After the Anshi Rebellion，The Tang Dynasty gradually formed the three towns of Heshuo (Youzhou、Chengde、Wei Bo，Roughly distributed in Beijing today、Tianjin、Hebei、northern Henan、northern and southwest of Shandong) Fan Town pattern centered。This pattern is for late Tang、Five Dynasties、The influence of the early Song Dynasty was huge，Discussion in the academic world is very detailed。The core of the policy of Fanzhen in the late Tang Dynasty is "Abandoning Heshuo，Control the rest "，This is a summary of Mr. Meng Yanhong，And has basically become the consensus of the academic community。It's just about the formation of this policy，There are still different understanding。According to the author’s understanding，"Abandoning Heshuo" is the "Heshu Story" that acknowledges Heshitan Town's hereditary autonomy "。This article attempts to be based on Tang Ting's perspective，Analysis of the formation of this policy and its impact on the governance of the Northeast border in the late Tang Dynasty。

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Mr. Chen Yinque pointed out，The Tang Dynasty had to adopt negative policies in the Northeast region due to the influence of the northwestern enemy (Chen Yinque: "The Draft of the Tang Dynasty Political History"。According to the system in the early Tang Dynasty，The power of the Tang Dynasty is not enough to deal with all the frontier crises，This was revealed when it was more powerful before the Anshi Rebellion.，It is even more exposed in the process of setting up the Anshi Rebellion。Mr. Huang Yongnian also pointed out，The reconstruction of Heshuo Fan Town after the Anshi Rebellion，It is a compromise between Tang Ting and Anshizhuan，The result of the insufficient power of Tang Ting (Huang Bet365 lotto review Yongnian: "On the Ping Ding of the Anshi Rebellion and the Reconstruction of Hebei Fan Town"，"Ancient History of Chinese History" 1981 ")。When a dynasty has insufficient rule and faces many difficulties，It is bound to use its main force to maintain the "suffering of the abdomen" that the government has to be resolved。As many research industry has pointed out，Maintaining the road of transportation、Copy military threats from Zhufan from the Northwest、Calling the town in a smooth place，is the urgency of Tang Ting after the Anshi Rebellion。

For the non -core area of ​​the ruling group，When the court is powerful，You can directly rule it; when the court's power is insufficient，You can take some soothing、Method of the Anti -縻，indirectly reached unity、Keep the court's purpose on its influence。What is broad，This method is not only suitable for recruiting rebels，It can also be suitable for recruitment of surrounding tribes and even countries。Between the Pharmacozer and the recipient，Status is divided into a high level。Jiedushi accepted Tang Ting’s official jue，It also means that they obey Tang Ting，Taking Emperor Tang as the Lord。In the rule of the Tang Empire，Heto is not a political and military core area，Tang Ting has a large telescopic space for its jurisdiction。So，Tang Ting and Anshi will reach a compromise，Rebuilding Heshu Fan Town，Regardless of whether it is a proper or a long -term strategy，Not hurting the fundamental。The first batch of Jiedongs in Henshuo Fan Town as Anshizhu，On the one hand，On the other hand, he is also willing to maintain his prestige with the prestige of the official jue of the Tang Dynasty，Realize the rule of the military and civilians under its jurisdiction。From the perspective of the struggle fire in the court and the town of Fanzhen，At the beginning of Anshi Rebellion，The two parties have reached some preliminary compromises，But unstable。Tang Ting in the war of cutting Bet365 app download the vassal，It has continued to deepen the understanding of the pattern of Fanzhen。Tang Ting has also tried many times to directly control Heshuo，The more important thing is the three years of Jianzhong (782).，Direct intervention of Tang Dezong's affairs of Heshuo caused the chaos of the four towns，Chengde Jiejie、Youzhou Jiedushi Zhu Tao、Wei Bojienian Yu Tian Yue、Ziqing Joad the Johor "Calling King"，Union to military confrontation with Tang Ting。It is worth noting that，Their slogans are "Effective Warring States", "Stocks, and Passenger Land"。This indicates，They face Tang Ting’s military and political pressure，Union to pursue hereditary political privileges，and still Feng Tang Emperor as the Lord，willing to stay in the political framework of the Tang Dynasty。So，This rebellion and designed to overthrow the nature of the Anshi of the Tang Dynasty are different。After four years of establishment from the middle of the year, the open struggle and secret negotiations of Tang Ting and Heshuo Town in the early years of Zhenyuan，Tang Dezong's sin、Four towns cut off the king，But the requirements of "passing with land" and "autonomy"，Separation between Tang Ting and Heshu Fan Town。

