"The Road to Silk Porcelain" is the main road of Hai, Lu, and the West since ancient times。Among them, "silk" refers to silk，"Porcelain" refers to porcelain; Silk Road refers to Land Road，Porcelain Road Refers to Sea Road。"The Road of Silk Porcelain" basically covers the land Silk Road and the Maritime Silk Road。Ancient "Silk Porcelain Road" experienced germination、Open、Consolidation、Prosperity、During the decline，presents a distinct phase。

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Before Zhang Jian's Western Regions，The Silk Road connecting East and West Trade already exists。4th century BC to 1st Century，China's silk has entered the Mediterranean World of South Asia and Europe。The Grassland Silk Road is the migration of the nomadic tribe、Conquering and trade activities，Depart from the Mongolian Plateau，Follow the north and southern foot of the Altai Mountains，Crossing South Siberia，To the west of the Skytai area on the north bank of the Black Sea，It should be the earliest open -east and west traffic routes that run through Eurasia。Hero Dorde's book "History" will be connected from the residents of the North River to the Skyttai people north of the Black Sea，It constitutes "The Road to Skyt Trade"。By late 7th century BC，Eurasian grassland roads already exist。

The first four volumes of Chinese ancient books "Mu Tianzi Biography" described the itinerary of Mu Tianzi along the Altai Mountains，In the tomb from the 5th century of the Pazyryk region of the Alfa, the Republic of Russia，Archaeologists found silk fabrics from China、lacquerware and copper mirror，Provides empirical evidence for the traffic route recorded by Mu Tianzi。Alexander East Expedition in 334 BC，Extended the east -west traffic route，Create a direct contact with the Mediterranean world and the hinterland of Central Asia。Ptolemy (about 90-168) "Geography" recorded from the Palada River Basin to Serica (Silk Kingdom)，The route that entered Alexander is basically consistent。

　Open the Silk Road

The prosperity of the Huns and the migration of the Yue family，prompting the final formation of the Silk Road。The migration of the Yue family connects Bet365 lotto review the grassland and the oasis Silk Road。Zhang Jian shoulder the mission of United Yue's fight against the Huns，In the second year of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty (before 139), West envoys。Due to the role of factors such as the Huns，Zhang Jian couldn't take the road at that time。But Zhang Jian "Da Wan, who is the best in his body、Da Yue's、Daxia、Kangju，It is rumored that the big country is five or six "，Including Wusun (Chuhe、Yili River Basin)、Cai (North Shore of the Sea)、Best (Pattia Chao Persian)、Barn (Syrian of the Syrian Dynasty)、Li Xuan (Ptolemy facing Egypt) and body poison (Indian River Basin)。Zhang Jian stepped into the hinterland of the Western Regions for the first time，Pioneering things that have been blocked by the Huns for a long time，Turn on traffic contact between Han and Western Regions，It is far -reaching。Four years of Yuanlin (before 119)，Zhang Jian's second Westward ambassador，"The dedication of the dedication to the dedication to Dawan、Kangju、Da Yue's、Daxia、Best、Body Poison、Yu、扜罙 扜罙 …… …… ...，All those who are sent by the envoys of Da Xia are quite with them，So the northwest country began to communicate in the Han Dynasty "。Zhang Jianxi has the function of "emptying"，Established a relationship between the envoy of the Han and the Western Regions，Open the officials of the Northwest State and the Han Dynasty、Two -way interaction，The generally opened on land Silk Road in the general sense。

Visible，The Silk Road on the land is the people of all ethnic groups of ancient East and West worked together to facilitate business and transportation。Ethiopian、Western Regions are hubs，The Mediterranean World gradually deepen from west to east，Nomadic nomads, northern and south, east -west, east -west and east -west，The Central Plains dynasty explores from east to west，Building this large arteries that communicate things together。

Since Wei and Jin，The tribute to the western region is getting thinner，Dan Road Business Travel、The monks have not been cut off。Northern and Southern Dynasties，North Wei in the North、Eastern Wei、Western Wei、Beiqi、Eastern Jin Dynasty in the Northern Zhou Dynasty and the south、Liu Song、Nanqi、Nanliang、South Chen confrontation。West West in Longyou has appeared in the area of Bet365 app download ​​Wuhan (front cold、Hou Cold、Xiliang、Beiliang、Nanliang) and former Qin、Post -Qin、West Qin、Gaochang and other local regimes。They fight against each other、Block each other，Paralyzed the main road of the Hexi Corridor into the Silk Road。This turbulence situation promotes the Silk Road that was formed before Qin -Henan Road (that is, Tugu Hun Road，also known as Qinghai Road) prosperity。The Silk Road on the Sui Dynasty has the "Three Roads" from Dunhuang to the West Sea。So far，The Silk Road forms a grassland、Oasis (South Road and North Road) three complete routes。

