There is a Ming Dynasty，To prevent Mongolia's invasion，From east to west in the vast northern military defense zone，Liaodong、Jizhou、Xuanfu、Datong、Partial Guan、Yan Sui、Ningxia、Gansu and Guyuan military towns，The above military town is collectively referred to as "nine sides"。For the governance of the whole official，Monitor the corruption illegal behavior of the nine -side generals，The Ming Dynasty established the supervision、Fu、Press、The border supervision system used in Tao。The supervisor passed by inspection，Monitor the military and political institutions at all levels of the nine -side side。

　　bet365 best casino games The Ming Dynasty's inspection and inspection and supervision of the ninth side have the normal Royal History Patrol、Supervisor Supervision，Temporary messenger messengers to patrol border defense。Conventional Royal History Patrol Border Pass，It has been set up until the late Xuande period。The Ming Dynasty stands on the northern border defense，Liaodong during the Xuande period、Xuanda、Gansu three full -time full -time border inspections of the patrol of the Royal History。There is a Ming Dynasty，There are more than 700 people who work on the nine -side patrol.，They travel to and from each Du Siwei，Reasoning Jail、Reasoning Jail、Except rape、Punishment of corruption，Maintain the supervision order of the border defense zone。but，Due to the integration of some border town governors incorporated into the corruption camp，and extend the chain of corruption interest to the central government，As a result of the inspection of the Royal History。The Ming court had to temporarily dispatch a higher level of supervisors to inspect the border defense。

Jiajing eighteen years (1539)，Ming court formulated a member of the Wenchen "to Liaodong、Jizhou、Xuanda、Yanmen、Guyuan and other nine sides，Reading edge "(" Ming Shizong Record "Volume 220)。So，University scholar Zhai Yan charges around and inspects nine sides。This temporary dispatch inspection has become a useful supplement for conventional border town supervision。Longqing and after the discussion，Nine sides temporarily Anning，The Cabinet Shoufu Gao Gong takes this as an opportunity，Strengthen supervision，TOEING 饬 饬，Formulate a dispatch of the nine sides every three years of dispatch every three years。In the first year of Wanli (1573)，Ming Ting sent the Ministry of War Ministry Zuo Lang Wang to watch Yan Sui、Ningxia、Gansu、Guyuan Four Town，Wu Baipeng, the right waiter of the Ministry of War, read Xuanfu、Datong、Shanxi Three Town，The Ministry of Martial Arts Right Sure Lang Wang Daokun Reading Town、Liaodong Town。In order to highlight the central government's attention to the nine sides of the central government，Reading Visiting the Constitutional Institute of Metropolitan Institute to ensure that its supervision rights are exercised without hindrance。This time the mission to inspect border defense，Divided the nine -side into three major supervisory areas，That is, the four towns in the Northwest are a district，Xuanda Shanxi Three Town is one district，Jiliao Second Town is a district。Bet365 lotto review During the inspection, the governor and the Wenchen military generals below are within the scope of supervision。From this，Normal monitoring and temporary inspection complementary，The main method of becoming the Ming Dynasty monitoring nine -side。

　　Second, the supervisory right of supervision under the vision system.Ming Dynasty's supervision of the nine -side supervisor accepted bribes、Private soldiers，To the hidden Tuntian、Stealing food，所 所，But it will highlight the key points。Longqing and after the discussion，Shoufu Gao Gong surrounds the more prominent problems of the nine -side town，Proposal to accumulate money、Repairing insurance、Practice horse、whole equipment、Harma Hema、Sanji Party、Religion method、Kaitian Tian eight items as the main poddle of nine sides，These eight items caught the crux of the corruption of the border town。Reading Vision to assess the eight cultural and military officials of Bianzhen，Cultural and military officials during the inspection border defense did not dare to neglect，The effect is very good。

