May 9，The "Order and Rights of the Ming and Qing Land" Market "in the Department of History of Tsinghua University and the Editorial Department of Tsinghua University Journal of Tsinghua University and the editorial department of the" Journal of Tsinghua University "is held at Tsinghua University，From Tsinghua University、Peking University、Fudan University、Sun Yat -sen University、Zhejiang University、Xiamen University、Shanghai Jiaotong University、About 50 teachers and students from colleges and universities such as Shanxi University and the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences participated in the workshop。Professor Li Bozhong, Humanities Chair at Peking University、Professor Liu Zhiwei at the Department of History of Sun Yat -sen University、Professor Zhao Shiyu at the Department of History at Peking University、Professor of the Institute of Economics of Tsinghua University Long Dengzhong，and Professor Zhong Weimin at the Department of History of Tsinghua University、Hou Xudong、A Feng and Ni Yu equally served as and talker。The workshop mainly discusses the following issues。

　　bet365 best casino games Land property system is both the economic operation foundation of traditional Chinese society，It is also the core content of China's economic development and rural reforms in modern times。Land transactions in traditional Chinese society have the characteristics of divide and diversification，That is, the same land can precipitate the right to use、Multi -level land rights such as possession and ownership，Each land rights will enter the corresponding trading market for circulation，This has formed a traditional Chinese complex and unique land right trading system。Li Bozhong pointed out，After the rise of the "socio -economic history" in the 1960s and 1970s，Scholars have gradually become interested in the "land transfer behavior" in history，"Land Market" therefore become an emerging research field。For example，British historian P. D. A. Harvey and Mark Overton conducted classic research on the British agricultural land market。

As far as Chinese history is concerned，Li Bozhong thinks，Civil land transactions in Chinese history are very frequent and changeable，Including renting、Transfer、Code、Live and selling trading methods。Because the local real estate rights in Chinese history have a diversified form such as "one field and two masters"，Different exclusive property rights from Western society，Traditional China was once considered that the lack of private property rights or traditional economic development was blocked。，Research on historical and social sciences in recent years，The unclear of the traditional land real estate rights in China is closely related to the average system of the sons and the Confucian culture，It cannot be completely based on modern western property rights。Therefore，China's land property rights research should pay attention to "from history to reality，There is a coherent inspection，In particular, consider historical and cultural backgrounds "。

　　The diversified structure of the local power of the Qing Dynasty.The local power form of traditional Chinese society has experienced long -term evolution。After the Qin and Han dynasties，Land property rights gradually increase，Ceremony and Yongzhang rights appeared in the Song Dynasty。During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the land system of "one field and two masters" was developed，That is, the same land is separated from two parts:，The owners and the households possess each。Associate Professor Zhao Siyuan, an associate professor at the Department of History of Shanghai Jiaotong University, discussed the impact of the field rights on the land market on the land market during the Ming and Qing Dynasties。The registration information of "Tyromum" and "Dai Jia" in the "Twenty -six Capitals of Yixian County" and "Fish Fish Liabilities Book"，He thinks，Land Qingzhang and "Sales" were an important basis for taxation at that time，In the early Qing Dynasty, the landlord owner has begun to serve as the "Jiajia" and participate in the land Qingzhang。He proposed，From this, you can know，The reform of the assignment during the Ming and Qing Dynasties has a close relationship with the rapid development of the field rights。

Dr. Wang Zhenghua, a doctoral student at the Department of History of Tsinghua University, uses the deeds of 19 villages and towns in Shanxi Province, Shanxi Province, Qing Dynasty collected by Tsinghua Library，Natural endowment and household registration from the land、Liga、Conscience、Di Neighborhood、Village、Third -party groups, etc.，Analysis of the "constraint conditions" and "field"。He thinks，Because the land market in Shanxi is deeply embedded in social organizations and networks，The characteristics of the local property rights presentation of composite property rights。Researcher Qiu Yuanyuan, a researcher at the Institute of Ancient History of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, conducted an interpretation of the supplementary place in the eighth lever system in the early Qing Dynasty。Shunzhi、Kangxi period，The Qing government has implemented large -scale circles in Gyeonggi，Establish Eight Banners Manor，At the same time, the land of other states and counties is dialed as compensation to the people in the circle，"Dialing"。As a special land type in the Qing Dynasty，"Dialing Land" does not belong to the flag ground，But it generates directly related to the flag -ground policy。Qiu Yuanyuan uses "Qingshi bet365 live casino games Record" and "Qinghui Code"、All local minds、"Eight Banners Tongzhi" and "Fu Fu Tongzhi" and other historical materials，Reconstructed the distribution location of the Early Qing Dynasty and its correlation with its flag ground。

