The Qing Agent System is Mongolia, which is collectively referred to as the "Fan Ministry" of the Qing government、Qinghai、Tibet、Xinjiang and other ethnic minorities are in politics、Economy、Military、Cultural and other aspects of general name management。The content of the Lifan system is rich，The historical role is obvious，It is an important issue for the research of Qing history，It has outstanding historical significance and academic significance。

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Study the Clearance Agent System，It has prominent significance in both aspects。

First, it is conducive to the construction of a historical discipline system with Chinese characteristics、academic system、discourse system。The Qing Agent System is a system for the Qing Dynasty's governance of the border ethnic minority regions of the Qing Dynasty，Involved in the frontier、National、Religious and other issues。From the perspective of the subject system，Relative to border school、Nationalology、Religious and even political science、Economics，is the cross of multidisciplinary。From the perspective of the academic system，System Study Cleansing Agent System，It is still weak in the history of the Qing Dynasty in my country，Even in the blank stage。A systematic research，Both the blank of clearing history research，can also open up a new field of research in the research of frontier ethnic history in the Qing Dynasty，It provides new basis for the construction of Chinese frontier science theory。Looking at the discourse system，System Study Cleansing Agent System，Rigid demonstrations and informative historical materials，Explain Mongolia、Xinjiang、Tibet and other Qing dynasty areas have been part of China since ancient times，Pay close to economic and cultural connection with the Mainland，The fallacy of the "New Qing History" school in the United States。

Second, you can learn from history，Draw wisdom in the in -depth thinking of history、Towards the future。Through carefully studying the Qing Dynasty's law system，Seeking Truth and Reality，Can "be funded and educated"，Can "learn from ancient times"，The split forces against hegemonism bet365 live casino games and various colors、Maintain national sovereignty and territorial integrity、Strengthen the construction of all aspects of the border ethnic areas，Can provide historical mirrorbook。

　　The Fan Fan system is systematic

Basic ideas for the governance of the Ministry of Fan Ministry，Qing people Li Zhaoluo (1769-1841) summarized from the perspective of maintenance and strengthening feudal rule as follows: "Rong Zhi is like heaven and earth，Nourishing like parents，Photo is like Sun and Moon，Weizhi Like Thunder "，"It is not easy to cultivate its teachings，Qi Qi Zheng is not easy to be suitable。"The Qing Agent System is systematic，Generally includes the following content。

Management Agency。Li Fan Yuan is the management agency of the Ministry of Fan Department，It was called "Mongolian Gate"，Re -renamed "Li Fan Department" at the end of the Qing Dynasty。Qing people think，Li Fan Yuan is "I set up"。As a central agency as the implementation of the law system，The functions of Li Fanyuan are participating in politics，Ashi disaster，Trial criminal proceedings case，Manage Tibetan Buddhism，Ashi disaster，Apply for Manchu Mongolian Marriage，Management Association、Post Station，Inspecting Mongolian Family Ding，Manage the Wanggong Dynasty of the Ethnic Minority、tribute、Fengjue、Lulu，Manage the boundary of each flag、Mediation Disputes, etc.。The organization of the agency is mainly based on the Manchu aristocracy、Mongolian Mongolian United Union supplemented by the prince of Mongolia，Adopt absolute central centralization，The system is strict，Has an important position in the Qing government。As the Emperor Qianlong said: "Official、Home、The three ministries and the law court are all important。”

The military system。In order to strengthen the rule of the Ministry of Faculty，Qing government in Mongolia、Qinghai、Tibet、Xinjiang has set up many military and political management agencies，Mainly the general、Du Fang、Minister，Known as the military system。General、Du Fang、Deputy City Deputy Capital "Palm Town Insurance，Suihe military and civilians，All in political punishment，Read the Wushu "，Counselor Minister "Painting Machine Yi Yi"，Leaders' Minister "Divide the Nomadic Nomades"。Construction of the military government of the Department Bet365 lotto review of Fan Department，In terms of establishment, it is related to military -related，The selection address is all strategic places，It is very strict on the internal organizational system，Most of the time is set in Yongzheng、During the Qianlong period，In terms of effect, it is the most local military and political management agency。

