2015，At the 22nd International Congress of Historical Sciences “China in a Global Perspective” themed session，The author published the article "Silver Monetization: The Interaction between China and the World in the Ming bet365 sign up bonus code"。Reviewer at the time、Professor Pomeranz Pomeranz of the Department of History at the University of Chicago raised the issue of "The Impact of Silver Monetization on the Qing bet365 sign up bonus code"。This is the origin of this article。There are countless studies on the Ding Revolution in the Ming and Qing Dynasties，But regarding the relationship between silver monetization and the Qing bet365 sign up bonus code，Almost no prior research。The Qing bet365 sign up bonus code was the last bet365 sign up bonus code of traditional Chinese monarchy，But why was the Qing bet365 sign up bonus code able to successfully replace the old bet365 sign up bonus code，Ruling China for more than 200 years？so far，The academic community has always been controversial，Unable to agree on one thing。

The author thinks，Want to solve this mystery，It should be noted that the monetization of silver in the Ming bet365 sign up bonus code was the germination of the market economy，Started the transformation of China’s traditional agricultural economy into an early market economy，Promoted China's transformation from a traditional tax country to a modern tax country，became the origin of the historical development process of China’s early modernization。This is a new perspective on discussing the changes in the Ming and Qing Dynasties，It also involves fundamental issues in the study of Chinese history and even global history in the transition from tradition to modern times。The author tries to understand the chronology、China Unicom China and Foreign Countries，Place it in the overall historical development process of Chinese history and global history for preliminary investigation，Discuss why the Qing bet365 sign up bonus code had the historical experience of stable political power。The establishment of the Qing bet365 sign up bonus code，The first thing we face is not the focus of the so-called "New Qing History" discussion - the "national" and "cultural" issues，It is a matter of survival of the regime，Finance is the most important economic foundation for establishing a political power。Since the Qing bet365 sign up bonus code，The path he chose，Not just the change of the old bet365 sign up bonus code，And it is a return - continuing the transformation from a traditional tax country to a modern tax country started by the Ming bet365 sign up bonus code。For that matter，The process of constructing the legitimacy of the Qing bet365 sign up bonus code - the process of rebuilding a new centralized bet365 sign up bonus code，It is also the process of rebuilding traditional China and transforming into early modern China。

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The modern transformation of traditional Chinese society，It is a topic of long-term concern in Chinese and foreign academic circles，But "modern times" and "modernization" are two different concepts。“Modern” is a time concept，Staging according to Chinese history，The Opium War in 1840 was the beginning of China’s modern history。“Modernization” is a dynamic process，Originated from an earlier period。Considering that some scholars often use the concepts of “modernization” and “modernization” interchangeably，But can modern and modern times be used interchangeably，There has always been controversy bet365 sign up bonus code field of history。So，This article uses the term "early modernization"，Intended to be different from the historical process of "modernization" after the Western Industrial Revolution。

Based on first-hand land sales contracts in civil society as basic historical data，Observing the historical development process of China’s modernization from the perspective of monetary economy，You can find the rise of silver monetization in the market during the Ming bet365 sign up bonus code。The emergence of market economy in the Ming bet365 sign up bonus code，The symbiotic factors that gave birth to market expansion at the beginning of economic globalization in the 16th century - early market economy，Initiated the transformation of China’s traditional agricultural economy into an early market economy，Leading the connection between the Chinese market and the global market at the beginning of globalization and the early modernization transformation of Chinese society。Therefore，Silver Monetization in Ming bet365 sign up bonus code，Can be regarded as the origin of the historical process of China’s early modernization。What needs to be explained is，The modern transformation of China’s state and society initiated in the Ming bet365 sign up bonus code，Still in the transitional period during the Ming bet365 sign up bonus code，is a progressive tense，not perfect tense。

For civil society land sales contract documents、Research on official and private first-hand documents such as "Wanli Accounting Records" and the latest "Jiangkou Sinking Silver" archaeological data shows that，China did not begin a series of modernization changes after the Opium War。The monetization of silver in the Ming bet365 sign up bonus code was not only synchronized with a series of institutional changes，Complete in fiscal monetization，And it goes hand in hand with the social changes in the late Ming bet365 sign up bonus code，Showing an overlapping symbiotic evolution process with the state and market/social structural adjustment。Therefore，The endogenous changes in the Ming bet365 sign up bonus code pushed China to proactively move towards the global modernization confluence，Participated in the construction of the first global economic and trade system。