　Unprecedented prosperity of Silk Road in the Tang Dynasty

Tang Dynasty Qing Quanli pioneered the land Silk Road，It is an important era in the history of the development of "Silk Porcelain"，It has the effect of inheriting and downward。Four years of Zhenguan，The Tang Dynasty defeated Jili Khan，East Turkic，Provides new opportunities for the Western Regions of the Overwheel。13 years of Zhenguan，Tang Ping Ding Gaochang，State and county，and set up Anxi Metropolis Mansion，Promote the state and county system of the Central Plains to the Western Regions。Below below the state and county，Still in Yi、West、The three states of the court have implemented the same township system as the Mainland。At the end of Zhenguan，Tang Taizong's Jingjing Western Regions reached the peak，Become the "Tian Kehan" respected by Siyi。The penetration of "Towering Khan Road"，Make the grassland Silk Road more prosperous。After that, Tang Gaozong used the opportunity of the rebellion of Ping Astana He Lu，Establish a detainee Prefecture in all parts of the Western Regions，ushered in a new era of historical development in the Western Regions。Subsequent，Tubo on the Qinghai -Tibet Plateau and the big food in West Asia joined the competition for the Western Regions，The expansion of Great Food to Central Asia and its joint soldiers with Tubo，It has a significant impact on the situation in the Western Regions of the Tang Dynasty。But the Tang Dynasty was in the south of Tianshan in the Tang Dynasty，north court to control the north of Tianshan，It guarantees the smooth flow of the Silk Road，Economy on the Silk Road、Cultural exchanges reached the heyday。

Unprecedented prosperity of the Tang Dynasty Silk Road，It is the result of the development of Bet365 lotto review the Silk Road since the Han Dynasty。Since the Western Region of Hantong，The connection between the Western Regions and the Central Plains dynasty is getting closer，Han culture and Han immigrants gradually enter the Western Regions，Promoting the cultural identity of the Western Regions' Han culture and the Central Plains dynasty。Ru Gaochang "(Wei) Emperor Xiaoming Emperor Zhengguang，(麴) Jia sent to borrow the "Five Classics"、History，and ask Guozi Assistant Liu Ye to think of a PhD "，Receive Confucian cultural education。The result of its long -term Chineseization is significant，"Metropolitan City has a weekly 840 steps，Draw Lu Ai Gong in the room to ask about the image of the Confucius ";，Zi Zizi、History、Collection，Student disciples，Professor of Xiangxiang ";" The Criminal Law、Customs、Marriage、Funeral and Huaxia Datong "。Similarly，Yu Yan also yearn for the heart of the Central Plains Dynasty。"Tongdian · Border Eighth · Xirong 4" record，Yu Yan "Since Emperor Xiaowu from Han Dynasty，China Decree、Bookbook、Rune Festival，It is a matter of obeying to get in the same way，Respect and survive "。"New Tang Book · Western Regions Biography" also records: "(Yu Yan) since Emperor Hanwu，China Book Book、Rune Festival，His king biography teachs each other。"This is an example of a significant role in the Western Regions since Emperor Hanwu's Emperor Wu。These "Books、Rune Festival "，Not only the real record of contact with Yu Ye in the Central Plains Dynasty，And reflects Yu Xun's cultural identity in the Central Plains dynasty。This indicates，The long -term western operation of the Central Plains dynasty since the Han Dynasty，Lile of identity in the Central Plains of the Western Regions。This is the establishment of state and counties in the Western Regions、Implement central decision -making、Implement the basis of various systems。

Tang Taizong described its concept of governing the country，One of them is "Since ancient times, it is expensive China Qiidi，I love alone like one "。This kind of thought of the Huayi family has become the theoretical basis for the pioneering of Tang in the Western Regions。Because Tang Taizong regards Huayi as one，Only in the distance from Changan Wan'an、The place where there are many people Bet365 app download in the Fan people，Establishing Tang Dynasty prefecture、Implement the Tang Dynasty system。Ending Tail，can be changed to summer，This is the theoretical basis of the Western Regions of the Tang Dynasty。Also because of the open thoughts that have unlimited Huayi in the Tang Dynasty，The Western Regions under the Tang Dynasty are unprecedentedly prosperous，True to become the Tuyu of the Tang Dynasty、Guozhi screen，The purpose of the Tang Dynasty's strength and hard work in the Tang Dynasty，The Silk Road of the Tang Dynasty also reached its heyday because of it。The thought of the Huayi family of Tang Taizong，Not groundless，but the national integration of the nation since the Wei, Jin and Northern and Southern Dynasties、China's connection with the external world is more closely developed。The development of Bet365 lotto review the Silk Road since the Han Dynasty，Lile the foundation for the prosperity of the Tang Dynasty Silk Road。In the Tang Dynasty, the results of the Western Regions have been promoted in the Han Dynasty，and open mind、More aggressive strength and courage，Make it reach the peak，opened a new situation on the Silk Road。This is the "inheritance" side of the Tang Dynasty on the "Silk Porcelain Road" inheritance.。

