet365 offers and the process of knowing？These questions can be embodied as: conceptual definitions of professional terms；Dimensions of personal epistemology；Cognitive development stage and its equivalent age、Education、Gender、Cultural relationship；Domain specificity and domain generality；Understanding the relationship between motivation and cognitive changes, etc.。

　　Conceptual bet365 offers with professional terminology

Based on the above personal bet365 offers model，There are still some problems in the construction of the concept of professional terminology related to research。Due to differences in naming structures and conceptual structures，It is sometimes unclear to what extent different researchers discuss the same epistemic areas。There are three main problems regarding the concept of construction: First, there are differences in the names of construction concepts that reflect different theoretical assumptions about the nature of construction；The second is that there are different opinions on the boundary issues of part of the construction concept；The third is bet365 offers thinking in different models、There are different views on the relationship between general thinking and reasoning。These three issues are discussed in detail below。

　As far as the first question is concerned，Each model describes a construct with a different name，Represents different theoretical assumptions regarding the properties and functions of the construct。Researchers have different priorities when describing constructs。For example，Cognitive development structure；A set of beliefs that influence cognitive processes、Attitude or assumption；The cognitive process itself, etc.。The development of epistemology means，These concepts become structural coherence、Part of the logical serialization development process-epistemological assumptions construct the cognitive development structure。Although epistemological thinking has different elements，But the cognitive structures in these models mean，The elements of philosophy are inseparable or orthodox dimensions。At the same time，There is no stage or hierarchy in the terms used for epistemological standards (or attitude preference terms) and bet365 offers，Different beliefs or attitudes can intersect，This shows individual cognitive changes - these changes do not have the same stage structure。In addition，Attitudes and beliefs can refer to personal beliefs or unsubstantiated opinions，This is not a reasonable cognitive structure。There is another conceptualization of this construction，i.e. epistemological style，Construction of finger-like features，Representing individual differences regarding bet365 offers。

As far as the second question is concerned，This involves personal bet365 offers and thinking。What is not yet clear is，About learning、Beliefs in Intelligence and Teaching，Should it be regarded as an important factor in bet365 offers。In terms of the philosophical and psychological treatment of the area of ​​the concept and justification of knowledge，They do not obviously involve knowledge and the nature of knowing。The domain of bet365 offers should be limited to individual beliefs about knowledge，and beliefs about the process of reasoning and justification of knowledge。Perry on understanding students’ perspectives on diversity beliefs，References to bet365 offers as part of a program of “intellectual and moral development”，Think this includes students’ experiential meaning。There are different opinions due to the boundary issue as part of the construction concept，It is not clear whether the relevant studies should be included、Intellectual and pedagogical beliefs considered as core components of bet365 offers。On the one hand，These models do not explicitly address the nature of knowledge or clarify how knowledge is defined and justified，Because many researchers in philosophy and psychology have defined this field。In terms of conceptual clarity，The domain of bet365 offers should be limited to personal beliefs about knowledge，And the process of reasoning and justification regarding knowledge。On the other hand，It is the question of how individuals acquire knowledge through their beliefs in learning and teaching。In terms of the psychological reality of personal beliefs，About learning、Beliefs in teaching and knowledge may be intertwined。

As far as the third question is concerned，This involves constructing epistemological assumptions about the process of knowing out of chaos，Difference from general thinking and reasoning processes such as argumentation ability and inductive reasoning。Thinking and reasoning processes (such as various forms of argumentation)，And reasoning about ill-structured problems，Introducing epistemological assumptions。It makes sense to study them together，However, they can be separated conceptually。In fact，By distinguishing bet365 offers、Thinking and reasoning process，And the nature of these constructs and the relationships between them，The confusion can be clarified to a certain extent。Epistemological thinking is regarded as a cognitive process (such as epistemic cognition、Epistemic reflection or simply as a way of knowing)，Involving the way individuals think and know the process。Different models contain known properties，The nature of knowing involves beliefs about the source of knowledge (the process from believing that experts provide knowledge to self-construction)。In addition，The nature of knowing also involves the process of evidence and knowledge defense。These processes are generally considered to be higher level cognitive processes than simple inductive reasoning or general critical thinking。Kichech pointed out，Epistemic cognition should be distinguished from other cognitions (such as metacognition)。Epistemic cognition is the third-order monitoring of the nature of problem knowledge，It is a high-order process that can guide cognition。How to use more specific、Special inductive reasoning for comparison，Research on how knowledge is produced？What is the difference between defensive thinking and general thinking？For these questions，Need further exploration in the future。