　　Effect on the Northeast Frontier

Once Tang Ting admits the hereditary privileges of Henshuo Fan Town，Heshuo Fan Town generally shows the characteristics of "smooth": "Tiantian and Shouchen" "Gong Gongcai"，Promote the two tax law to a certain extent，Applying to the court for household registration，Huichang During the period of the Buddha to obey the Tang Dynasty law，Implementation of Buddhist measures in the area。Before the chaos in the end of the Tang Dynasty，The situation in the Northeast Frontier is stable rather than turbulent，It is particularly worth noting that the trend of Youzhou Town, the northernmost part of Heshuo。In the first year of Zhenyuan (785)，Liu Jiyi's story follows the story of Youzhou Jiedushi，bet365 Play online games Tang Ting not only acknowledge，Also sent messengers to Youzhou to communicate secretly with Liu Ji。The communication and confirmation of the two parties finally produced a powerful incentive effect，From before the end of the Tang Dynasty，The military gravity of Youzhou refers to North。Tang Dynasty，Khitan、奚 and other tribes gradually become stronger，Many times Kou Bian。Anshi Rebellion before，The Tang Dynasty can be described as defeated more，Heshuo was also deeply harmed。The establishment of the system in Hebei，Very effectively alleviating the threat from Liang and Khitan，Gundam of the northeast border of the Tang Empire。Tang Ting "Give up Heto"，It is equivalent to entrusting the Northeast Frontier Affairs to the Youzhou Jiedushi，"Crimson、Khitan does not order pirates "(" Old Tang Book · Niu Seng Biography ")。Youzhou Jiedushi as an example and betting、Khitan Two Fan envoys，There are also official positions such as deputy envoys below，Comprehensively undertake Northeast Border Affairs。Koubian of Khitan and other ethnic groups，Jiedjo allows us to "lead the army to attack"，Make "Northeast Yan Ran"，"After morality，Fan Town is good at self -sale，鄣 鄣 益，Nothing to live on the side，奚、Khitan also enters Kou，The Chiefs Chief Elected Ten Chang'an Conferences ... Hundreds of all in the museum in Youzhou "(" New Tang Book of Katan ")。Late Tang Dynasty，Youzhou Fanzhen forces have firmly stabilized the situation in the Northeast Border，Even undertaken a group of minority envoys such as Khitan、Dunes of sending messengers from Bohai and other countries。

The incentive brought by "Henshuo Story" is how to achieve the long -term stability of one family one on the local area，Therefore, Liu Ji and other Youzhou Jiedushi will adopt this policy that is neither raw and active defense，Instead, the Northeast Frontier can be stable。So，"Give up Hetshuo"、Follow the policy of "Hetshuo Story"bet365 live casino games ，It made the Tang Dynasty rule not further deteriorate due to the existence of Heshu Fan Town。On the contrary，Tang Ting obtained a relatively stable Northeast Frontier，The Northeast, which has been frequently affected by the original side, can even become Tang Ting's strategy after many times。In Tang Tingping, Ze Zezhe Liu Ye's Rebellion、During the process of Ping Xun's chaos，Three Towns of Heshuo has provided manpower or material support。So，Tang Ting freely control the transportation road，Completed the "Go to Heshuhua" in Shundi Fan Town，In fact, it is more stable for your own rule，Heshu Fan Town also obtained a legal semi -autonomous state，Each of the two parties takes what they need。Under the historical conditions at that time，Tang Dynasty "Abandon Heshuo、Control the rest "policy，It did not make the situation of any part of Tang Ting or Heshu Fan Town.，and at least the situation of one party has been improved。

　　Reflecting the strength of Tang Ting and Fanzhen

During the Chang of Tang Wudong Huichang (841-846)，From Li Deyu's writing "He Chong Shun" is indeed the first official public statement of Tang Ting's recognition of the story of Heshuo，But if this is used as "abandoning Heshuo，Establishment of the rest of the "policy，Maybe too late。For this，We have to "look close" and "overlook"。Anshi Rebellion，Tang Ting set up Henshuo Fan Town，The situation in the Northeast Frontier is obviously improved，This has proved，Where the court's power is too late, a new incentive mechanism that is different from the mainland and county system。Jiedu's system is not exactly the same as "feudal"，But Give Fan Shuai unified coordination of Heshuo Economy、Power of military resources，Is an incentive mechanism。but，Anshi Rebellion indicates，The high -concentration of power and resource Heshuo Jiedo pose a huge threat to the court，So，You need to regulate and adjust this system，Power of both parties、Interests and obligations make an agreement。

bet365 Play online games The calm of the Anshi Rebellion，Make Anlu Mountain、Shi Siming's dangerous figures and their forces no longer exist，Heshuo split into several towns。A separate town is not enough to fight the central government，But Tang Ting is also unable to destroy Heshuo Town。The result of the game between the two parties is，Tang Ting has gradually established the basic conditions of "abandoning Heshuo": Tang Ting admits to the hereditary privilege of Heshuo Fan Town，Fanzhen acknowledged that Emperor Tang as the Lord。Tang Ting and Heshu Fan Town have actually established a "commission -agent" relationship。This relationship has been established during the Zhenyuan years after the four town chaos，This has obvious incentive effects on Heshuo's place，Beginning interaction between Heshu Fan Town and Tang Ting。Tang Ting shifted the main goal of the blow to the rebellion of the place，Heshu Fan Town (especially Youzhou) also shifted attention to stable internal rule and stable border situation。

"Give up Heto" (that is, "Heshuo Story") actually becomes a stabilizer for the relationship between the Tang Dynasty and the town of Hejian Fan。Relationship between the two，Of course, you will find a lot of ups and downs。But from a distance，It is not difficult to find，The fluctuations of the relationship between the two parties are precisely because the policy has not been obtained (or it is effectively obtained).，I didn’t go too far。What needs to be emphasized is，The so -called "Heshuo" that is "abandoned" by Tang Ting，It has changed its range。initial，This policy is suitable for the entire Heshuo area，And once expanded to Ziqing and Huaixi and other towns，Changqing second year (822) is limited to the three towns of Heshuo，The end of the Tang Dynasty expanded to the entire Heshuo or even wider area，From it may reflect the strength of the power between Tang Ting and the town of Fan Town。

In short，"Abandoning Hetshuo" policy really makes Heshuo the town of long -term separation。bet365 Play online games but，Comprehensive consideration of specific historical conditions，This type of town pattern with the distinctive characteristics of Hetshuo cutting makes the Tang Dynasty obtain the continuous stability of the Northeast Border through indirect management，It has also enabled the Tang Dynasty civilization to last more than a hundred years。

(This article is the key project of the Beijing Social Science Fund "Stone Carvings and Tang Fifth Dynasties Youzhou Social Research (17LSA002) phased achievement)

(Author Unit: School of History of Capital Normal University)