　The rise of the Maritime Silk Road

The status of the Tang Dynasty in the "Silk Porcelain Road" status，It is reflected in the role of promoting the prosperity of the Maritime Silk Road。Maritime Silk Road and land Silk Road jointly constitute a trade channel for the exchange of ancient China and the external world。The Maritime Silk Road is formed in the Qin and Han dynasties，Development from the Three Kingdoms to the Tang Dynasty，Entering an unprecedented prosperity period in the Song and Yuan Dynasties。After the Anshi Rebellion，Because Tubo occupies the Heilong area，The connection between the Tang and the Western Regions gradually cut off，Land Silk Road decline，To the Song Dynasty is still sluggish。The fundamental reason for the decline of the Silk Road on the land，It is the eastward movement of the ancient Chinese political center and the south of the economic center。

"Qinzhong since ancient emperor capital。"Han Tang Dingdu Changan，Political Center in the Guanlong area。As Chen Yinque pointed out: "Li Tang's attacked Yu Wentai 'Guanzhong's standard policy'，The national center of gravity is in the northwest，and Tubo Shengqiangyan and 200 Bet365 lotto review years。Therefore, when the Tang Dynasty is extremely prosperous，It can no longer be able to adopt the negative strategy of maintaining the status quo in the Northeast，Endowned the country's force and financial resources are actively aggressive，to open up the Western border，Rule Central Asia，Borrowing the security of Guolong as the national policy also。"" Guanzhong's Policy "makes Tang's center of gravity in Northwest，Keeping Western Regions，Is the country of the Tang Dynasty。For Tang，The Western Regions are the top priority to protect national security，For the heart、Fundamental，Therefore, Tang will inevitably include the Western Regions into the territory，pioneering and aggressive，Push the territory to Gengxi，to ensure Tang's long -term security。Although Han does not have the "Guanzhong -based policy"，But the Han Political Center is also in the Guanlong area northwest。To ensure the security of the political center area，The Han and Tang Dynasties are military、Economically actively develop the Silk Road，Ensure that the Silk Road trade is unblocked。

Five Dynasties、After Song，National Political Center moved east to Kaifeng、Hangzhou、Nanjing、Beijing，Northwest region has a decline in its status in the national security strategy，From the place of belly to the surrounding area。Due to the establishment of multi -ethnic power，Since the Northern Song Dynasty，The development of the Northwest region does not constitute a national strategic focus。So，Changes in the Political Center，Directly leading to the decline of the Silk Road on the land。

Southern Movement of the Ancient Economic Center of China，Promoting the prosperity of the Maritime Silk Road。Before the middle of the Tang Dynasty，The level of economic development in northern China is much higher than the south，The national economic focus is in the north。Since the Southern Dynasty，Southern economy has made great progress，After more than 100 years of development in the early days of the Sui Dynasty and the Tang Dynasty，Jiangnan Economic Prosperity，More than North，Leading China's economic center of gravity south。Jiangnan's economic development and overseas trade are the cause and effect，Convenience of traffic after the Tang Dynasty、The prosperity of overseas trade、The bet365 best casino games opening of the new channel and the increase in navigation technology，All promote the prosperity of the Maritime Silk Road; while the economic center of gravity moves south to provide a lot of goods and markets for overseas trade，Development of overseas trade becomes a national economy for economics。So，With the eastward movement of the ancient Chinese political center and the south of the economic center of gravity，Sea Road becomes the main communication channel to communicate between China and the West，Chinese and Western Transportation has entered a new era of sailing。

Sui and Tang Dynasties，Ancient Chinese porcelain production and trade also entered a period of prosperity，The formed Maritime Silk Road has further promoted the prosperity of ceramic trade，Maritime Silk Road really becomes a porcelain road。This porcelain road is supplemented from the Sui and Tang dynasties.，evolved into the main channel for the communication between China and the outside world，Its light covers the land on land。So far，"The Road to Silk Porcelain" is developed to be perfect。

(the author is a researcher at the Institute of Ancient History of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)