Archeology is the study of history，This is the clear goal of archaeologists。The scale of archeology in reconstructing bet365 sign up offer history，How to grasp it？This is what archaeologists need to think about。

　　Reconstructing bet365 sign up offer

In Reconstructing Prehistory，Archaeology plays an irreplaceable and unique role。Take the second volume of "Ancient Times" of "General History of China" edited by Bai Shouyi as an example。The editor-in-chief of this volume is Su Bingqi，The content is divided into four chapters in addition to the preface and postscript: Our ancient ancestors (about 1.8 million years ago to more than 10,000 years ago)、Neolithic Age (about 10,000 BC to 3500 BC)、The Chalcolithic Era (approximately 3500 BC to 2000 BC)、Ancient bet365 sign up offer in surrounding areas。"Ancient Times" uses archaeological data and research results to reconstruct Chinese prehistory。

Archeology can reconstruct Chinese prehistory，Fully reflects the characteristics bet365 sign up offer archeology discipline: good at long-term studies、Macroscopic investigation from the perspective of history and cultural development process，Avoiding the grasp of precise dates and specific historical events。"Ancient Times" is a comprehensive review bet365 sign up offer social development context of Chinese prehistory，Being in a high position，Magnificent。There are many legends about the inventor of agriculture in ancient Chinese books，Shen Nong、Lieshan clan、Abandoned、Huang Di and others，Numerous。These legendary figures cannot be verified by archeology。What archeology can confirm is，The north of China is the origin of millet and millet，The South is the origin of rice。China has not one agricultural origin center but two, each with its own characteristics，In prehistoric times, two major agricultural economic and cultural regions and two agricultural systems were formed in the north and the south。There are three emperors and five emperors in ancient China，The statement bet365 sign up offer Three Emperors should be a conjecture of later generations about the remote era，The words bet365 sign up offer Five Emperors are just ancient historical legends compiled by later generations using the thought bet365 sign up offer ages。These ancient historical legends are also difficult to verify through archeology。Yan Wenming pointed out: “There are still people who propose to carry out the ‘Five Emperors Project’，This is impossible。”(“Relentless Exploration—Interview with Mr. Yan Wenming”，"Southern Cultural Relics" Issue 2, 2006) There were many archaeological cultures distributed in the Longshan Period，"Ancient Times" connects them with the distribution areas of some legendary tribal groups。This is an exploration，Difficult to confirm。Formation of tribal groups only、Research on each tribe within the tribal group，It is a long and difficult exploration topic。

If archeology lacks an explanatory theory bet365 sign up offer relationship between archaeological culture and ethnicity，All discussions on the attributes of archaeological culture and ancient history will fall into ambiguity and disputes。"Ancient Times" analyzes the emergence of castles，Summary of several characteristics of Huaiyang Pingliangtai Castle: neat planning、Tight defense facilities、Public sewer facilities are available、There are higher-end housing buildings、Has handicraft facilities、Relics with religious activities。"Ancient Era" pointed out that the Pingliangtai city site already has the basic elements of an early city，Should be the political center，It may also be an economic center and a religious center。As for the ancient historical attributes of Pingliangtai Castle，There is no research on "Ancient Era"。Why？Not having the qualifications for verification may be one bet365 sign up offer main reasons。The excavation of Pingliangtai Castle has produced new results in recent years，Rated as one bet365 sign up offer top ten new archaeological discoveries in the country in 2019。Li Xinwei speculated based on this，Pingliangtai Castle "is more like a higher-level military settlement under a social organization with a large city as the core" ("The Confrontation between East and West: Where is the Central Plains"，"China Cultural Relics News", Page 5, May 8, 2020)。

　Exploring Xia bet365 sign up offer

Exploring Xia bet365 sign up offer is an important issue that needs to be solved urgently in the archaeological community，It is also an important topic that the historians pay great attention to。We should thank the wisdom of our predecessors in the archaeological and historical circles，Before the Xia bet365 sign up offer was determined，They raised the important topic of "Exploring Xia bet365 sign up offer"。Exploring Xia bet365 sign up offer using archaeological methods，Counting from the publication of Xu Zhongshu’s famous essay "Rediscussing Xiaotun and Yangshao"，It’s been 89 years now。

Exploring Xia Culture，Inseparable from the Erlitou ruins。April 1959，Xu Xusheng and his party from the Institute of Archeology, Chinese Academy of Sciences investigated the "Xia Ruins" in western Henan。May 16，The Erlitou ruins were discovered in Yanshi County。The existing area of ​​the Erlitou site is 3 million square meters，Discovering Miyagi in more than sixty years、Palace complex、Urban trunk road network、Bronze Casting Workshop、Bronze ritual musical instruments group、Bronze melee weapon、Turquoise workshop and other relics。The Erlitou site is an early city site。The Erlitou culture represented by the Erlitou city ruins is the central culture bet365 sign up offer Central Plains Cultural Area。Erlitou culture has entered the national civilized society。The above archaeological discoveries and archaeological research results have been confirmed by the archaeological and historical circles，Conclusion。Erlitou culture is Xia culture，Although it has been recognized by most scholars in the academic community，But there are scholars who hold different academic views。Erlitou culture is the focus of exploring Xia culture，is a very promising object for exploring Xia culture，Just lack of confirmation，It’s hard to say yet。Facing the grasp of precise dates and specific historical events，The fundamental difference between confirming Xia culture and reconstructing prehistory is that the former cannot be avoided，The latter can be avoided。