　　The transformation of land rights and forest power.The diverse form and complex structure of traditional Chinese land rights have triggered various disputes and disputes in the modern transformation process。Associate Professor Lai Junnan, an associate professor at the School of Law of Fudan University, takes the modern destiny of "classics" and "right power" as an example，Inherited the inheritance and transformation of the land habits of the land rights at the beginning of the Republic of China。"Classics" is the land habit of traditional China，In the "Code" transaction，Sellers can "redemption" the land that was sold within the approved time，This kind of redemption mechanism guarantees that farmers will not lose ground easily，But it also leads to the instability of land ownership。The legal community in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China mostly respects the concept of "complete ownership" in the modern European and containing property system，Lotten "Ceremony" in the legislation of the early years of the Republic of China。，After many revisions and renovation，The property nature of "Classic Rights" was finally confirmed in the 1926 "Draft of the Republic of China"。

Assistant researcher at the Institute of Modern History of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Chi Xiang inspected the generation of the concept of the "forest power" at the beginning of the Republic of China and a dispute between the state -owned forest power and the traditional local rights.。In the traditional Chinese land habit，Forests have always been regarded as a subsidiary of the land，Its ownership and use rights are included Bet365 app download in local rights。，The natural forest resources widespread in the Northeast and the contention of the Northeast Northeast Northeast Northeast Northeast Northeast Fight，Promoting the absorption and transformation of the Northern Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry's Agricultural and Forestry Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, the concept of "state -owned forest" introduced from Japan，Make forest power a independent property outside the land right。She thinks，State -owned Lin Confirmation of the State -owned Lin in the early Republic of China，The fundamental changes that triggered the management of forestry land in the frontiers。Professor Du Zhengzhen, a professor at the Department of History of Zhejiang University, traced the evolution of the concept of confirmation of Shanlin，How the term "enchantment" during the Song and Yuan Dynasties was sorted out how the word "enchantment" was transformed from the concept of Buddhism in Nanshan Law to the specific property rights practice in the Southeast Buddha Temple of the Northern Song Dynasty，shows the actions of the local government and forests of the local government during the Song and Yuan Dynasties of the Song and Yuan Dynasties，Interaction and entanglement between the concept of "realm" in Buddhism。

　　Water and fishery rights during the Ming and Qing Dynasties.In recent years，The study of the natural resource property rights system has also begun to focus on extending land rights to rivers and lakes。Professor Zhang Junfeng, a professor at the China Social History Research Center of Shanxi University, inspected the water relationship between the Jin and Shaanxi and Mongolia area during the Ming and Qing Dynasties。By collecting and analyzing the local regions of the Jinan and Shaanxi region、Water conservancy contract inscriptions and other water conservancy documents，Zhang Junfeng thinks，Shanxi in the Ming and Qing Dynasties、Shaanxi and Inner Mongolia Turkt area，Changes have appeared from "combination of water water" to "water separation"，that is, the transaction of water in the Ming and Qing Dynasties is often attached to the land transaction，But to the Kangyonggan period，The decourse of "water rights" and "land rights" began to appear in the three places，Water can buy and sell separately outside of land rights。He thinks，The process of "separation of water water" is conducive to changing the situation of uneven distribution of water resources to a certain extent。

Assistant professor at the Department of History of Xiamen University Liu Shigu uses "Poyang Lake District Document"，Inspection of the residents of the lake from the end of the Ming Dynasty to the Republic of China, the obtaining the property rights of the "lake pond water and Caozhou property、Transfer and Protection "institutional arrangement and its interaction with the country。Liu Shigu thinks，The "Gate Office" in the early Ming Dynasty login class，The question of who can fish on the water from the national level，But there is no effective restriction rules for the fishing behavior of fishermen。The question of who can fish on the water from the national level，continuously turns folk habits or informal traditions into formal written rules，to make up for the country's lack of role in the management of water surface property rights。

　　Jump out of the 20th century heritage.Participants agreed，Study various types of land rights in Chinese traditional society and the forest rights and water rights that are described from this，It helps us understand the system structure of the traditional dynasty and the institutional transformation of modern China。Scholars proposed，Both must work hard to "jump out of the 20th century heritage"，From Economics、Absorb new methods and concepts in the disciplines of sociology and law，It is necessary to dig deep into one hand，To better promote the development of socio -economic history research。

　　(Author Unit: Institute of Modern History of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)