Code and punishment system。Most of the Ministry of Ethnic Minority in the Qing Dynasty，The Qing government "" with its customs，Criminal system is also different "，Different rules and punishment have been formulated。The chapters of the punishment of the Ministry of Family Affairs are the "Daqing Ceremony", "Daqing Society's Code", and "Daqing Society Classics".，"Examples of the Law Institute", "Mongolian Laws", "Xi Ning Qinghai Fanyi Example", "Return to Xinjiang", "Internal Hills in Tibet"。The chapters and punishments of the Fan Department are during the implementation process，Supplement with the local national customary method，Some terms of "Daqing Law" are also applicable to the Department of Fan Department，Reflecting the unity of the unified country of the Qing Dynasty in the legal system、The process of integration of various ethnic groups and the rich connotation of the Chinese law department。

Social System。The Qing Dynasty was the advanced stage of the development of feudal society in my country，The Mongolian is in the feudal pastoral slave，The form of social organizations is the League Banner system; the Uyghur people are in the feudal serf system，The form of social organization is the Berke system; Tibet also implements the feudal serf system，Social organization form is a system of political education。Regardless of the Alliance Banner System or Berke System，Or a system of politics and education，All the products of the Qing government combined with the characteristics of ethnic minority areas to implement the product of "rule by its vulgar"。

Fengjue System。In the first year of Chongde (1636)，"Liching Fan Jue Sixth et al.。Prince of Yichuo，Er Doro County King，San Duo Robel，Si Gu Mountain Bedong，Five Town Guogong，Liuxu Guogong "。Duke below there is also Taiwanese、Tab Qun，Divided into one to four -class，Allow hereditary。Except for the six -class jue，There are also Books、spectrum、Lulu、Ritual system and other aspects to give the princes of the Ministry Bet365 lotto review of Fan Gong's political and economic treatment。In order to better Fu Sui Fan Department, a person in the upper level of the Fan Department，Kangxi、Yongzheng、During the Qianlong period，This system was promoted from Mongolia to Qinghai、Tibet、Xinjiang and other places，The content is also richer。There is a clear generation，More than 300 bars sealed by the Fan Department，Nearly 3,000 people involved。

Chaozhi System。This system is also known as the "New Year's Class" and "Siege Class" system，Refers to the Qing government stipulated that the prince of the Ministry of Fans and the Tibetan Buddhist head and noodles regularly visited the Beijing Division or Mulan Padfield、Looking at Holy Yan。Prince Zhao Zhao wrote: "National Weideyuan was quilt，The End of the Diagram of the North and South Desert。At the end of each year，The prince Belle enters the DPRK，Gift to Persistence。"The Chaojie system is the stability of the Qing government to maintain the stability of the sinosa、Increasing the important measures of the Department of Establishment for the Fan Department。

Post Station and Karen System。The Qing government according to the needs of military and other aspects，Establish a station station in the Fan Department，"Do not delay things，Most Key "。The station is equipped with a post officer、Yiding、Post Horse，Store a certain material。Caren，Also known as "Geng Fan Looking for"，Used to strengthen defense。The Qing government has corresponding institutions in the central and local governments，Strengthen the management of the station and Karen。At the same time，The Qing government also stipulated the rules of the use of the station and Karen，To ensure the "publicity command，Tongdawen Transfer "。

Tibetan Buddhist system。"Xing Huang religion, so Anzhong Mongolia，Non -small，Therefore, it must be protected。"The Tibetan Buddhist system includes the Golden Bottle Signage System、Living Buddha Book Sealing System, etc.。The incompleteness of the Golden Bottle Signage System Implementation process，Reflects the compromise of the Qing government on Tibetan Buddhist forces under certain circumstances。The live Buddhist book seal system is closely related to the overall situation of Tibet ruled by the Qing government，It is also related to the power of the Qing government to suppress the Dalai Lama's power。Bet365 lotto review The Qing government severely suppressed the Tibetan Buddhist temple and Lama，Because the rebellion affected the rule of the Qing government，It also violates the purpose of Tibetan Buddhism。The Qing government's ban on Lama，It aims to maintain the stability of social order in the Mongolian area，It is also to protect social productivity。

Prepare the finger forehead system。"Check the first time，There is a special purpose to refer to the marriage，Begging and accused of marriage，There are also people who play and marry。"" Begging and referring to marriage "described in the archives of the Qing Dynasty，What is said is to prepare fingerprints。Preparation of the forehead is only one of the three forms of the Mongolian prince of the Mongolian Mongolian of the Manchuria.，It is a measure taken by the Qing government to maintain the alliance with the Politics of Mongolia。Various benefits of Foreign Fan Mongolia's Eju，It is also an important content of the finger -to -forehead system。