Based on the analysis of the above three issues related to the concept of epistemological belief construction，It can be said，The content of epistemological belief construction should be limited to individual beliefs about the nature of knowledge and the process of knowing。About learning、Beliefs about intelligence and teaching are related to bet365 offers，General thinking and reasoning processes are also related to epistemological thinking。As for this definition of epistemological construction，If a more comprehensive definition is adopted，Will bring more clarity to research and theoretical modeling in this area，Thus helping people understand the construction and function of bet365 offers。

　　bet365 offers body and theory construction

Form or construction based on bet365 offers，Individual beliefs about knowledge and the process of knowing，Can be regarded as the basis of personal epistemology。Conceptual changes in this construct are consistent with research on theory of mind，Indicates that an individual’s knowledge in a certain field is organized and constructed according to the theoretical construction in science。For example，In the conceptual change literature，This construct treats bet365 offers and epistemological thoughts as personal epistemological theories held by individuals，Able to transition to a general stage model。This type of model does not allow for intra-stage changes in belief construction，That is, the horizontal hysteresis problem。This shows，bet365 offers and epistemological thinking can be cross-dimensional，No need to integrate to form a more comprehensive construction model。As for the question of whether personally held bet365 offers and epistemological thinking can construct a theory，Still to be empirically investigated。However，Warman(H. M. Wellman) pointed out，A body of knowledge can serve as a theory，And there are three standards。

The first standard，There needs to be a certain degree of coherence between the concepts and concepts used to construct the theory。At one end of the coherence continuum are independent facts and ideas that lack connections，The other end is the formal theory that makes these ideas and concepts coherent (such as a scientific theory with theorems and principles)。Since knowledge is close to the theoretical end of this continuum，So concepts and ideas are more closely linked，Individual concepts need to be defined and determined based on their relationships with other concepts and concepts in the field。Warman’s findings after examining previous research on bet365 offers and epistemological thinking，Individual beliefs about knowledge and ways of thinking about knowledge，Related to each other in complex and coherent ways。Different aspects of beliefs about the nature of knowledge and thought processes，are related to each other in a theoretical way。Of course，We do not advocate that individuals have formal epistemological theories like professional philosophers，But individual concepts of knowledge are close to the theoretical end of the continuum，Not just independent knowledge units without connections。

The second standard，There is some ontological distinction between certain entities and processes in this field，i.e. theory helps to define what is in the field，And how the objects in this field are categorized。Different epistemological models，They all seem to make a distinction between the nature of knowledge and the process of knowing。In addition，These models also distinguish between the certainty of knowledge and the source of knowledge。Such distinctions seem to be of great importance to individual thinking。For example，If the individual has an ontological commitment to a particular position regarding the certainty of knowledge (i.e., absolutist vs. relativist)，Then the individual will perceive and think about his experience in some way。This would support the idea that an individual's bet365 offers can function as theories that guide their thinking (as in the case of other theory-driven scientific thinking)。

The third standard，Relates to the idea that a theory provides a causal explanatory framework for an area of ​​knowledge。For example，Individuality in Biology、There are “naive” theories in physics and psychology，These theories contain various causal explanation frameworks about phenomena in various fields。However，It is not clear whether the same is true for bet365 offers。Although，Aspects of the nature of knowledge，Both can play a role in knowing the constraints and limitations of the process。For example，If an individual believes that knowledge is absolute，Then the source of knowledge is often authoritative figures。This is not a clear example of a causal explanatory framework，More empirical research is needed to verify the claim that bet365 offers can be viewed as theories。While the first two criteria can apply to bet365 offers as theories，But do the causal explanation framework criteria also apply，Still unclear。However，Using individual theories about the nature of knowledge and thought processes，Conceptualizing bet365 offers and epistemological thinking，Concepts that will help clarify and structure bet365 offers。

　Cognitive bet365 offers stage issues

The issue of cognitive bet365 offers stages is an important topic in personal epistemology。Personal epistemology is an expansion of the cognitive bet365 offers research of Piaget and Perry。Cognitive bet365 offers model of personal epistemology，Influenced by Piaget’s theory of cognitive bet365 offers。Piaget thinks，Cognitive bet365 offers goes through the sensorimotor stage、Pre-operation stage、Concrete operation stage、Formal operation stage。Different stages of understanding develop in sequence。Cognitive abilities acquired by children in previous stages，It is also a preparation for the next stage of gaining cognition。There are some cognitive scholars who agree with Piaget’s theory，But many scholars deny it，And proposed a non-stage theory of cognitive bet365 offers。This forms the debate between stages and non-stages of cognitive bet365 offers。

Many studies on bet365 offers point out，bet365 offers in children’s development toward adulthood，There is some progress，Especially for those with a college education。Jin and Jichechi pointed out the changes in understanding at each stage of this development process based on 15 years of long-term follow-up research，And constructed a reflective judgment model，Proposed a staged theory of the cognitive process。There are still some scholars who do not accept the stage theory of the cognitive process，Does not use the concept of "stage" either，Instead, use concepts such as "location" and "viewpoint"。These models indicate，Perspectives on knowledge，From an absolutist position，Transformed to a position of relativism，Transformed to the position of active meaning builder。

Danlev (D.Dannefer) thinks，Various theories of cognitive development may fall into the trap of ontogenetic reductionism，Treat socially generated and patterned phenomena as characteristics rooted in individuals。Although Piaget's theory and most of the epistemological development projects inferred here assume some kind of interactionist model，However, research on bet365 offers has always regarded them as the construction of individual cognition。Therefore，Need to examine the contextual nature of epistemological theories。In addition，There is also a need for cross-cultural research on the development of epistemological theories。