Reading During the inspection period，Even senior generals such as the chief soldier，As long as the evidence of corruption is conclusive, it will be impeached and revolutionized。The first year of Wanli，Datong General Ma Fang was investigated and dealt with because of fear of inspections，So I bribed heavy bribes Wu Baipeng，As a result, he was rectified and led by his duties ("Ming Shenzong Records" Volume 10)。Nineteen years of Wanli，During the period of Qian Qianheng during the inspection of Datong Town，Check the Datong General Soldiers Mochu Delie and the Army、Occupy Land、stealing food、Corruption Bet365 app download such as promotion and other corruption，Finally Maki was investigated and handled ("Ming Shenzong Real Records" Volume 240)。Almost every border inspection has senior generals being revolutionized，It can be seen that border inspections have a significant deterrent warning effect on generals。other，Even the governor of the supervisor，As long as there is corruption, it is also held accountable。Eighteen years of Wanli，Zhou Hongyi ordered to patrol Ningxia Border，Tracking "Governor's Du Yutu Royal Liang asked Meng、Tea Royal History Zhong Huamin，Taking officials and silver communication "(" History of History · Zhou Hongzhuan ")。Xu Shouqian, the governor of Xuanfu, also because of corruption and malfeasance，Movement of Zhong Yu was impeached and stopped。The corruption illegal of any border official will be corrected，During the nine -side side, it has become an important component of the border defense supervision system during the Wanli period。Prepare to accumulate and break it，Military and Politics to repair it with a vibration brush，Only inspections of border defense cultural and military groups often inspect and supervise，can prevent military and political corruption from being caused by the law and law。

　　Third, the dilemma and improvement of the late Ming border supervision system.The political corruption in the late Ming Dynasty has spread widely in the officialdom。corruption at the officialdom，To the main skirt of the Shengsheng seat。Reading Qin Ma -Lady Life and Foreign Development，Officials in Border Town have analyzed dynamics，or post，or gift。After arriving at the commission，Border Town has a banquet and Xie Yi，Bianchen strongly please，Even by bribery、Wave and other methods to corrupt it。Zhong Yuzheng criticized in the matter: "，There is a biography of the biography of the wine，Playing player，To Mi Fei "(" Edited by the Ming Dynasty "Volume 412)。Ming Shenzong according to the official report of the official，Thinking of the three -year viewing system gradually becomes a virtual set，Anti -Nourishment，Wanli Thirteen Years Order to suspend the nine sides。but，The border town bureaucratic group in the late Ming Dynasty has been seriously corrupted，Stop border inspections can only make corruption more unsatisfactory。Due to the long -term idling of the Ming Shenzong，leading to the central and local military politics、Supervision agencies miss officials without supplement。The openness of the nine -bid debt handsome buy official and the spread of corruption in the border town，As a result, inspectors cannot be alone。During the inspection, there are also some commissioning to participate in the politics springboard with participation in the sidewalk，The purpose of reaching the promotion of official careers。

In view of the monitoring quality of the observation of good and bad，From the 28th year of Wanli，The Ming court changed to the border defense view of the Royal History in the Ming court。Patrol of Royal History to participate in border vision，Its professional monitoring literacy，Coupled with the special right to read，It is undoubtedly a dose of a strong heart for rectifying the military and political affairs of the late Ninth side。Even in the Quanzhang Wei Zhongxian, holding the Apocalypse of the DPRK，There are still a large number of patrols that dare to punish evil bet365 best casino games and promote good。In the second year of the Apocalypse (1622)，Xuanda Touring Royal History Li Jiuguan has been promoted to Liu Guozhen, the general soldier of Guyuan、Xining Vice President Gao Qiu、Taiyuan Mansion's crime of stolen from Yan Biduan and others，Make these toshworms in the army "recovery back to the guard" ("Demonstrate Record of the Ming Dynasty" Volume 22)。Nine -side viewing starts from the first year of Wanli，In the eleven years of Chongzhen (1638), it was banned，Last 66 years。During this period，Wu Baipeng emerged、Wang Zhi、Zhong Yuzheng、Zhang Dong、Xiong Tingzhang and other loyalty to the position、The visual difference of punishing evil and promoting good。but，Border Defense Views once every three years，After all, it cannot reverse the corruption atmosphere，The corruption of the border town also dragged down the Ming Dynasty finance。Chongzhen Chao Dynasty banned border defense view，Send surveillance eunuchs on the nine sides，This has not played a positive effect on punishing the corruption of the border ministers，Instead, the border town is even more chaotic。

To sum up，Inspection border defense is an important way for the Ming Dynasty to strengthen the connection between the central government and the border and ground，Not just limited to punishing corruption，You need to understand the border defense dynamics through inspection、Eliminate potential crisis。Border defense inspection for the purpose of maintaining the rule of the dynasty，Strengthen the control of the imperial power in Bianzhen。So，Border inspection is the Ming Dynasty strengthening centralization、Important Supervision Measures to Maintain the Order of Bet365 app download Governance，The attempts of the ruling class in the late Ming Dynasty in the design of the border supervision system。

(This article is the National Social Science Foundation Project "The Central Government and Tibet Local Measures of Local Affairs Documentation and Research" (17bzs052) phase -oriented results)

(Author Unit: School of History and Culture, Northwest Normal University)