No dedicated historical discipline is as huge and complicated as the history of Chinese and foreign relations。It is both "Chinese History"，It is "foreign history"，Or "History of Relationship"，This relationship is all -encompassing，Broadly and in politics、Economy、Society、Culture (Literature、Philosophy、Thought、Art) and other are all available fields。When I wrote the "History of Chinese and Western Cultural Relations"，I was confused about this。For this，I believe that the history of Chinese and foreign relations must do a good job of discipline，And the connotation of the discipline must have moderate "cutting"。

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Overall,，History of Chinese and foreign relations belongs to the special history category。where，Sino -Western relations have always been the main content of the history of Sino -foreign relations。

"West" of Chinese and Western relations，How should I understand? Chinese culture has occurred with many cultures，So，Why especially emphasize the history of Chinese and Western cultural relations? Zhou Mu Wang West Tour、Tang Seng West Journey、Genghis Khan West Expedition、Zheng He goes to the West、Jiang Menglin's "West Tide"、West Xue Dongjian "West"，The geographical and cultural connotation of this "west" is wide。This "West" has two characteristics: First，Its concept is continuously expanded with the Chinese people's understanding of the exotic world，The earliest Western Regions only refer to Central Asia on both sides of the Pamir Plateau，Later, it gradually included the South Asian subcontinent、Persian in West Asia、Eastern Roman Empire and Arabia in Southwest Asia，Zheng He's era also included the East Coast of Africa。During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, I came into contact with Europeans，Knowing that it is more than west than the place in history，The concept of "West" expands to Owan，and call "Taixi" and "Yuanxi"，to show the difference between the "West" in the early years。Rough before the middle of the Ming Dynasty，"West" concept refers to Central Asia、India、West Asia，略 略，In the Qing Dynasty, the Qing Dynasty refers to Europe。The geographical concept of "West" has faded out since modern times，The connotation of political culture is worse。2，"West" in different historical periods has a common feature，That is relative to China，They are all real "others"。A civilized area important human civilized area before the sea，Except for the East Asian cultural circle centered on China，India -centric South Asia (Hinduism、Buddhism) Cultural Circle、West Asia North Africa (Islam) cultural circle and Europe (Christian) cultural circle，All belong to the scope of "West"。Among the four major civilizations of human beings，All three civilized areas are in the west of China。

In history，European civilization and West Asia、The relationship between North Africa and Indian civilization is very close。First is the contact of the language，The common Indo -European language department will take the distant India bet365 best casino games and British Island、The Rhine River is connected as one。Followed by religious contact，Greek religious、Hinduism、Ancient Religion of Persia (Toshistism、Mani religion)、Judaism、Christian、Between Islamic commonality or historical contact，Cognition of the Eastern and Western Academic circles。and the related West Asia and the Mediterranean areas related to this have common myths and knowledge，It is also an undeniable fact。In addition，There is also the entanglement of war，From Bohe War、Greek era，To the Crusades East Expedition, etc. to create a comprehensiveness of European culture。Ancient Greek culture is the source of European culture，The expedition of King Alexander Alexander has made West Asia and North Africa experience the long -term Greek era。Although residents in these areas have their own developed culture，Greek culture cannot really replace local culture，But they left a lot of fusion marks。The culture of the Roman Empire not only inherited the classical heritage of Athens and Rome，and also combines the culture of Western Asia。Christian civilization in Europe has a strong spirit of Western Asian culture，So the tradition of Greek culture in many ways。Rome conquered through force to conquer to all parts of Europe.，Being around 1000 years and the entire European today。600-1100，Classical tradition in Europe is eclipsed and lost color，So，The Middle Ages of Europe is actually a mixture of near -East culture and Greece and Rome。In the late Middle Ages，Renaissance has re -appeared Greek culture in Europe，But it is also based on Arab culture as an intermediary。Medieval Byzantine Culture，West Asian characteristics and the characteristics of the Greek era are more obvious。

