2015，At the theme meeting of "China Under the Global Vision" theme meeting of the 22nd International History Science Conference，The author published "Silver Money: The Interaction between China and the Global of the Ming Dynasty"。The reviewer at the time、Professor Peng Mulan, a professor at the History Department of the University of Chicago, raised the question of "the impact of silver monetization on the Qing Dynasty"。This is exactly the origin of this article。There are endless research on the Ming and Qing Dingge，But the relationship between the moneyization of silver and the Qing Dynasty，There is almost no first study。The Qing Dynasty was the last dynasty of the traditional Chinese monarchy，But why can the Qing Dynasty successfully replace the old dynasty，It has been in China for more than 200 years? So far，The academic community has always been controversial，No sincerity is。

I think，To solve this mystery，It is necessary to notice that the silver monetization of the Ming Dynasty was germinated by the market economy，The transformation of the traditional Chinese agricultural economy to the early market economy was opened，The transformation of China ’s transformation from traditional diligatory countries to modern tax countries，The origin of the process of becoming the early modern history of China。This is both a new perspective discussed in the Ming and Qing Dingge，It also involves fundamental problems in the study of Chinese history from tradition to modern times and even global history.。The author tries to penetrate the interrogation、China Unicom Chinese and Foreign，Preliminary investigation in the overall historical development process of Chinese history and global history，Discussion of the historical experience of the Qing Dynasty to have a stable regime。Establishment of the Qing Dynasty，First of all, it is not the focus of the so -called "new Qing history" discussion- "National" and "Culture" question，but the survival of the regime，Finance is the most important economic foundation established by the regime。From the beginning of the Qing Dynasty，The road it chooses，Not only the change of the old dynasty，and is a return -the road to transition from the transformation of a traditional taxation country from the traditional diligence to modern taxes in the Ming Dynasty。In this case，The process of the legitimacy construction of the Qing Dynasty -the process of rebuilding the centralized new dynasty of the central government，It is also the process of rebuilding traditional China to early modern China。

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Modern transformation of traditional Chinese society，It is a topic for long -term attention in the Chinese and foreign academic circles，But "modern" and "modernization" are two different concepts。"Modern" is a time concept，According to Chinese historical stages，The Opium War in 1840 was the beginning of modern Chinese history。"Modernization" is a dynamic process，originated from the earlier period。Considering that some scholars often mix the concepts of "modernization" and "modernization"，But can modern and modern be universal，Historically there has always been controversy。So，This article uses the word "early modernization"，It aims to distinguish the "modernization" historical process after the Western Industrial Revolution。

Basic historical materials with the first -hand land buying and selling contract bet365 Play online games of private society，Observe from the perspective of monetary economy to observe the process of modernization of China's modernization，It can be found that the silver currencyization of the Ming Dynasty was rising in the market。The germination of the Ming Dynasty market economy，Breeding the symbiotic factor of market expansion during the beginning of the 16th century economic globalization -early market economy，The transformation of the traditional Chinese agricultural economy to the early market economy was activated，Leading the connection between the Chinese market and the global market during the beginning of the globalization and the early modernization transformation of Chinese society。From this，Ming Dynasty silver currencyization，It can be regarded as the origin of China's early modernization history。What needs to be explained is，The modernization of the Chinese country and society opened in the Ming Dynasty，It is still in a transition period in the Ming Dynasty，It is a kind of time，instead of completion。

For the private social land sales contract document、"Wanli Accounting Records" and other official private first -hand documents and the research on the latest "Jiangkou Shenyin" archeological data.，China does not begin a series of modernization changes after the Opium War。The silver currencyization of the Ming Dynasty not only synchronized with a series of system changes，Completed in fiscal monetization，And the change of society in the late Ming Dynasty，Structural adjustment with the country and market/social/social/social/social/social/social/social/social structure shows the symbiotic evolution process of overlap。From this，The change of the endogenous shape of the end of the Ming Dynasty promoted China's actively moving towards the world's modernization.，Participated in the construction of the first global economic and trade system。

Not only that，The silver monetization of the Ming Dynasty has changed the traditional fiscal system that mainly focused on physical and effort in China for two thousand years，Transition to a modern fiscal system based on silver currency，From this process，We can also see that the entire country in the Ming Dynasty showed a situation of transition to early modern times。From this，I proposed the view of the transition from the traditional diligence of China from traditional diligence to modern tax countries in the Ming Dynasty in the past 10 years.，The national transformation of this specific category is China's unique modern transformation path。