Not only that，The monetization of silver in the Ming bet365 sign up bonus code changed China's two-thousand-year-old traditional financial system based on physical goods and labor，Transformation to a modern financial system dominated by silver currency，From this process，We can also see that the entire country in the Ming bet365 sign up bonus code showed a trend of transition to early modern times。Therefore，Nearly 10 years ago, the author put forward the view that China in the Ming bet365 sign up bonus code transformed from a traditional tax country to a modern tax country，Believe that this specific category of national transformation is China’s unique modern transformation path。

For the Qing bet365 sign up bonus code，What we want to discuss is the historical experience of how to stabilize the regime。Early Qing bet365 sign up bonus code，Faced with a depressed market and a society where people are poor and have no money，Restoring financial governance became the primary issue that the Qing bet365 sign up bonus code urgently needed to solve。The "Comprehensive Examination of Documents of the Qing bet365 sign up bonus code" begins with "Examination of Field Fu" and "Examination of Coins"，This is not an original creation of the Qing bet365 sign up bonus code，But follows the style of Ma Duanlin's "Tongkao of Documents"，That is, "the twenty-four gates are headed by Tian Fu"。It can be seen from this，The Qing bet365 sign up bonus code started by restoring tradition，Rebuilding the world through the management of land taxes and coins，Avoid Ming bet365 sign up bonus code、The failure of Li Zicheng and Zhang Xianzhong’s regime，Overcoming the founding crisis。At the same time，It is precisely because it chose to return to the process of transformation from traditional China to early modern China that started in the Ming bet365 sign up bonus code，Only successfully rebuilt a stable new bet365 sign up bonus code。

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The most important influence of Ming bet365 sign up bonus code China on the Qing bet365 sign up bonus code，Nothing is better than the historical process of China’s early modernization initiated by the monetization of silver。This process did not break in the Qing bet365 sign up bonus code，But it continues。

China’s early modernization transformation process encountered setbacks in the late Ming bet365 sign up bonus code，The game between the state and the market/society becomes incandescent，As a result, Emperor Wanli introduced a new form of financial governance after taking office - the internal official tax system。This fully reflects the reaction of the superstructure on the economic base in the basic principles of Marxism。What’s more important，The introduction of this tax system shows that Chinese society in the late Ming bet365 sign up bonus code still lacked the power to check and balance the imperial power，Unable to establish a modern political system that powerfully checks and balances imperial power。Therefore，After the demise of the Ming bet365 sign up bonus code，The trend of Chinese history is to establish a new bet365 sign up bonus code state。In this process，Li Zicheng and Zhang Xianzhong both ended in failure。The Qing bet365 sign up bonus code successfully completed the transformation of the old and new dynasties with "return" and "reconstruction"。What’s more important，At the time of the bet365 sign up bonus code’s transformation，"The dead do not hold back the living"，There is no break in the historical process of China’s early modernization，But it has entered a new stage of development。

，Concentrated after the Qing bet365 sign up bonus code entered the customs，Almost immediately announced compliance with the fiscal and taxation quotas in the Ming bet365 sign up bonus code's "Accounting Records"。Wanli Period of Ming bet365 sign up bonus code，There is only one version of "Accounting Records"，That is, "Wanli Accounting Records"。Afterwards，The Qing bet365 sign up bonus code was based on the "Complete Book of Taxes and Services" planned and compiled by Bi Ziyan, the Minister of Household Affairs in the late Ming bet365 sign up bonus code，Compiling and revising the "Encyclopedia of Taxes and Services" across the country，Thus laying a solid foundation for centralized fiscal monetization and taxation。In the 14th year of Shunzhi (1657), the Qing bet365 sign up bonus code promulgated the "Complete Book of Taxes and Services", which said: "Gang Ju Mu Zhang，Collected into a series，The name is "The Complete Book of Taxes and Services"，Announcement to the world，The common people obey this order，Convenient for losers；Officials follow this charter，Don’t dare to be harsh。A good law for a generation，A rule that lasts forever。”It can be seen from this，The Qing bet365 sign up bonus code inherited the taxes and servitudes of the Ming bet365 sign up bonus code and customized financial reforms to stabilize the regime。

