May 9，The "Order and Rights in the bet365 champions league 'Market' of the Ming and Qing Dynasties" workshop jointly sponsored by the History Department of the School of Humanities of Tsinghua University and the Editorial Department of "Journal of Tsinghua University" was held at Tsinghua University，from Tsinghua University、Peking University、Fudan University、Sun Yat-sen University、Zhejiang University、Xiamen University、Shanghai Jiaotong University、About 50 teachers and students from Shanxi University, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and other universities and research institutions participated in this workshop。Li Bozhong, Chair Professor of Humanities at Peking University、Liu Zhiwei, Professor of History, Sun Yat-sen University、Zhao Shiyu, Professor of the Department of History at Peking University、Long Denggao, Professor of the Institute of Economics, Tsinghua University，and Zhong Weimin, professor of history at Tsinghua University、Hou Xudong、A Feng and Ni Yuping serve as negotiators。This workshop mainly discussed the following topics。

　　bet365 champions league rights transactions during the Ming and Qing Dynasties.The bet365 champions league property rights system is the basis of economic operation in traditional Chinese society，It is also the core content of modern China’s economic development and rural reform。bet365 champions league rights transactions in traditional Chinese society are hierarchical and diversified，That is, the use rights can be separated from the same piece of bet365 champions league、Multiple levels of bet365 champions league rights such as possession and ownership，Each bet365 champions league right then enters its corresponding trading market for circulation，Thus forming a complex and unique bet365 champions league rights transaction system in traditional China。Li Bozhong pointed out，Since the rise of "social and economic history" in the 1960s and 1970s，Scholars are only gradually becoming interested in the “bet365 champions league transfer behavior” in history，“bet365 champions league market” has therefore become an emerging research field。For example，British historian P. D. A. Harvey and Mark Overton et al. conducted classic research on the British farmland market。

　As far as Chinese history is concerned，Li Bozhong thinks，Private bet365 champions league transactions were very frequent and varied in Chinese history，Including tenants、Transfer to tenancy、Dian、Trading methods such as live sales and absolute sales。Due to the diversified forms of bet365 champions league property rights in Chinese history such as “one field and two owners”，Different from the “clear” exclusive property rights in Western society，Traditional China was once considered to lack private property rights or that traditional economic development was hindered。However，Relevant research in history and social sciences in recent years shows that，The unclear bet365 champions league property rights in traditional China are closely related to the equal share system and Confucian culture，We cannot completely use the modern Western property rights form as the standard。Therefore，Research on bet365 champions league property rights in China should focus on “from history to reality，Have a coherent investigation，Especially consider the historical and cultural background”。

　　The diverse structure of bet365 champions league rights in the Qing Dynasty.The bet365 champions league rights pattern in traditional Chinese society has undergone long-term evolution。After Qin and Han Dynasties，bet365 champions league property rights are gradually increasing，Dianquan and permanent tenancy rights appeared in the Song Dynasty。The bet365 champions league system of “one field and two owners” was developed during the Ming and Qing Dynasties，That is, the same piece of bet365 champions league is separated into two parts: bottom rights and surface rights，Occupied by owners and tenants respectively。Zhao Siyuan, associate professor of the Department of History of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, discussed the impact on grassroots government governance after bet365 champions league rights entered the bet365 champions league market during the Ming and Qing Dynasties。By sorting out the registration information of "tenants" and "尩家" in "The Book of the Twenty-six Capitals of She County"，He thinks，bet365 champions league clearing and "sale of bet365 champions league" were important basis for collecting taxes at that time，In the early Qing Dynasty, the landowners had begun to serve as "Wei Jia" and were deeply involved in bet365 champions league clearing。He proposed，It can be inferred from this，The tax reform during the Ming and Qing Dynasties is closely related to the rapid development of bet365 champions league rights。

Wang Zhenghua, a doctoral candidate in the Department of History at Tsinghua University, used the bet365 champions league deeds of 19 villages and towns in Shanxi Province in the Qing Dynasty collected by the Tsinghua Library，From the natural endowment of the bet365 champions league and household registration、Lijia、kin、Ground neighbor、Village、Third-party groups, etc.，Analysis of the "constraints" and "fields" in the general bet365 champions league transaction process in rural society。He thinks，Because the local bet365 champions league market in Shanxi is deeply embedded in social organizations and networks，bet365 champions league property rights exhibit the characteristics of compound property rights。Qiu Yuanyuan, a researcher at the Institute of Ancient History, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, conducted an examination of the bet365 champions league allocation in the Eight Banners enclosure system in the early Qing Dynasty。Shunzhi、Kangxi period，The Qing government once implemented large-scale bet365 champions league enclosures in 500 miles of Gyeonggi Province，Establishment of Eight Banners Manor，At the same time, bet365 champions league from other states and counties will be allocated to the people who have been enclosed as compensation，That is, "appropriate compensation"。As a special bet365 champions league type in the Qing Dynasty，Although "allocation of bet365 champions league" does not belong to the flag bet365 champions league，But its emergence is directly related to the flag bet365 champions league policy。Qiu Yuanyuan used "Qing Shilu" and "Qing Huidian"、Local Chronicles、Historical materials such as "Tongzhi of the Eight Banners" and "Tongzhi of Jifu"，Reconstructed the distribution location of bet365 champions league allocation in the early Qing Dynasty and its correlation with banner bet365 champions league。