For the Qing Dynasty，What we want to explore is how it stabilizes the historical experience of the regime。early Qing Dynasty，Faced with a depressed market and society where the people are poor，Restore fiscal governance has become the primary problem that needs to be resolved in the Qing Dynasty.。The opening of the "Qing Dynasty Literature Examination" is "Tianfu Kao" and "Coin Test"，This is not the original of the Qing people，Instead, it follows Matthel's "Literature Test" system，That is, "Twenty -four doors are headed by Tian Fu"。This can be seen，Starting from restoring the traditional Qing Dynasty，Reading the world through the governance of the land and coins，Avoid the Ming Dynasty、Li Zicheng and Zhang Xianzhong regime defeat，Cross the founding crisis。At the same time，It is precisely because it chooses to return to the process of transitioning to the traditional China to early modern China in the Ming Dynasty，Only successfully rebuilt a stable new dynasty。

　　Continue early modernization process

The most important impact of China on the Qing Dynasty in the Ming Dynasty，No more than the historical process of China's early modernization opened by silver monetization。This process has not broken Bet365 lotto review in the Qing Dynasty，Instead, I have been continuing。

In the late Ming Dynasty, China's early modernization transformation process once encountered setbacks，National and Market/Social Games Cure，As a result, the Emperor Wanli issued a new form of fiscal governance after the pro -government -internal official taxation system。This fully reflects the reaction of the upper -level building in the basic principles of Marxism in the economic foundation。More importantly，The introduction of this tax system shows that the power of Chinese society still lacks balance of imperial power at the end of the Ming Dynasty，Can't establish a modern political system that is strongly check and balance the imperial power。So，After the death of the Ming Dynasty，The direction of Chinese history is to establish a new dynasty country。In this process，Li Zicheng and Zhang Xianzhong ended in failure。The Qing Dynasty successfully completed the Ding Revolution of the New and Old Dynasties with "return" and "rebuilding"。More importantly，At the time of the dynasty,，"Dead without dragging alive"，The historical process of early modernization of China has no break，Instead, it has entered a new stage of development。

The Qing Chengming System became the source of the "orthodox" and "legitimacy" of the Qing Dynasty，Concentrated manifestations after entering the Qing Dynasty，Almost immediately announced the fiscal tax quota of the Ming Dynasty's "Accounting Record"。During the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty，"Accounting Record" only one，That is "Wanli Accounting Record"。，Based on the "All Book" prepared by the Qing Dynasty in the late Ming Dynasty's Ministry of Households, the preparation of the preparation of the strict plan of the sperm of the Ministry of Households，Preparation of "All Books" in the country，Therefore, the solid foundation for the centralized financial monetization tax of central government。Fourteen years of Shunzhi (1657) in the Qing Dynasty promulgated the "Full Book" cloud: "Outline，remit into one editor，called "All Books"，Issuing the World，庶 庶 庶 兹，Easy to lose; officials in this charter，Dare to converge。is a good method of generation，The rules of the end of the world。"From this we can see，The Qing Dynasty inherited the Emperor of the Ming Dynasty -customized and stable regime。

Research on the past academic circles concentrated in the early Qing duty policy and system，Especially the research on the reform of a whip method in the Qing Dynasty has been quite in -depth，But ignored the important changes in the tax connotation of the Ming Dynasty inherited by the Qing Dynasty。According to the author's sorting and research on "Wanli Accounting Records"，Financial reform of Zhang Juzheng's post -trial situation，Basic points: First, use silver as a unified financial accounting computing unit; the other is to use silver as a unified tax form，Two unifications that have formed to move towards currency finance，China transitions from a traditional fiscal system based on physical and hard -working to transform to a modern fiscal system based on silver currency。The core of the reform of the Ming Dynasty is the transformation from the service system to the taxation system，It is both institutional change and the transformation of the fiscal system，It is even from the traditional service country to a modern tax country to transform，This is an important content of the early modernization process of China。Careful analysis of the connotation of the Qing Dynasty inherited the relevant text of the Ming Dynasty，It can be seen that the "return" in the early Qing Dynasty has a special meaning。The "All Book" compiled in the late Ming Dynasty in the late Ming Dynasty，bet365 Play online games Strengthen the reform of the centralization of centralized power -based monetization reforms，It is the continuation of the makeup process of the Ming Dynasty's fiscalization，It is also the continuation of China's transformation from traditional providers to modern taxation countries。