Previous academic research focused on the taxation policy and system in the early Qing bet365 sign up bonus code，In particular, the research on the reform of the one-whip method in the Qing bet365 sign up bonus code has been quite in-depth，But it ignores the important changes in the connotation of Ming bet365 sign up bonus code taxation inherited by the Qing bet365 sign up bonus code。Based on the author's compilation and research of "Wanli Accounting Records"，Zhang Juzheng’s financial reform in assessing the situation，There are two basic points: one is to use silver as a unified financial accounting calculation unit；The second is to use silver as a unified tax form，The formation of two unifications towards monetary and fiscal affairs，China has transformed from a traditional financial system based on physical goods and labor to a modern financial system based on silver currency。The core of the Ming bet365 sign up bonus code's reform was the transformation from the tax system to the tax system，It is both an institutional change and a financial system transformation，It is also transforming from a traditional tax country to a modern tax country，This is an important part of China’s early modernization process。Carefully analyze the connotation of texts related to the Qing bet365 sign up bonus code’s inheritance from the Ming bet365 sign up bonus code，It can be seen that the "return" in the early Qing bet365 sign up bonus code has a special meaning。The "Complete Book of Taxes and Services" compiled in the Qing bet365 sign up bonus code following the late Ming bet365 sign up bonus code，Intensify efforts to implement the centralized monetization reform of taxes and servitude，It is a continuation of the fiscal monetization process of the Ming bet365 sign up bonus code，It is also a continuation of China’s transformation from a traditional tax country to a modern tax country。

An important prerequisite for the establishment of the Qing bet365 sign up bonus code was the dual economic structure that existed during the Ming and Qing Dynasties in which the agricultural economy and the early market economy coexisted，At this time, the old monetary and fiscal system based on a self-sufficient agricultural economy has been completely destroyed。The "return" in the early Qing bet365 sign up bonus code was the "return" in the transition from an agricultural economy to an early market economy，It is the "reconstruction" in the process of transforming from a tax state to a tax state on the basis of dual economy。The Qing bet365 sign up bonus code’s system choice，Continue to reform and move forward based on such a basic premise。The Qing bet365 sign up bonus code adopted measures such as "divide a small portion into an area of ​​land"，Established a monetary and fiscal system that moved from the tax system to the tax system，At the same time, a bi-standard dual currency system of money that adapts to the basis of dual economy was established。The two complement each other，It indicates that the Qing bet365 sign up bonus code relatively properly handled the game relationship between the state and the market/society，Continues the economic transformation process initiated by the Ming bet365 sign up bonus code and the historical process towards early modernization。

Economic globalization is the first wave of globalization，Marking the beginning of the historical change of global modernization，It is part of the historical process of global modernization。During the Revolution of Ming and Qing Dynasties，There is a "global crisis" of the 17th century，The global symbiosis and synchronic economic recession、Regime change、Social unrest，China is also an important part of it。The Great Depression of the Chinese market started at the end of the 16th century，Until the fall of the Ming bet365 sign up bonus code in the 17th year of Chongzhen (1644)，It’s not over yet，Duration of more than half a century，To the Kangxi period of the Qing bet365 sign up bonus code，The end of the 17th century，It gradually eased and resolved。

The choice made by the Qing bet365 sign up bonus code was a reasonable choice based on the international and domestic conditions at the time，But more importantly，The Qing bet365 sign up bonus code did not break away from the historical process of global modernization。Generally speaking，Academic circles pay more attention to the maritime ban and border relocation in the early Qing bet365 sign up bonus code，Hindering the development of foreign trade，Until Emperor Kangxi reopened the country to the outside world，The Chinese market is connected to the global market。And the academic community is often limited to the discussion of the import of silver into China，But they neglected that the introduction of copper coinage in the early Qing bet365 sign up bonus code was also an important measure to integrate with the international market to solve the silver crisis in the late Ming bet365 sign up bonus code，This is proof that the early Qing bet365 sign up bonus code did not completely break away from the global market。