All these cultures related to these cultures，In the eyes of Chinese people, "West"。From this perspective，"West" is actually an exotic culture in the minds of Chinese people。Chinese history often competes with "West" to compete for civilization and the first founding right，When the introduction of Buddhism, the "Lao Tzu Hu Jing" appeared。After the introduction of Western science and technology and culture in modern times，There is a strange saying of "Western Studies"。Even in modern times，The dispute over the invention right of civilization has gradually subsided，The Chinese still have to mediate the positioning of "China" and "West" with a physical relationship (use in the western body、Object for China)。but，Chinese people are almost never similar to "East"。Because in East Asia World，The dominant position of Chinese culture for a long time。

I think this is the positioning of "West"，It can more highlight the characteristics of Chinese and Western cultural relations，At the same time, Chinese and Western relations and neighbors of China and East Asia (such as Japan、South Korea) Sino -foreign relations have obvious different characteristics，This is conducive to the establishment of the history of Chinese and foreign relations.。In addition，This positioning is also more helpful to understand and reveal the uniqueness of Chinese culture in historical development，This uniqueness is exactly the inherent basis for the occurrence and development of Chinese and foreign cultural exchanges。

　　Discipline look back

Chinese historical classics have always attached great importance to the records of neighboring countries and tribes，Especially biography information about the Western Regions and South China Sea，Since the Biography of the Historical Records of Da Wan ", it has made its own system。The four -descent biography of Zhengshi，outlines the basic context of the history of Chinese and Western transportation。After the Middle Ages，Private notes and outsiders' travels are endless，Formed a rich historical material resources for the history of Chinese and Western relations。but，Really use the history of modern science to discuss the history of Sino -Western relations as a "special history"，It is still available for nearly a century。Wang Guowei said: "The world of today，The world of division also。All learning，All jobs，No special skills，Special Education。For life for life，For life for life。"He also said in" The History of the Orobatt ":" Everyone who learns can be called science and above，must not have no system。What is the system? Establishing a series is classified as it has been。Classification method，Different from the system。Category of human breed，Category in geography，There is a historical category。"Liang Qichao also has" the history of today，Dang the method of two ways divided into special history and universal history。This can be seen，The new cultural movement in the "May 4th" period，The open -mountain figures of New History have provided the basics basis for the study of special history。

The foundation of the history of the history of Chinese and Western relations in the history of the history of Chinese and Western relations，Mr. Zhang Weihua calls it "grass innovation stage"，He proposed four signs: first，Disciplinary name "History of China and the West Transportation" indeed stands。Publishing the Publishing of "The History of Chinese and Western Transportation" and Zhang Xingzhang's "Compilation of Chinese and Western Transportation History Materials"。2，Expansion of the research scope。From the inspection of the Northwest History and Land to the Discussion on the Discussion on the Mutual Cultivation of Chinese and Western Culture。Religious history of Chen Yuan、Dunhuang Xue, Xiangda、Chen Yinque's Buddhist translation research, etc.。third，Focus on field inspections。Fourth，Translated with a large number of relevant works from overseas scholars。

Fang Hao believes that there are five reasons for the rise of the history of Chinese and Western transportation in modern times。1. Chinese scholars' research on Northwest History and Land。2. Chinese scholars' research on out -of -domain geography。3. The study of Chinese and Oriental scholars in Europe and the United States。4. Japanese scholars' research on China。5. The creation of archeology and Dunhuang in the Western Regions。

Discussion on discipline history above，There are two most important points in summary，The influence of local academic resources and overseas Sinology research in the history of Chinese and Western exchanges。Local resources are mainly research on the history of Chinese and Western transportation，Basically with literature series、Note and compilation as the main，The papers are also mostly approved bet365 Play online games by individual issues，and general summary。The rise and development of overseas sinology affect the establishment of this discipline from multi -dimensional。First，Sinology is a discipline based on linguistics。Affected by the ejo historical comparative linguistics since the 19th century，Han Tibetan comparative linguistics、Comparison of Chinese and Southeast Asian (Indian Zhibana) Research Raise。Next，Sinology is a branch of oriental studies。There are quite traditional other oriental branch disciplines in the West，Ru Egypt's learning、Indian learning、Iranian and Arabian studies have a huge impact on it。In addition，Sinology is still part of Western humanities and social sciences。Learning people also strive to use scientific methods to study Chinese history and culture，This makes Sinology a part of the wave of western scientific thought in the 19th and 20th centuries。