　　The transformation of bet365 champions league rights and forest rights.The diverse forms and complex structures of traditional Chinese bet365 champions league rights have caused various controversies and disputes during the modern transformation process。Lai Junnan, associate professor at Fudan University School of Law, takes the modern fate of "dian rights" and "tenant rights" as an example，Examined the inheritance and transformation of local bet365 champions league rights customs by civil legislation in the early Republic of China。“Dianquan” is a traditional Chinese bet365 champions league custom，In the transaction of "Dian"，The seller can "redeem" the bet365 champions league that has been pawned within the agreed time，This redemption mechanism ensures that farmers will not lose their bet365 champions league easily，But it also leads to instability of bet365 champions league ownership。The legal circles in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China mostly respected the concept of "complete ownership" in the modern European property rights system，Resulting in the disregard of "dian power" in the legislation in the early years of the Republic of China。Afterwards，After many revisions and transformations，The property nature of "Dianquan" was finally confirmed in the "Draft of Civil Law of the Republic of China" in 1926。

Chi Xiang, assistant researcher at the Institute of Modern History, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, examined the emergence of the concept of "forest rights" in the early Republic of China and the disputes between state-owned forest rights and traditional bet365 champions league rights customary laws。In traditional Chinese bet365 champions league customs，Trees have always been regarded as accessories to the bet365 champions league，The ownership and use rights are included in the bet365 champions league rights。However，The widespread natural forest resources in the Northeast and the competition between Japanese and Russian forces over the natural forests in the Northeast，Prompted the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry of the Beiyang Government to absorb and transform the concept of "state-owned forests" introduced from Japan，Making forest rights an independent property right besides bet365 champions league rights。She thinks，The confirmation of state-owned forest rights enforced in the early Republic of China，Triggered fundamental changes in frontier forestland management。Du Zhengzhen, professor of the Department of History of Zhejiang University, traces the evolution of the concept of confirming rights in mountains and forests，Combined how the term "boundary" transformed from a Buddhist concept in Nanshan Vinaya to a specific property rights practice in southeastern Buddhist temples in the Northern Song Dynasty during the Song, Yuan and Ming dynasties，Exhibits the actions of local officials in confirming mountain and forest rights and collecting taxes and levies during the Song, Yuan and Ming dynasties，Interaction and entanglement with the concept of “sphere” in Buddhism。

　　Water bet365 champions league and fishery bet365 champions league during the Ming and Qing Dynasties.In recent years，Research on the natural resource property rights system has also begun to focus on extending bet365 champions league rights to rivers and lakes。Zhang Junfeng, a professor at the Chinese Social History Research Center of Shanxi University, investigated the bet365 champions league-water relationship in Shanxi, Shaanxi and Inner Mongolia during the Ming and Qing Dynasties。By collecting and analyzing the local chronicles of the Shanxi, Shaanxi and Mongolia regions、Inscriptions on water conservancy contracts and other water conservancy documents，Zhang Junfeng thinks，Shanxi in the Ming and Qing Dynasties、Shaanxi and Tumut areas in Inner Mongolia，There has been a change from "the combination of earth and water" to "the separation of earth and water"，That is, the trade of water during the Ming and Qing Dynasties was often attached to the trade of bet365 champions league，However, until the Kangxi, Yongzong and Qianlong periods，The decoupling of "water rights" and "bet365 champions league rights" has begun to appear in the three places，Water can be bought and sold independently of bet365 champions league rights。He thinks，This process of "separating bet365 champions league and water" is conducive to changing the uneven spatial distribution of water resources to a certain extent。

Liu Shigu, assistant professor of the History Department of Xiamen University, used "Poyang Lake District Documents"，Investigated the acquisition of property bet365 champions league on the lake surface and grassland by residents along the lake from the late Ming Dynasty to the Republic of China、The institutional arrangement of “transfer and protection” and its interaction with state penetration。Liu Shigu thinks，"Zhaban" classes in the early Ming Dynasty，The issue of who can fish on the water is restricted at the national level，But there is no effective restriction rule on fishermen’s fishing behavior。The “contract negotiation” documents that are constantly accumulating within the fishermen community，Continue to turn folk habits or informal traditions into formal written rules，Thus making up for the country’s lack of role in water surface property bet365 champions league management。

　　Leap beyond the legacy bet365 champions league 20th century.The participating scholars agreed，Study on various bet365 champions league rights types of different natures in traditional Chinese society and the forest rights and water rights derived from them，Helps us understand the traditional dynastic institutional structure and the institutional transformation of modern China。Scholars proposed，We must strive to “break out of the legacy of the 20th century” in terms of concepts，From Economics、Absorb new methods and concepts in disciplines such as sociology and law，Need to dig deeper into first-hand materials，Better promote the development of socioeconomic history research。

　　(Author’s unit: Institute of Modern History, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)