Confirming Xia culture，The discovery of Xia Dynasty writing materials will play a key role。Xu Xusheng, who devoted himself to the study of ancient Chinese history and legends，Inscriptions to be seen at the end bet365 sign up offer Shang Dynasty and the beginning bet365 sign up offer Zhou Dynasty，An article of "Gan's Oath" in "Jinwen Shangshu·Yu Xia Shu"、"Shang Shu" and "Zhou Shu"，The refutation of "The Book of Changes"，"Book of Songs"，"Zuo Zhuan"，"Guoyu" and other pre-Qin works are the first-class ancient documents。In exploring historical facts，“Only those who dare to seek knowledge，Don’t dare to ask for the unknown。Materials used，Selection of Western Zhou Dynasty、Spring and Autumn、Early legends bet365 sign up offer Warring States people，Don’t dare to separate these legends easily”。When talking about how to govern the history bet365 sign up offer Legendary Era，Xu Xusheng objectively pointed out: "The main difference in nature between the historical materials bet365 sign up offer legendary era and the historical materials bet365 sign up offer historical era，The reliability bet365 sign up offer former is worse than the reliability bet365 sign up offer latter。”(“The Legendary Era of Ancient Chinese History”，Cultural Relics Press 1985 edition) The author thinks，There is another important difference in nature between the historical materials bet365 sign up offer legendary era and the historical materials bet365 sign up offer historical era: the former is the recollection of later generations，The latter is the account at that time。The existing pre-Qin written materials are all descendants’ recollections of “Yu” and “Xia”，The so-called historical memory。The middle period bet365 sign up offer Western Zhou Dynasty purchased by the Poly Art Museum in Hong Kong in 2002公盨，The inscription on the inner bottom bet365 sign up offer vessel at least proves that Yu’s life and deeds were widely spread in the Western Zhou Dynasty。

November 1977，Zou Heng first advocated the theory that the 1st to 4th periods of Erlitou bet365 sign up offer were all Xia bet365 sign up offer。In the next twenty years，He is almost entirely in a polemical position academically。Until November 1997, the national conference on the "Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasty Project"，It is basically certain that Erlitou bet365 sign up offer is Xia bet365 sign up offer。Proposition of an academic point of view，Having been opposed by most scholars，Gradually transformed into the recognition of most scholars，Going through a long process of debate。The process of debate is the process of academic exploration。Zou Heng in twenty years of debate，What you insist on is your own "opinion"，What you insist on is your own "viewpoint"，What you insist on is your own "doctrine"，What we adhere to is an unswerving spirit of exploration。Zou Heng once said frankly: “I don’t think all my arguments are correct，There is always room for correction、Addition or even change，After discussion or debate，Will make the problem clearer，Go deeper。”("Collected Papers on Archeology of Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties (Sequel)"，Science Press 1998 edition)

　　Discover the history of bet365 sign up offer Guo

The history of Zeng Guo，The documentation is unclear。It can be said that Zeng Guoshi was basically dug up，It can also be said to be a successful example of archaeological reconstruction of bet365 sign up offer history。

"Inscriptions on the Six Utensils Presented by Anzhou" in Zhao Mingcheng's "Inscriptions on Stones" bet365 sign up offer Song Dynasty，There are records of unearthed bronze vessels with the word "Zeng" inscribed。Three robberies suffered by Li Sangudui in Anhui Province in the 1930s，Thousands of bronzes including the "Zeng Ji Wu Shi Pot" were unearthed。Counting from the discovery of bronze vessels with the inscription "Zenghou Zhongzi Fufu" in Sujialong, Jingshan in 1966，Archaeological excavations over fifty years，Zeng Houjian was discovered one after another、Zeng Houhuan、Zeng Houxiao、Zenghou Zhenbo、Zenghou Zhongzi and his father、Uncle Zeng、bet365 sign up offer Houbao、bet365 sign up offer Muhou、bet365 sign up offer Houzhang、bet365 sign up offer Houde、bet365 sign up offer Houyu、Marquis bet365 sign up offer、Zeng Hou Yi、A series of tombs of Zeng Hou Bing and others，The era spans from the early Western Zhou Dynasty through the Spring and Autumn Period to the mid-Warring States Period。In a series of tombs of Zeng Hou and a large number of noble tombs，A considerable number of bronzes with inscriptions were unearthed，Confirmed Yejiashan Cemetery and Miaotaizi Site、Guojiamiao Cemetery and Zhongyi Village、Zhoutai Ruins、Sujialong Cemetery and Site、Yidigang Tombs, Leigudun Tombs and Anju Sites are mainly the remains bet365 sign up offer Zeng Kingdom；Confirmed Zeng and Chu、Deng Guo and others have an intermarriage relationship；Confirms the evolution of Zeng’s territory over hundreds of years。With the further development of archaeological research，The historical context of Zeng Guo gradually becomes clear，A "History of Zeng Guo" will surely be published。

In short，Archaeological reconstruction of ancient history must not simply match the written materials traced by later generations，Appearance of "Historians Discussing the History of Xia in the East，The embarrassing situation of archaeologists digging for Xia culture in the West。Archaeology must adhere to the disciplinary tradition of saying how much evidence you have to say。Ancient history before it has been confirmed by written materials at that time，Archaeological discoveries and research are always on the road of exploration。Of course，Archaeology as a scientific study，Hypothesis or speculation allowed。But，Any unknown hypothesis or speculation，Must explore based on what is known。for example，The unknown Xia culture must be explored on the basis bet365 sign up offer known Shang culture。If any unknown hypothesis or speculation is based on unknown hypothesis or speculation，The opposite result is inevitable。

(Author’s unit: National Museum of bet365 sign up offer)