In terms of the relationship between epistemological development and cognitive development，There are also some problems。For example，Kohlberg(L. Kohlberg’s Moral Development Program，Assuming a consistent relationship between ethical judgments and knowledge judgments。The stages of its moral judgment，Parallel、Isomorphic to Piaget’s stages。Although this one-to-one correspondence between cognitive development and epistemological development is unlikely，But it is possible for certain kinds of bet365 offers，Certain prerequisites of intelligence and knowledge are necessary (but not sufficient)。For example，Based on Piaget’s stage heuristic，Individuals may have difficulty viewing knowledge in constructivist terms，Some abstract formal reasoning is necessary to make higher-order assumptions about knowledge。In addition，It is believable that there is a stage of higher-order thinking in late adolescence and adulthood that transcends formal operations。Dialectical thinking can provide more sufficient conditions for the higher-order process of applying relativist bet365 offers。In future research，The stages of development of these higher intelligences need to be determined，and their relationship to epistemological theories。

　　The influence of age, bet365 offers, gender and culture

Age and education are closely related to the stage of cognitive bet365 offers，But we do not yet know at what stage the process of understanding in epistemology begins。Some studies suggest a period before university education，There are also a few studies that point to before high school。Most first-year college students，While studying at the school before university，Unlikely Dualist。A credible explanation is，This bet365 offers is regression。Some researchers speculate，Students at the university level are mainly at a lower level of epistemology，A second path of cognitive bet365 offers occurs throughout the bet365 offers level during this period - when the individual is in a new environment，They may return to be safer、Established position。

In addition to Piaget’s research on childhood epistemology，Young children’s bet365 offers receive little attention。Kuhn’s research shows，Recognizing preadolescent epistemological awareness is difficult。This shows，Research on the categorization of individual responses to truth defense，Need a cognitive development research project，Studying children’s transition from early absolutism to acceptance of subjectivism。Montever (D. E. Montgomery) is，Children have beliefs about knowing and knowledge，And these beliefs are part of theory of mind - a study of these beliefs in children，Research on the development of popular epistemology。From the perspective of theory of mind research，Research on the changes in children’s personal worldview when they are 3-4 years old，Early youth coincides with the initial stages of epistemological reasoning。For the development of college students’ beliefs about knowledge after graduation，It may lie in the social and cultural background for the development of bet365 offers outside of classroom teaching，Needs further study by us in the future。

The impact of gender on personal epistemology is a topic of concern to scholars。Early Perry studies only involved men，Later, some researchers raised questions about his single-sex research subjects。Belenki’s research proposes a model of women’s ways of knowing，Gender association patterns subsequently discovered。But some researchers have discovered，There is no gender difference or the results are uncertain。However，There are inherent physical and psychological differences between men and women，This is an innate difference in cognitive patterns，The two are likely to have differences in cognitive beliefs and cognitive acceptance processes。Therefore，Berenji’s model of women knowing the way has also been supported by many people。Anyway，To explore potential gender correlation patterns in bet365 offers theory，We need to conduct more research。

In addition，There are currently relatively few literatures on cross-cultural research on personal epistemology。Cross-cultural research can highlight other dimensions of bet365 offers belief construction，This also makes sense for creativity and scientific discovery。Therefore，Cross-cultural research on personal epistemology is also a future development direction。

There is a relationship between personal epistemology and traditional epistemology。It revolves around the nature of knowledge、Is knowledge certain?、How do individuals know、What is the process of knowing、How can individuals obtain “knowledge”、How cognitive beliefs change、Discuss a series of issues such as whether there are stages in the process of cognitive change，formed the main theory of personal epistemology。The main model of personal epistemology tends to the research tradition of Piaget’s stage theory of cognitive development。These models recognize or default to the stages of personal cognitive development，That is, there are some fundamental differences between children or adults at different stages of growth，And it is assumed that the stages of cognitive development are universal (applicable under the influence of many different environments and cultures)。Actually，The bias of this kind of research is that it is a bit unrealistic (although it is difficult to study a variety of adolescent samples from different environments)。Opposite，Cognitive scientists tend to think，Different development stages of personal understanding are not qualitative changes，Cognitive development should be viewed as the acquisition process of multiple abilities。For example，Perception Discrimination、Concentration、Memory ability、Psychological connection、Knowledge and strategies, etc.。Personal bet365 offers development models usually cover these aspects less，Research on these aspects should be strengthened in future research。Anyway，The developmental model of personal epistemology is a method used to explain various cognitive phenomena，Can verify relevant experimental hypotheses，Has an important place in the field of cognition。

　(This article is part of the National Social Science Fund’s major project “bet365 offers on the Localization of Chinese Logic Terminology and the Construction of Chinese Logic Discourse System” (21&ZD065) phased results)

(Authorbet365 offers unit: Tsinghua University Shenzhen Institute of Economics and Management (Innovation Management Institute))