The important prerequisite for the establishment of the Qing Dynasty was the dual economic structure that coexisted the agricultural economy and early market economy in the Ming and Qing Dynasties，At this time, the old currency and fiscal system based on the self -sufficient agricultural economy have been destroyed。The "regression" in the early Qing Dynasty was "regression" from the agricultural economy to the early market economy transformation，"Reconstruction" in the process of taxation countries on the basis of dual economy。System selection of the Qing Dynasty，Continue to continue reform on such a basic premise。The Qing Dynasty passed the "stalls into acres" and other measures，Established a currency fiscal system from the duty system to the taxation system，At the same time, a binary currency system that adapts to the dual economic foundation is。The two complement each other，At the same time, a binary currency system that adapts to the dual economic foundation is，Continuing the economic transformation process launched by the Ming Dynasty and the historical process of early modernization。

Economic globalization is the first wave of globalization，It marks the beginning of the historical change of modernization of global modernization，is part of the historical process of global modernization。On the occasion of Ming and Qing Ding Ding，Existing the "Global Crisis" of the 17th century，That is the economic recession of the global symbiosis and synchronization、Registration of regime、Social turmoil，China is also an important part of it。The major decline in the Chinese market started starting from the end of the 16th century，Until the 17th year of Chongzhen (1644), the Ming Dynasty perished，Not over，The duration is more than half a century or more，During the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty，that is when the end of the 17th century，Only gradually ease and eliminate。

The choice of the Qing Dynasty was based on a reasonable choice based on the international and domestic situation at that time，But more importantly,，The historical process of the Qing Dynasty did not leave the global modernization。Generally speaking，The academic world is more concerned about the sea ban and relocation world in the early Qing Dynasty，Obstained the development of foreign trade，To Emperor Kangxi to open to the public，The Chinese market is only connected to the global market。And the academic community is often limited to the discussion of the input of China in China，However, the introduction of copper coins in the early Qing Dynasty was also an important measure to connect with the international market to solve the silver crisis at the end of the Ming Dynasty，This is a proof that it has not completely separated from the global market。

After the short -term diversion of the global market after the end of the Ming Dynasty，China still participated in the global modernization trend，Global modernization is a large -scale flow rather than diversion。The Qing Dynasty greatly played the advantage of the traditional unified monarchy's authoritarian centralized political system，To some extent, the central centralized state's monopoly right to monopolies，Emphasized the country's leading in the game of the country and the market，It spares no effort to balance the market's money comparison price to control the market，Make China still occupy an important position in the global market。Careful bet365 live casino games analysis of the specific connotation of "regression" and "reconstruction" of the Qing Dynasty，The Qing Dynasty did not leave the track of the early modern history of the Ming Dynasty.。In this case，The Qing Dynasty did not leave the historical process of global modernization。

　Unique early modernization experience

Finance has a decisive impact on the historical transformation and evolution process of the country and society。As far as Western experience is concerned，Finance plays an important role in transforming in Western countries from Middle Ages to modern times。Xiong Peter said，Taxation will not only help the birth of the country，It also helps its development。He believes that taxation will not only help the birth of modern countries，It is the driving force for the development of modern countries，The referred to as in the late Middle Ages Western Europe has shifted from a wealthy country to tax countries。Based on this，Liu Shougang analyzed from the type of finance，Think from the history of Western Europe，The growth process of modern countries，Actually, with the financial transformation from the financial type to the tax type。From the perspective of "financial sociology"，The transformation of the fiscal finance to the tax -type finance，also promoted the transformation from traditional countries to modern countries。

The concept of "market economy" comes from Western economics，The 19th century and early 20th century of the capitalist economy developed。But the concept of the Western "market economy"，What refers to the Western capitalist market economy。The germination of the Ming Dynasty market economy mentioned in this article，then refers to the early modern market economy，or an early market economy，Correspondingly the concept of it is the traditional natural economy。Products of the natural economy are not for exchange，or mainly for exchange，but produced in order to meet the needs of the producer itself。Products in the early market economy are produced for market exchange，The medium of exchange is currency。In the Ming Dynasty, fiscal reform，Comprehensively promoting currency tax，The result of the role of the market economy，so that farmers must bring agricultural products to the market to sell，Replace it back to the silver to pay tax。Not only that，In the Ming Dynasty, it was also fully implemented with silver service，Make the labor on taxation to tax。Instening and human exchange is the exchange feature of traditional natural economy，The currency economy is an economy that uses currency to exchange，exchange is completed in the market。In this sense,，The currency economy is the early market economy。