The above situation makes European sinology show the following features in the research content。First，Buddhism and seeking Fa Monk is a popular topic of Sinology research in Europe，and lasting endless。For example，A. Remusat，The most important masterpiece is "Fa Xian Zhuan" ("Buddhist State")、"Outside the National Language Test"。S. Julien (S. Julien) systematically studies the biography and travel notes of monks in the Tang Dynasty，translated "The Biography of Master of the Three Tibetan Tibetan Temple of the Great Ci En Temple" and "The Great Tang West Regions"，Deep Detailed Bo，殆 Hamlen。The place contained in the book，Salmonic Sanskrit，Syndrome with the place name in the near future，Mingqi along the Democracy "。E. Chavannes's masterpiece is the masterpiece of "Historical Materials of the Western Turkic" and "Biography of the Great Monk of the Great Tang and Western Regions"。Paul Pelliot is the author of "Two Tests of Mongolia India" and "Mongolia and Holy See"。

One of the important features of French Sinology in the 19th century is to examine the relationship between China and Asia and the world。This kind of research is not so much to study China itself，It is better to discover China's information for studying world history。Some people say that this was the "epidemic disease" of Sinology research at that time at that time。This also affects Germany、Sinologists in the United Kingdom and Nordic，So those sinologists who are not famous for studying the history of Chinese frontier have also joined this research field。such as H. J. Klaproth (H. J. Klaproth), the "Afghanistan Origin Examination", "Returning Language Test" (Affordable "Gaochang Translation in Huayi Translation")。Sinologist O. Franke (O. Franke) also in the "Chinese Turk and West Turk" in Chinese Historical Materials。British scholar J. Legge (J. Legge) is known for its classic Chinese classics，He has studied the Scenic Education Monument，and translate "Buddhist State"。S. Beal (S. Beal) is the "Fa Xian Songyun Biography"，and translate "Datang Western Regions"。

other，This has led to the research of the history of transportation in China and the South China Sea of ​​China and the study of Chinese border history and land。The intersection of the 19th century and the 20th century，Yu Xu, the European overseas adventure since the geography Bet365 lotto review discovery，Under the influence of modern archeological thoughts，Western Sinologists dug a large number of cultural relics and documents in the Western Region of China，further promoted the above research。Some of the works listed earlier have already belonged to the writing of the history of the frontier，These important works include "Marco Polo Tour", which cooperates with British scholars with Boji and British scholars、Murm, Britain "The History of Chinese Christianity in 1500"、German archeologist Glenwell "Ancient Buddhist Ancestral Hall in Xinjiang" and "Ancient Kuka"，and Von Le Cog (Gaochang "album、"The Art of Ancient Buddhism in the Later in Central Asia", etc.。Russian scholars have since studied the Western Academy of Sciences in the 19th century，Academic atmosphere with Western Europe，Its Sinologists also have many similar works。

　　Perseverance

Chinese traditional history always maintains a global vision，From the Biography of the Huns "Biography of the History" and "Biography of Dawan"，to "Foreign Legend" in "History of the Ming Dynasty" (including Foran machine、Helan、Italy, etc.)，History of the past generations, trying to describe the "global history" of that era。Construction of History of Chinese and Foreign Relations，First of all, we should continue our historical tradition，Keep a global vision。

As far as the current status of the history of Chinese and foreign relations，Always exist in two different discipline dimensions。One is the dimension of the history，The other is the dedicated historical dimension。The former uses the history of Chinese and foreign relations as a component of the history of the interrogation for research，The division of labor is very fine，Question consciousness is narrow，Drilling it deep，but it is not easy to come out。These research results have promoted in -depth research on the study of the history of Sino -foreign relations，On the other hand, it is inevitable to fall into the state of "fragmentation"。The latter requires interaction research，But as the division of division is getting thinner and thinner，Difficulty。Sort out the main problems、Main clues，Early excavation around these penetrating problems and clues，The construction of a historical system of Chinese and foreign relations will be driven。These main problems and main clues，You can from traffic geography (land, sea road, etc.)、Economic and Commodity Relationship、Political and military interaction、National migration、Construction of vertical fields such as science and technology and cultural exchanges。Such vertical construction，Not denying the relative concentration of the historical materials of each inter -agency、Sino -foreign exchanges are relatively prominent areas，As the road of the pre -Qin Jade、Han and Tang Dynasty Western Regions Transportation、Song of the South China Sea incense porcelain trade、Ming and Qing missionaries and Sinology issues。These problems can constitute the basic hotspot issues that deeply promote the research of Chinese and foreign relations。In short，Due to the history involved in the history of Chinese and foreign relations, far more than the Kung Fu of the Department of Pure History，So the history of Chinese and foreign relations continues to bet365 best casino games explore the specific details of the details，Need to find a number of scholars in different disciplines to start a dialogue、Discussion topics for mutual benefit，Promoting the history of Chinese and foreign relations to the next level。