After a short period of separation from the global market in the late Ming bet365 sign up bonus code，China in the Qing bet365 sign up bonus code still participated in the global modernization trend，It is a great convergence with global modernization rather than a divergence。The Qing bet365 sign up bonus code greatly exerted the advantages of the traditional unified monarchy, centralized political system，To some extent, regain the monopoly power of centralized countries over currency，Emphasis on state dominance in the game between the state and the market，And spare no effort to balance the market price ratio to control the market，Making China still occupy an important position in the global market。Carefully analyze the specific connotations of the Qing bet365 sign up bonus code’s “return” and “reconstruction”，The Qing bet365 sign up bonus code did not deviate from the track of the historical process of early modernization initiated by the Ming bet365 sign up bonus code。For that matter，The Qing bet365 sign up bonus code did not break away from the historical process of global modernization。

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Finance has a decisive influence on the historical transformation and evolution of the country and society。As far as Western experience is concerned，Finance plays an important role bet365 sign up bonus code transformation of Western countries from the Middle Ages to modern times。Schumpeter said，Taxation not only helps the birth of a country，Also contributes to its development。He believes that taxation not only contributes to the birth of modern countries，It is also the driving force for the development of modern countries，Refers to the shift from a wealth-based state to a tax-based state in Western Europe bet365 sign up bonus code late Middle Ages。On this basis，Liu Shougang analyzes from the perspective of financial types，Think from the history of Western Europe，The growth process of modern countries，In fact, it is accompanied by the transformation of finance from household finance to taxation。From the perspective of "fiscal sociology"，Transformation from household finance to tax-based finance，Also promoted the transformation from a traditional country to a modern country。

The concept of "market economy" comes from Western economics，Produced in the late 19th and early 20th centuries when the capitalist economy was fully developed。But the concept of Western “market economy”，Refers to the Western capitalist market economy。The emergence of the market economy in the Ming bet365 sign up bonus code mentioned in this article，refers specifically to the early modern market economy，Or called early market economy，The corresponding concept is traditional natural economy。The products of the natural economy are not for exchange，Or it’s not mainly for exchange，It is produced to meet the needs of the producer。The products of the early market economy were produced for market exchange，The medium of exchange is money。Ming bet365 sign up bonus code Taxes—Financial Reform，Comprehensive implementation of currency taxation，It is the result of the market economy，Make farmers have to take their agricultural products to the market to sell，Exchange silver to pay taxes。Not only that，The Ming bet365 sign up bonus code also fully implemented the use of silver as a substitute for service，Transform labor into taxes。The exchange of goods and human resources is the exchange characteristic of traditional natural economy，A monetary economy is an economy that uses money for exchange，The exchange is completed in the market。In this sense，The monetary economy is the early market economy。

The monetization of silver emerged in the market during the Ming bet365 sign up bonus code，It is an unusual monetization process，Reflects the emergence of market economy，Highlighting the important role of the market，So this article calls it the transformation to a market economy。After the establishment of the Qing bet365 sign up bonus code，Although there are various limitations that the political system remains unchanged，But it fully absorbed the traditional fiscal centralization system of the Ming bet365 sign up bonus code and transformed it into a fiscal decentralization system、Experiences and lessons learned from the gradual formation of local financial systems。On the one hand, the Qing bet365 sign up bonus code established a centralized political and financial system，The Ministry of Revenue is the main body of national finance and taxation；On the other hand, the country’s right to mint money was re-established，means regaining the monopoly on money。The Qing bet365 sign up bonus code took advantage of the unified and centralized system，Strives to dominate the market "invisible hand" with the country's "visible hand"，Through further land taxation and monetary management-the fiscal monetization reform of dividing the land into an acre and the establishment of a parallel system of money bi-standardization，Established a dual-track fiscal and monetary system that is consistent with the transition period of the dual economy - a centralized monetary system and a fiscal system for the monarchy。This changed the Ming bet365 sign up bonus code due to the loss of control of silver currency，Cannot establish a parallel system of money and money，A passive situation that leads to the complete loss of monetary monopoly。