The rising silver currencyization of the Ming Dynasty in the market，It is an unusual monetization process，Reflecting the germination of the market economy，Highlight the important role of the market，Therefore, this article is called the transition to the market economy。After the establishment of the Qing Dynasty，Although there are all kinds of limitations of the political system constant，But the transformation of the traditional fiscal centralized centralized system of the Ming Dynasty's traditional fiscal central government to the fiscal decentralization system、The experience and lesson of the gradual formation of the local fiscal system。On the one hand, the Qing Dynasty established centralized political and fiscal systems，The Ministry of Households is the main position of the national fiscal tax; on the other hand, the national coinage right is re -established，It means to have the monopoly right of currency。The Qing Dynasty played the bet365 Play online games advantage of the unified centralization system，strives to dominate the market "invisible hand" with the country's "visible hands"，Through further field and coin governance -the fiscal monetization reform of the stalls and the establishment of a silver money in parallel，Established a dual -track system that conforms to the dual economic transition period -the monarchy's authoritarian central centralized currency system and fiscal system。This changed the outset of the Ming Dynasty due to the out of control of the silver currency，Can't establish a silver money parallel system，As a result, the passive condition of the loss of currency monopoly。

The "All -Book of Embering Books" compiled by the Qing Dynasty opened the institutional development process of currency finance，The iconic achievement of becoming a transition from a traditional duty country to a modern tax country。It not only announced the end of the traditional duty system，It also marks the beginning of modern tax management，or the initial modernization of China's early financial digital management。"Return" and "Reconstruction" form two main lines，complement each other。New and old dual attributes of the transition period，determines the practical concept of the Qing Dynasty，Therefore, the reform process is continuously deepened along these two main lines，Promoting a smooth transition from the duty system to the taxation system，formed a new development pattern。From this，China's modern transformation has entered a new stage，It laid the cornerstone of strong China，This is China's unique early modernization historical experience。

　Amend the previous understanding

For a long time，Summary of mainstream research on the historical process of China's modernization，Exist the following problems。First，Many studies are obviously affected by the "Western Center theory"，Starting from Western historical experience，Beginning with globalization began in the Western Voyage，China has "involved" globalization，or Western Capitalism or Western Commercial Revolution as the reference system，Experience that cannot get rid of the path of western capitalist development studies in China ’s unique modern historical development path; second，Research mostly from 1840 as the starting point，It is obviously affected by Western impact -reaction theory，Did not include the early modern history of China in the scope of inspection。So，At present, the origin of the historical process of modernization of China，Especially the discussion of the early modern historical development process in China is still insufficient，Lack of the historical process of China's modernization in a comprehensive comprehensive inspection of long -term periods。So，Pay attention to the unity and diversity of the history of the development of human civilization，Choose the Ming Dynasty silver monetization under the global history as the origin and process of the early modernization history of China，It aims to emphasize that China has its own unique modern historical development road，It is meaningful。Proof of historical facts，Modernization of modernization of various countries，No "standard" modernization mode。China has a unique modern historical process，Can be divided into two stages，That is the early modernization stage and the modernization stage。From the origin of Chinese silver currencyization in the Ming Dynasty to the Opium War，is the early period of modernization of modernization; after the Opium War，It is the stage of modernization of China's modernization，This can be said to be two stages of the history of China's modernization history。

Sending the process of early modernization of China can be visible，Study the early modernization of China's silver monetization in the Ming Dynasty，Not bet365 best casino games only does it provide a new historical interpretation paradigm，More importantly, you can find a joint node to interpret the history of the transition period。The history of the Ming and Qing Dingge is placed from a historical period from tradition to early modern transformation definition，Ming and Qing Dynasties transformed from traditional to the country from traditional to modern taxes to modern times，It is the theory of modernization of Chinese modernization from specific Chinese local historical experience。Traditional Chinese Early Modernization History of China from the Chinese history of Dingge, Ming and Qing Dingge，In the first wave of economic globalization，"Dead without dragging alive"，It has nothing to do with "nation" and "culture"。The "regression" and "rebuilding" of the Qing Chengming system，Inheritance and change。The early modern transformation process of the country and society of China did not break，China's modern development process is still continuing，and enter a new stage。other，Davids trend of China's modernization development，No diversion also occurred。

History indication，The history of the intergeneration is not a break，The historical process of modernization in China and foreign countries is not separated，The early modern history of China that began in the Ming Dynasty was twists and turns，But continuous，It did not stop in the early Qing Dynasty，It is part of the global modern history process。Two stages of the history of modernization in China，Have different stages of characteristics。until the Opium War，China passively entered the Western -led global economic system after the Industrial Revolution，That is already the second wave of globalization，China has ended its early modern history process。but，This history of the early modernization history of China，Should not be covered and forgotten。

(This article is the later funding of the National Social Science Foundation "Research on the Ming Dynasty China Silver Monetization (17FZS057) phased results)

(The author is a researcher at the Institute of Ancient History of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)