　　Give play to an important historical role

The historical role of the Qing Agent System，Can be summarized as the following aspects。

First, the new situation of the "unified unification" of the Qing Dynasty。The emperors of the Qing Dynasty were unified for the University，To Kanggan's prosperous age has become mature，In practice，For the various split actions that endanger the country，Resolutely take military means to shatter。"Dongxia，Start internal League。Kangxi、Qianlong Two Performance Department。Self -Songhua、Black Dragon Zhujiang，迤逦 and West，Variable Desert，Jinshan，Xinjiang Ding Zero、Xianbei's domain，Nankan Kunlun、Analysis Branch、Qu Search，Three Dangerous House，As for Black Water，All are vassals。Pinghan's weight，夐 汉。Pinghan's weight，So pet。Union of Niho，So Qi Zhi。Rui Liu Zhifei，So Huai。Repair of Education Government，So Xuanzhi。Shi Gei，The Communist Party Meeting，Virginity constraint，The Communist Party Meeting，Ao Yichang。Qi Yuan of Ruo Fu Yuan，From the atmosphere，Mingzhizhi，Virtual name，The cover cannot be said in the same year。"This is a relatively objective narrative in the Qing Dynasty unified situation。

Second, it has promoted the economic development and social progress of the Ministry of Fan Department。In terms of animal husbandry，Protective pasture，Proliferation of livestock，Light 徭 Bo Bet365 app download Fu，Establish an official animal husbandry factory; agriculture，The Qing government sent a special person to the "Tree Art of the Teaching，Destiny to the cow、species "，Carry out Tuantian Activity，Allows the people of the Han people to move to the area where the vanity is suitable for farming; business aspect，Allows the prince of the Ministry to come to the Mainland to trade，"Don't suppress it"，Mainlanders can also trade in the Fan Department;，Han craftsmen come to the Fan Department，Promoting the development of the handicraft industry of the Ministry of Fan Department。，Some specific activities and generals of the Fa Fanyuan、Du Fang、Minister's governance and the setting of the station，It also promoted the development of the economy of the Ministry of the Fan Department to varying degrees。With the development of the economy，The social appearance of the Department of Fan Department has gradually changed。Pastoral Area Starting Run Well，Construction canal，A batch of commercial cities produced，"Department Store Get，City Noise "，"Font Store，Running "。

Third, it has promoted the economic and cultural exchanges and national integration of various nations。Economic exchanges between Xinjiang and the Mainland are very frequent，Mainland and Qinghai、Economic exchanges in Mongolia are also very prosperous，Whether to communicate with products，"Hui Yangshengmin，Very beneficial "。Economic exchanges have caused many Mongolians to abandon herdsmen; a large number of mainland merchants go to trade in the Fan Department，Promoting the rise of commercial towns of the Fan Department。Cultural exchanges between Han and ethnic minorities、Cultural exchanges between ethnic minorities，Promoting the cultural development of various nations。Han and Mongolian people、The integration of the Manchu and Mongolian and other nations，Make all nations for interdependence、Unreachable close relationships。

Fourth is conducive to stabilizing the social situation、Maintenance of the country's unity and resisting the aggression against foreign forces。In the activity of Li Fanyuan，Many are calm rebellion，Fight with the divided split forces，Maintenance of the unity of the Qing Dynasty。From the perspective of the military system，Especially the settings of General Yili, Xinjiang and Minister of Tibet in Tibet，Situation of the stable area、Maintenance of the country's unity has had a significant Bet365 app download impact。，Settings of the station and Karen，Consolidate border defense、Maintenance unity also plays an important role。

The limitations of the law system are manifested in three aspects。First is the class of this system。For the institution of Congliang Fan，It is essentially a tool for the rule and oppression of the Qing government class，Li Fan officials usually always maintain the exploitation and oppression of the princes and nobles on the people of all ethnic groups。From the perspective of the military system，Grass -roots officials' oppression and exploitation of the work of working hard。Second is the exclusion of this system。It is mainly reflected in rejection of Han officials and intellectuals，Do not let them participate in the affairs of the Ministry of Family Place。Third is isolation。Prevent the Han people from contact with the people of the ethnic minorities，Take various restrictions on the people of Han people into the vanity area。

(The author is a researcher at the Institute of Modern History of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)