The "Complete Book of Taxes and Services" compiled by the Qing bet365 sign up bonus code started the process of institutionalized development of monetary and fiscal affairs，Became a landmark achievement in the transition from a traditional tax country to a modern tax country。It not only announced the end of the traditional tax system，Also marks the beginning of modern tax management，In other words, it started the fiscal digital management of China’s early modernization。“Return” and “Reconstruction” form two main lines，Complement each other。Dual attributes of old and new in the transition period，Determined the practical philosophy of the Qing bet365 sign up bonus code，Thus, the reform process continues to deepen along these two main lines，Promoted the smooth transition from the tax system to the tax system，A new development pattern has been formed。Therefore，China’s modernization transformation has entered a new stage，Laid the cornerstone of a strong China，This is China’s unique historical experience of early modernization。

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　　　　，Mainstream research summarizing the historical process of China’s modernization，The following problems exist。First，Many studies are obviously influenced by "Western-centrism"，Starting from Western historical experience，Starting with globalization and the great voyage of the West，China is “involved” in globalization，Or take Western capitalism or Western business revolution as the frame of reference，Empirical research on China’s unique historical development path of modernization that cannot escape from the development path of Western capitalism；Second，Most studies take 1840 as the starting point，Obviously influenced by Western impact-response theory，The previous historical process of China’s early modernization was not included in the scope of investigation。Therefore，Currently regarding the origin of the historical process of China’s modernization，In particular, the discussion of the historical development process of China’s early modernization is still insufficient，Lack of comprehensive and comprehensive examination of the historical process of China’s modernization over a long period of time。Therefore，Attach importance to the unity and diversity of the development history of human civilization，Select the silver monetization of the Ming bet365 sign up bonus code from the perspective of global history to discuss the origin and process of China’s early modernization history，Aims to emphasize that China has its own unique historical development path of modernization，is meaningful。Proven by historical facts，The paths to modernization in various countries vary greatly，There is no “standard” modernization model。China has a unique historical process of modernization，Can be divided into two stages，That is, the early modernization stage and the modernization stage。From the origin of China’s silver monetization in the Ming bet365 sign up bonus code to the Opium War，Is the historical development stage of early modernization；After the Opium War，Is the historical development stage of China’s modernization，This can be said to be a two-stage theory of the historical process of China’s modernization。

Revisiting the historical development process of China’s early modernization can be seen，Study on China’s early modernization initiated by silver monetization in the Ming bet365 sign up bonus code，Not only provides a new historical interpretation paradigm，What’s more important is that we can find a key point to interpret the history of the transition period。Placing the history of the Ming and Qing Dynasties into the historical period defined by the transformation from tradition to early modern times，Ming and Qing China transformed from a traditional tax state to a modern tax state，It is a theory of the historical process of China’s modernization extracted from specific local Chinese historical experiences。The historical process of traditional Chinese early modernization discovered from the local history of China during the Ming and Qing dynasties，In the first wave of economic globalization，"The dead do not hold back the living"，It has nothing to do with “nation” or “culture”。The "Return" and "Reconstruction" of the Qing Chengming System，It is inheritance and change。There is no break in the early modern transformation process of China’s state and society，China’s modernization development process is still continuing，And entering a new stage。In addition，The great convergence trend of China and the global modernization development，No diversion occurred。

History shows，The history of chronology is not broken，The historical process of modernization at home and abroad is not separate，The historical process of China’s early modernization that began in the Ming bet365 sign up bonus code was tortuous，But continuous，Did not stop in the early Qing bet365 sign up bonus code，It is part of the historical process of global modernization。Two stages in the historical process of China’s modernization，With different stage characteristics。Until after the Opium War，China has only passively entered the Western-dominated global economic system after the industrial revolution，That is already the second wave of globalization，China thus ended its own historical process of early modernization。But，This history of China’s early modernization process in the Ming and Qing dynasties，Should not be obscured and forgotten。

(This article is a phased result of the National Social Science Fund later-funded project "Research on the Monetization of Silver in China in the Ming bet365 sign up bonus code" (17FZS057)

(The author is a researcher at the Institute of Ancient bet365 sign up bonus code, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)