The special research of the history of the interrogation is very different from the special history compilation。but，The latter must have the former training。Sino -foreign relations have a rich connotation，Involved in archeology、History Linguistics、Language、National History、Border History、Comparison literature、Foreign History、Ocean History、Art History、History of religion、History of Sinology、Military History、Branch disciplines such as science and technology，The development level of each branch discipline is also different。I believe that related research can be promoted from two aspects。The first is the advancement of the branch discipline。Some branches and researchers and published results are less，Can further advance。The second is to promote comprehensive research，Micro research must have macro consciousness，Macro research must have a micro foundation。

　　Real view

In the era of globalization，History of Chinese and foreign relations is a discipline with highly realistic care。The cultural heritage and historical background of "Belt and Road"，You also need to explore from Chinese and Western cultural relations。From the goal of building a community of human destiny，The study of Chinese and foreign relations has important significance for the current ideological civilization of the world。The communication and interaction between humans began in the Mangyuan era，Because of natural conditions，Its scale and form are greatly limited。Enter a civilized society，Especially after the country is generated，Human communication and interaction，It is natural、The influence of multiple factors such as society。The road to the most magnificent civilization exchange in modern times，It is the land Silk Road and the Maritime Silk Road between the Asia -Europe (including eastern Africa)。On the historical stage of this civilized exchange，From east to west and from west，Two -way interaction。

Chinese civilization has its own characteristics，Civilizations from all over the world have their own personality，At the same time, there is commonality，This is a logical basis for the development of civilized exchanges and mutual learning。What are the characteristics of Chinese civilization? From the perspective of institutional level，The unified central centralized system，Professional bureaucratic system is from military merit、The selection system of talent selection for the imperial examination system，Including developed commodity economy, including land trading，German Sentence Auxiliary、The national governance system with the unity of ritual and law，Together with the characteristics of civilization。Economy and Society，Chinese traditional society is flowing，The so -called "expensive but three generations、Three generations of wealth "" Prince will have a kind of Ning Xiang Ning "," You can win "，is a portrayal of real life。Vibrant society，Need a constraint of thought。So，The mainstream ideology of traditional Chinese bet365 live casino games society emphasizes the country and the world，The so -called Confucian Communitarianism (Confucian Communitarianism)。

Religious reform，The history of the Middle Ages of the West is completely opposite to China，Marx is called a hardening real estate structure、Political Structure of Coorization。Due to the rise of capitalism，Religious reform、Renaissance、Enlightenment and industrial revolution will appear one after another，Banner of the bourgeoisie high of personal liberation，The pace of getting out of the Middle Ages gradually accelerates，Western politics hierarchical system、Economic manor system and the monopoly of the church's divine rights，Gradually disintegrate，but，The interests and rights of "group" have been ignored.。In the era of globalization，Excessive publicity of personal rights，But to a certain extent damaged the stability of society，Need to balance，Otherwise, it will harm the overall interests of human beings，It will eventually damage the long -term interests of each individual。From this perspective，Datong ideal of the world that the world is high in the Chinese civilization、Confucian thoughts based on harmony and benevolence，For the solution to the current world crisis，There are very important reference meaning。As far as the situation in China is concerned，It also needs to be from the history of Chinese civilization for more than 5,000 years，Discover the modernization of the national governance system and governance capabilities、Organization and institutional resources。

(The author is a professor at the Department of History of Tsinghua University、A special professor of "Changjiang Scholars" of the Ministry of Education、Vice President of the History Society of Chinese and Foreign Relations、Former President of the Chinese Tang History Society)